英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记

英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记

1.What is polysemy?

Having multiple meanings that are related.

2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words?

Explain them

1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and

then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order

in which they developed.

2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning

(central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings

(marginal meanings) in order of popularity.

3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain

them

1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one

another and are derived directly from the primary meaning.

2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive

from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from

one secondary meaning to another.

4.What is homonymy?

Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a

homograph

1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣

2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat

3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.)

6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy

Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫）

7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an

example to illustrate the difference

1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a

book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The

second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when

reserving a room.

2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or

being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection.

8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries

(binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why

1)Good/bad, contraries

2)odd/even, complementaries

3)above/below, converses

4)clean/dirty, contraries

5)remember/forget, complementaries?

6)old/young, contraries

7)before/after, converses

9.What is hyponymy? Give an example

The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.

例Flower is the superordinate term, rose is the subordinate term. 10.What is synonymy?

Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but nearly or exactly alike in essential meaning.

11.What is the difference between absolute and near (relative)

synonyms?

1)Absolute synonyms – interchangeable in every way

2)Near synonyms – similar in denotation but have different shades

of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.

12.What are some of the reasons why synonyms exist?

1)Borrowing from other languages

2)Dialects and regional English

3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words

4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions

13.What are some of the factors that discriminate between relative

synonyms? Use examples

1)Range of meaning. “timid” is more extensive because it can be

used to describe the state of mind at a time and the disposition,

but “timorous” only describe the disposition.

2)Degree of intensity. A “wealthy” person has much more

money than a “rich” person.

3)Differences in stylistic features. “ask” is used commonly and

tend to be colloquial. “question” is more formal.

14.(The development of English) What was the language spoken in the

British Isles before English? How was English introduced?

Celtic. Germanic tribe invaded and settled after Roman. They brought their own culture. It was called Anglo-saxon (the name of two tribes) and also called old English.

15.What are the three phases of the English language and what were

their time periods? What events marked the transition of one phase to another?

a)Old English (450 - 1150) ——Norman conquest from France in

1066, but the real development of middle English started in the

12th century because the ruling class spoke Anglo French and the

peasants spoke Anglo-Saxon so it took quite a long time for them

to intermix.

b)Middle English (1150 - 1500) ——during Renaissance there was

an explosion of information and knowledge about Ancient Greece and Roman. People stated to read so ideas spread. Greek

and Latin words started entering English. Besides, printing was

invented, more can read and write books.

c)Modern English (1500 – present)

16.Over its history, English has evolved from a highly inflected language

to a nearly non-inflected language. What is the difference? Give an example of inflection in English

Inflection means to modify a word to indicate grammatical relations.

A lot of words in a highly inflected language have ending or form

changes in order to show its grammatical function. But a weakly

inflected language has fewer changes. As English developed, it has changed from a highly infected language to a weekly one.

17.What are the most important languages that English has borrowed

from? Why?

1)French – Norman conquest

2)Latin –Renaissance, a lot of Latin book were translated into

English

3)Scandinavia – Vikings (9 century) influenced old English

18.What is the difference between a Content Word and a Functional

word? Give an example of each.

Content words are those are about something. 例nation, earth.

Functional words are those used to express relations. 例the, and. 19.Explain two properties of Basic words and give examples

1)Productivity. Basic words are very productive because thet are

mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can be used alone and are often used to form now words with other roots and

affixes. 例foot-football-footprint

2)Many basic words take part in a number of set expressions. 例

heart- by heart –from the bottom of one’s heart- lose heart 20.What is a denizen word? Give an example

Denizens are words that were borrowed a long time ago, they look and sound like a native word.

例‘pork’ from the French ‘porc’

21.What is an alien word? Give an example

Aliens are borrowed words which have kept their original

pronunciation and spelling.

例café , fiancée

22.What is a translation loan? Give an example

Translation loans are words and expressions formed from existing material in the English language but tranlate the meaning or the

sound from another language.

例‘black humour’ from the French ‘humour noir’

例‘tea’ from the Chinese

23.What is a semantic loan? Give an example

Semantic loans are where a word already exists in native English but borrows a new meaning from another language.

例‘dumb’ has come to mean ‘stupid’ because of the German word ‘dumm’

24.(The structure of Words) What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.

25.What is the difference between a morpheme and a morph?

Morpheme is about meaning.

Morph is about shape and sound.

Morphemes are abstract, and are realized in speech by morphs.

26.What is the difference between a bound morpheme and

a free

morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme

1)Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. 例

dis-, mis-.

2)Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free.

例man, dog.

27.What is the difference between a derivational morpheme and an

inflectional morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme

1)Derivational morphemes can derive new words. 例football,

slowly

2)Inflectional morphemes don’t create new words and just

indicate syntactic relationships. 例-ed, -ing, -er, -est, -s

28.What is the difference between a content morpheme and a

grammatical morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme

1)Content morphemes have content and can be used to derive new

words. = derivational morphemes.

2)Grammatical morphemes are grammatical markers, including

Inflectional morphemes & free morphemes. 例while, where, they 29.What is an affix?

An affix is a form that are attached to words to modify meaning or function.

30.What is the difference between a derivational and an inflectional affix?

