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现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论

作为英语学习的重要组成部分,词汇学的研究对于英语学习者有着至关重要的意义。现代英语词汇学概论作为一门涉及英语词汇学研究的重要课程,在英语学习中具有特殊的作用。

现代英语词汇学主要由3个基本概念组成,即词汇意义、词汇结构和词汇使用。

词汇意义是指每一个英语词汇的含义,它可以从五个不同的角度来看待,即反义词辨析、比较辨析、语法辨析、系统性辨析和字义区分。通过这些角度,学习者可以全面而准确地理解和掌握英语词汇的含义。

词汇结构包括词素和词形,它们可以帮助学习者更好地理解每个单词的组成。例如,“teach”和“teacher”都有相同的词素“teach”,但其词形不同,一个是动词,另一个是名词。

词汇使用是指英语词汇如何使用,它包括词汇类别、搭配、句法功能、语用功能等。这些有助于学习者获得与英语词汇使用有关的技能,提高英语语言表述的准确性和流利性。

以上是现代英语词汇学的概述。学习者们可以通过对这些概念的深入分析,全面地理解和掌握英语词汇的结构、意义和使用,从而提升英语学习的能力。

现代英语词汇学的研究具有多方面的意义。首先,这可以帮助学习者更好地理解英语语言,提高学习者阅读理解能力。其次,它可以帮助学习者提高英语口语能力,改善口头表达交流。最后,它还可以

帮助学习者更好地掌握英语写作技巧,使学习者在英语写作方面独树一帜。

综上所述,现代英语词汇学不仅是英语学习中的重要课程,而且具有深远的意义,可以更有效地帮助学习者提升英语学习能力。

《现代英语词汇学概论》

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷.首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善.人们给词下了较为完整的定义.“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。"(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展.现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响. 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一)词素(Morphemes) 单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素(phoneme)不同,词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面,而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素,因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素,但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节(syllable ),因为音节并没有什么具体含义.如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able ).词素有不同的形式,同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素(free morphemes)和黏着词素(bound morphemes)。自由词素可以单独成为单词,而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素,如—ly ,-ness. 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分,可以是自由或者黏着词素.词缀只能是黏着词素,它又可以分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes ).屈折词缀跟语法有关,派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀,这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说,词可以分类为简单词,复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用,因为构词的二大过程—---合成和附加都涉及到了词素,前者是词素的联合,后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成(word—formation) 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇,大的方面主要有合成法(compounding),派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种,小的方面主要有八个过程,分别是首字母法(acronym),混合法(blending),截短法(clipping),专有名词(word from proper names),逆构法(back—formation),复制法(reduplication),新古典法(neo—classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous).

(完整word版)现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter2英语词汇的形态结构

现代英语词汇学概论复习资料1~7 现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料 Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构 ? 2.1 Morphemes词素/语素/ 形位 ? 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类 2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. ?smallest: not divisible into smaller forms ?meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical) e.g. denationalization denationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation ? A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning ? A morpheme is not identical with a syllable,either,since the latter has nothing to do with meaning. Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体: ?various shapes or forms of a morpheme ?do not differ in meaning or function ?conditioned by position or adjoining sounds ?Eg. -s book→books /-s/ pig→pigs /-z/ horse → horses /-iz/ ?Eg. im-,in-,i- perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect → imperfect responsible→ irresponsible logical → illogical flexible → inflexible ?Eg. –tion,-sion invent →invention describe →description justify →justification modernize→modernization expand →expansion decide →decision omit →omission 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类 ●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素 Free morpheme: ?one that can be uttered alone with meaning ? A free morpheme is a word. E.g. green, red, write, faith Bound morpheme: ?cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance ?appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound E.g. receive re-ceive Q:自由词素与粘着词素如何组词? E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia ?green (free) ?green-house (free + free) ?green-ness (free + bound)

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一一解析 第一部分Chapter I 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the , a , my这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外,Bloomfield 的定义侧重在于语法 (syntax )却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善,人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。”(《辞海》1984 (上) 375页,上海辞书出版社) 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史, 我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据

词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。 口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter H 到Chapter IV 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formati on ) (一) 词素(Morphemes ) 单词是有词素(morphemes )构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如:n ati on是 一个词素,national 有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素(phoneme )不同, 词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面,而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k和u 只是音素,因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a和i分别存在于单词tame和 time中是音素,但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节(syllable ),因为音节并没有什么具体含义。女口单词dis a g ree ? ? l e 有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able )。词素有不同的形式,同一 语素的不同形式即语素变体。

