大学英语专业词汇复习名词解释+解答

大学英语专业词汇复习名词解释+解答

Conversion: conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack corresponds to the noun attack.

Homonymy: words which are different in meanings but pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both, are called homonymy. Blending: blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both which are not in their full forms. For example: brunch (breakfast + lunch). Motivation: motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense. Motivation can arise in three major ways: phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation.

Homophones: words identical in sound but different in meaning and spelling are called homophones. For example: dear, deer; sun, son.

Derivational affix: words when added to another morpheme, they “derive”a new word are called derivational affix. For example: re+write, mini +car, super +market, work +er.

Grammatical meaning: grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.

Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes): an inflectional affixes serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Denotative meaning: Denotative meaning is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It’s the central factor in linguistic

communication. It involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers. And the denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.

Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. Most native words are monosyllabic in modern English.

1.What are the three periods in view of the development of

English vocabulary?

1.Old English (449-1100 AD). The beginning of old English is

marked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many Latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language.

2.Middle English (1100-1500). Middle English period began

with the Norman Conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English.

Middle English was characterized by its losses of many inflectional endings so that it was a language of leveled endings.

3.Modern English (1500 to the present). Modern English began

with the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the renaissance movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion, yet more words were created through word formation.

2. What are the major contributors to the growth of English

vocabulary? please illustrate your point with examples.

Latin, e.g. bargain, cheap, inch, pound;

French, e.g. judge, conquer, baptism, coat;

Greek, e.g. drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon;

Scandinavian, e.g. sister, husband, they, their.

3.What are the types of morphemes? Illustrate with examples.

Morphemes may be classified into free and bound. A free

morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, e.g.

man, red, read,write. A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound, e.g. un+kind, work+ed, dog+s.

Alternatively, morphemes may be divided into roots and affixes. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it coveys the main lexical meaning of the word e.g. work, worker, working, worked. And roots are either free and bound. Affix is a “collective term for the type of formative that can be used only wh en added to another morpheme.”

And affixes are considered bound morphemes.

4.What is grammatical meaning of a word?

Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm. Word class describes the word’s lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as the part of speech of the word, e.g. modern is adjective, modernize is verb, modernization is noun. Inflectional paradigm is the set of grammatical forms of

a word.

5.There are three types of homonyms in English. What are

they?

English homonyms are classified as follows:

1.perfect homonyms: word identical in sound and spelling

but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms, e.g.

meet vt. to come upon or encounter; meet n. a meeting, gather or assembling as for a sport event.

2.Homophones: words identical in sound but different in

spelling and meaning, e.g. dear, deer; sun, son.

3.Homographs: words identical in spelling but different in

sound and meaning, e.g. tear: drop of salty water coming from the eye; tear: pull sharply apart or to pieces.

6.There are two important process leading to polysemy, what

are they?

1.Radiation: semantically, radiation is the process in which

the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meaning radiate from it in every direction like ray, e.g. power, “ability to do or act” is its centre meaning, its secondary meanings are “vigor, energy”, “active property” and so on.

2.Concatenation: it is a semantic process in which the

meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there’s no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning, e.g. candidate, in

Latin, it means”white-robe’. Today, it means “an applicant for office.”Board, in the beginning, it means “ a piece of timber”. T oday, it means “table”.

7.What is meant by motivation? What are the major types of

motivation in English?

Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbel and its sense. And it has three major types:

1.Phonetic motivation, whose pronunciation suggests

the meaning, they show a close relationship of sound

to sense, e.g. the bow-wow or woof-woof of a dog, the

miaow of a cat, the baa-baa of a sheep, the moo of a

cow, etc.

2.Morphological motivation, a direction connection can

be observed between the morphemic structure of the

word and its meaning, e.g. headache, daydream,

readable, modernize, kilogram.

3.Semantic motivation, refers to motivation based on

semantic factors, e.g. a stony heart, the leg of a table. 8.What are the major different between British English and

American English?

1.In pronunciation. In british English, the letter r is not

pronounced before a consonant, at the end of a word, r is

pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel but not otherwise. Whereas r is pronounced in all position in America English.

2.In spelling. The America English and the british English

system are essentially the same, except that in amerce English variant is simpler than its English counterpart, e.g.

colour (BrE), color(AmE); neighbour(BrE), beighbor(AmE).

3.In grammer. The use of subjunctive. American English

generally preserves the traditional subjunctive form, whereas british English commonly adds should to the subordinate clause except in legal or formal context, e.g. I suggest that the meeting should be postponed.(BrE). I suggest the meeting be postponed.(AmE). And to ask similar question in the past, did you have…is used by AmE, while have you got… is used by BrE respectively. 4.In vocabulary. a. words without counterparts; b. same

words, different meanings; c. same ideas, different words.

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