Give an example of each

1)Inflectional affix do not create new words, and indicate syntactic

relationships between words. 例–ed, talked

2)Derivational affix derive new words. 例–less, careless. non-,

non-smoker.

31.What is a root? Give an example

A root is a word element that contains the main component of

meaning in a word. It is that part of a word that remains when all

affixes have been removed.

例：internationalists → nation Impracticality → pratice

自考 00832 英语词汇学-笔记(根据考纲标记重点)

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: al most arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words

英语词汇学总结复习资料

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin the English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin. 基本词汇的特点 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳 英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。 1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。 2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。 3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。 4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。 5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。了解词源可以帮助我们理解

词汇的含义和用法。 6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。 7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。 8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。 9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。 以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。通过深入学习这些知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语词汇。

英语词汇学名词解释

英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结

English Lexicology（英语词汇学） Lexicology（词汇学): is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words。 The Nature and Scope of English lexicology: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents，their semantic structures, relations，historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology（形态学），semantics（语义学)，etymology（词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography（词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word—formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power。The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize，classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage，and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately。A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。（1）a minimal free form of a language (2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning (4）a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning(声音与意义）: al most arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）：不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans，which does not have a separate letter to represent

英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记

1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣

英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7） Chapter 1 一、Word 词的定义 (1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式） (2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning） (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能） 二、V ocabulary词汇的定义 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义 The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的 四、Sound & Form发音和形式 (1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。 (2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因： ①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 ②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速 ③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同 ④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。 ⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词 五、Classification of Words词的分类 (1)Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary ①Basic Words The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点： ➢ 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ➢ 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged） ➢ 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) ➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性 ➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性 ②Non-basic Words Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms. 非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。 (2)Content Words & Functional Words ①Content Words/Full words/National words： They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义 ②Functional words/Empty words/Form words： They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系 (3)Native Words & Borrowed Words ①Native Words： Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.

《英语词汇学》串讲笔记2

《英语词汇学》串讲笔记2 Chapter 4 Word Formation II 一、【考情分析】 本章主要考核的知识点为：词缀法，复合法，转类法，拼缀法，截短法，首字母缩略 法，逆生法，专有名词普通化。通过对本章的学习，考生应该了解现代英语的主要构词法， 这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位，提高构词能力，自觉扩大词汇量。在历年考试中：常 常以选择题，名词解释，填空题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。 二、【知识串讲】 重点知识锦集： 1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. 2. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes falls into two subclasses:prefixation and suffixation.（前缀和后缀） 3. Affixation is also known as derivation. 4. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 5. Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 6. We shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.

英语词汇学笔记整理

英语词汇学笔记整理 Chapter 1 1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 4-A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.

《英语词汇学》串讲笔记3

Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning 一、【考情分析】 本章主要考核的知识点为：词义变化的种类，词义变化的原因。通过对本章的学习考生应该了解词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式和原因。在历年考试中：常常以选择题，填空题，搭配题和名词解释题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。 二、【知识串讲】 重点知识锦集： 1. Extension(词义扩大) of meaning is also known as generalization. 2. Narrowing of meaning is also called specialization. 3. Of the modes of word-meaning change, extension and narrowing are by far the most common. 4. Degradation（降格）or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. 5. The degraded meaning “sexual desire ”of the word “lust ”comes from its old meaning “ pleasure”. 6. The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is extension. 7. There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning: Extra-linguistic Factors and Linguistic Factors.（非语言因素和语言因素） 8. The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation. 9. The changes of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the Language system. 10. The meanings of “lip”and “tongue”in “the lip of a wound”and “the tongue of a bell”have experienced associated transfer.（联想转移） 11. The so-called “King’s English”serves as a class reason（阶级原因）in word-meaning change. 12. The change of word-meaning is brought about by following internal factors: the influx of borrowing, shortening, analogy. 13. Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. 14. The four major modes of semantic change are: extension（扩大）, narrowing（缩小）, elevation （升华）and degradation（降格）. 名词解释： 1.extension（词义的扩大）: It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. In other words,the term has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. 2.narrowing（词义的缩小）: it is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general meaning becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English. 3.elevation（升华）: Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 4. degradation（降格）: Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It’s a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.

英语词汇学知识点整理

英语词汇学知识点整理 Chapter 1 Word and Vocabulary ns A word is defined as a minimal free form。a sound unity。a semantic unity。and a form that can n alone in a sentence. Vocabulary refers to all the words in a language。It is the sum of all the words。and the XXX is like that een an individual and a group. Sound and Meaning XXX. Sound and Form

The written form of a natural language is the XXX een sound and form occur due to the n of the English alphabet from the Romans。XXX。the differences created by nal scribes。and the continuing XXX. XXX languages。such as Latin。Greek。French。etc。are known as borrowing or loanwords。These words have been incorporated into the language over time and have e a part of the vocabulary. In terms of n。words can be divided into basic words and non-basic words。Basic words are XXX to all speakers of the language。stability。productivity。polysemy。XXX-basic words。on the other hand。include terminology。jargon。slang。argot。dialectal words。archaisms。and neologisms. Content words。also known as full words or nal words。are able to express clear meanings。while nal words。also known as empty words or form words。show the XXX.