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter9 (2)

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning ?9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning ?9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change ?9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. B.Social cause 社会原因 Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change. Some technical words have lost their specialized meaning and have come to be used in more general senses. Eg. feedback (Electr.) =means “response” in common use ,as in “The teacher likes to have feedback from his students”; allergic (Med.)=means “being unusually sensitive to the action of particular foods, pollens, insect-bites ,etc.” *A specific environment may add a fresh and highly technical sense to a word of general use . Eg. energy =(Phys.) ability of matter or radiation to do work decline =(Gram.) inflect, state the case-forms of C.Foreign influences 外来文化影响 A particularly important cause . eg. -pig ,sheep ,ox(cow)denote the names of both the animals and their meat in the Old English period ,but since the meat was called pork ,mutton and beef respectively among the Norman conquerors, the original terms are now used only as the names of the animals. -dream meant “joy” in OE, it gets its modern sense from the related Scandinavian word draumr. D.Linguistic cause 语言上的原因 *Two tendencies: towards ellipsis省略and towards analogy类推. -Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collocations, such as adj.+n.,or attributive n.+n.,in which the noun is often deleted and only the first element (the attributive )is left ,but retaining the sense of the whole phrase . eg. a general –a general officer 一位将军an editorial–an editorial article一篇社论

现代词汇学 答案及英文课本

第一章词的概述 Exercises answer Chapter 1 Ⅵ. All the words belong to the native stock. Ⅴ 1. from Danish 2. from French 3. from German 4. from Latin 5. from Italian 6. from Spanish 7. from Arabic 8. from Chinese 9. from Russian 10. from Greek 英语参考资料 Chapter 1 A General Survey of a Word Ⅰ. Definition of a word Aristotle defined a word as the smallest significant unit of speech - a definition which held sway until recently. Modern methods of analysis have discovered semantic units below the word level. A new term is therefore needed to denote the smallest significant element of speech; in contemporary linguistic theory it is known as a morpheme. Bloomfield distinguishes between two types of linguistic forms: free forms and bound forms. Free forms can stand by themselves and sometimes act as a complete utterance whereas bound forms cannot. For example, the word nicely contains the free form nice, and the bound form -ly. The former can occur as an independent unit and even as a sentence (What about the other film? - Nice). But the suffix -ly cannot stand by itself, to say nothing of acting as a complete utterance. According to Bloomfield, a word is a minimal free form. Lexicology deals by definition with words and wordforming morphemes, that is to say, with significant units. It follows that these elements must be investigated in their form and in their meaning.

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论 随着现代社会的发展,现代英语已成为几乎全球范围内最常用的国际语言,因此,学习现代英语的词汇学知识具有重要的意义。本文将对现代英语词汇学进行概论性介绍,具体内容包括词汇学的定义、其发展历史及其与语言学关系等。 首先,现代英语词汇学是一门使用系统研究法研究词汇知识的学科,以研究词语本身的构成、性质、发生和演变等为研究的核心,旨在揭示英语语言的实质特性和本身的内部结构特征。其次,现代英语词汇学的发展史相对较晚,可以追溯到19世纪的拉丁语和希腊语研究,到20世纪中叶的中世纪英语研究、词形学和语义学,乃至截止 到当代英语语言学的研究。最后,现代英语词汇学与语言学密切相关。通过词汇学研究,可以有效地揭示语言的实质性属性、归纳出英语语法规律以及具有指导意义的语言技巧,从而深入了解语言,提升英语水平。 综上所述,现代英语词汇学是一门涉及英语词汇系统研究及其它语言学知识的研究学科,它的研究可以帮助我们了解英语的实质特性、语言结构和语言技巧,从而能够有效地提升英语水平。 现代英语词汇学的研究方法主要包括分类法、历史方法、概率法、系统语用分析法等。通过这些研究方法,可以有效地揭示词义的内在联系,不仅可以有效理解和记忆单词,还可以有效掌握英语的技巧。例如,分类法可以有效地将单词分类组合,以便于记忆和理解;通过历史方法,可以更好地理解英语变化的规律,掌握固定搭配和表达方

式;而通过概率法,可以有效地把握单词的使用倾向及相关熟词。系统语用分析法则可以有效地把握语篇表达的价值观,例如把握上下文和情境,从而掌握英语表达方法。 从上述内容可以看出,现代英语词汇学对于英语学习者有很重要的教育意义,它可以帮助我们了解英语的实质特性、把握语言结构及其它知识,从而更好地提升我们的英语水平。

词汇学之词义关系

Lexicology (Lecture Ten) 2011.11.03 Synonymy 1. Definition of Synonymy Synonymy is a relationship of …sameness of meaning‟ t hat may hold between two words. Synonym: a word that means the same as another. 2. Types of synonyms 同义词种类 绝对同义词、相对同义词、语体同义词、短语同义词 a. Absolute (exact) synonymy绝对同义词: Strict synonyms refer to two words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. They are interchangeable in all contexts. Strict synonyms are very rare, and some linguists even argue that strict synonyms do not exist. e.g. fatherland, motherland; word-building, word-formation b. relative (partial) synonymy 相对同义词:When we speak of synonymy, we mean …partial‟ or …relative‟ synonymy, where we find not only a significant overlap in meaning between two words, but also some contexts where they cannot be used interchangeably. e.g. beautiful, good-looking, pretty laugh, smile, giggle, grin c. phrase synonyms: words, phrases or idioms can be changeable e.g. to take a hand in something; to interfere in something to be in two minds; to be in twenty minds 3. Distinguishing synonyms 同义词辨析 We often take the following things into consideration when we try to find the differences between synonyms. Different English dialects Different stylistic meanings Different connotative meanings

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter10

Chapter10 English Idioms ⏹10.1 Introductory Remarks ⏹10.2 Sources of English Idioms ⏹10.3 Classification of Idioms ⏹10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idioms 10.1 Introductory Remarks ♦Idiom: is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning. ♦English idiom: is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. eg. a feather in sb.’s cap –an honour ,success ,of which one can be proud draw a blank–to fail to discover or find out about sth. after searching hard and asking many questions . *Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal. An idiom functions as a unit of meaning. ♦Features: a. semantic opaqueness; b. structural invariability. ♦English idioms form an essential part of the general vocabulary. Idioms reflect the environment, life, history and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling. 10.2 Sources of English Idioms Many idiomatic expressions come from: 1)Everyday life of the English people; eg. to keep one’s shirt on要有耐心; 别紧张; 指不要紧张t o give sb. the cold shoulder冷落某人 2)Agricultural life; eg. to go to seed花谢结子; 走下坡路; 花谢结籽to lead sb. up the garden path迷惑某人,使某人产生错觉,花言巧语 3)Nautical and military life; eg. be in the same boat with同舟共济to be in deep waters陷入困境 4)Business life; eg. to come under the hammer将要落锤to talk shop三句不离本行 5)Student life; eg. to speak by the book引经据典to turn over a new leaf重新开始(改过自新,过新生活) 6)Food and cooking; eg. to keep the pot boiling仅足糊口;苟延残喘to be in the soup陷入困境 7)Sports and cad-playing; eg. to keep the ball rolling不使中断to reach first base取得初步成就

现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)

Word:a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning),performing syntactic meaning Criteria of words: by origin (native—old English)( and loan language—borrowed English), by level of usage(common words,literary ,colloquial,slang and technical words);by notions(function and content words) Morpheme:smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is also two—facet language unit which possesses sound and meaning。 Classification of morphemes: Free morpheme:utter alone with meaning(a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense)man, read, write Bound morpheme: must appear with one other morpheme,u nkind, happily , receive Root:the basic unchangeable part of the word;convey the main lexical meaning of the word; Either free or bound (1)free roots:many roots are free morphemes, such as boy ,moon,walk (2)bound roots: derived from foreign sources。such as tain in words like contain,detain or retain.

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter1

v1.0可编写可改正 现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料 Chapter 1 A General Survey Of English Vocabulary The Definition of the term“ word” 词的定义 The Development of English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展史 Classification of English Words词的分类 1.0 The Definition of the term“word” Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form ; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function Bound form 粘着形式: Never used as sentences. Free form自由形式:Consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms. It ’s not a phrase,is a word. The Development of English Vocabulary Native: Celtic 1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS) Celtic→ Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin 2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME) French (the Norman Conquest in 1066) Latin 3rd period (1500-present): Modern English Period

现代英语词汇学概论Question and Exercises答案

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六、授课提纲:

七、教学内容详析 第一节General remarks 第一步: T:OK,class,let’s begin.

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