英语词汇学课件Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2

1. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.

A. 3000

B. 2000

C. 1000

D.4000

2. It is assumed that the world has approximately 3000 (some put it 5000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.

A. 500

B. 4000

C. 300

D.2000

3. The Indo-European Language Family accordingly fall into ___________ principle groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.

A. eight

B. six

C. five

D. several

4. In the Eastern set, ___________ and ___________ are each the only modern language respectively.

A. Italic; Germanic

B. Armenian; Albanian

C. Celtic; Hellenic

D. Balto-Slavic; Indo-Iranian

5. The following words are derived from the dead language Sanskrit except ___________.

A. Persian

B. Bengali

C. Hindi

D. Romany

6. All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has ___________ the English vocabulary.

A. borrowed words from

B. enlarged words to

C. decreased words to

D. lent words into

7. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.

A. Scottish

B. Irish

C. Danish

D. Breton

8. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and ___________.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Indian

D. Russian

9. Indo-Iranian comprises the modern language except ___________.

A. Persian

B. Bengali

C. Hindi, Romany

D. Polish

10. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.

A. Sanskrit

B. Latin

C. Celtic

D. Anglo-Saxon

11. The first peoples known to inhabit England were ___________.

A. Celts

B. Romans

C. Anglo-Saxons

D. Jutes

12. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?

A. Angles.

B. Celtic.

C. Saxons.

D. Jutes.

13. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.

A. French

B. Latin

C. Norwegian

D. Danish

14. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.

A. Greeks

B. Indians

C. Romans

D. French

15. As a result, Celtic made only a ___________ contribution to the English vocabulary.

A. small

B. big

C. great

D. smaller

16. The introduction of ___________ at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.

A. printing

B. Christianity

C. French words

D. all the above

17. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.

A. Old English

B. Middle English

C. Anglo-Saxon

D. Celtic

18. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.

A. 30000 to 40000

B. 40000 to 50000

C. 50000 to 60000

D. 60000 to 70000

19. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.

A. 1200

B. 800

C. 900

D. 1000

20. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?

A. Skirt.

B. Alter.

C. Their.

D. Birth.

21. The ___________ family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.

A. Germanic

B. Indo-European

C. Albanian

D. Hellenic

22. Old English vocabulary was essentially ___________ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.

A. Italic

B. Germanic

C. Celtic

D. Hellenic

23. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of words into the English vocabulary.

A. French

B. Greek

C. Danish

D. Latin

24. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ___________ words came into the English language.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Celtic

D. Scandinavian

25. Which of the following is NOT true about Old English?

A. Users of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.

B. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000.

C. Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150.

D. Old English was a highly inflected language.

26. Identify the word that ___________ is of Scandinavian origin among the following.

A. skirt

B. dress

C. model

D. status

27. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English ___________ of them are still in use today.

A. Eighty-five percent

B. Fifty-six percent

C. Seventy-two percent

D. Seventy-five percent

28. By the end of the ___________ century, virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.

A. 10th

B. 11th

C. 12th

D. 13th

29. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.

A. printing

B. Bourgeois Revolution

C. Industrial Revolution

D. the Renaissance

30. Considering the changes in ___________, we regard the year of ___________ as the divison line of Early and Late Modern English.

A. grammar; 1600

B. grammar; 1700

C. vocabulary; 1600

D. vocabulary; 1700

31. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.

A. word-formation

B. borrowing

C. semantic change

D. both B and C

32. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?

A. The rapid development of modern science and technology.

B. Geographical and political changes.

C. The influence of other cultures and languages.

D. Social and economic changes.

33. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT ___________.

A. kungfu

B. TV dinner

C. fast food

D. Watergate

34. The modes of modern English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ___________, semantic change, ___________.

A. exchange; lending

B. derivation; borrowing

C. creation; borrowing

D. affixation; creation

35. In modern times, ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.

A. creation

B. semantic change

C. borrowing

D. reviving archaic or obsolete words

36. ___________ has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.

A. creation

B. semantic change

C. borrowing

D. obsolete words

37. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary

develops?

A. Acronym.

B. Blending.

C. Elevation.

D. Borrowing.

38. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.

A. Creation

B. Semantic change

C. Borrowing

D. Derivation

39. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.

A. creation

B. semantic change

C. borrowing

D. collocation

40. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 200 B. 300

C. 400

D. 500

41. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except___________.

A. Balto-Slavic

B. Indo-Iranian

C. Armenian

D. Italic

42. In the Eastern set, Armenian and___________ are the sole modern languages in two respective families.

A. Albanian

B. Russian

C. Slovenian

D. Lithuanian

43. Which language does not belong to the Italic?

A. Portuguese.

B. Spanish.

C. Welsh.

D. French.

44. The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke___________.

A. English

B. Celtic

C. Scandinavian

D. Hellenic

45. The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called___________ (the land of Angles).

A. German

B. Greece

C. England

D. American

46. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000words, which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from___________ and Scandinavian.

A. Latin

B. Greek

C. Celtic

D. French

47. The influx of French words into English did not occur until after___________.

A. 1200

B. 1300

C. 1400

D. 1500

48. In the Middle English period, the three main dialects of the land were Northern, ___________ and Midland.

A. Eastern

B. Western

C. Southern

D. Oriental

49. ___________ is the chief ancestor of Modern English, not Southern.

A. Eastern

B. Western

C. Northern

D. Midland

50. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of___________ words into English.

A. Latin

B. Greek

C. Danish

D. French

51. Midland is an ___________ dialect, as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike.

A. middle

B. intermediate

C. interchangeable

D. internal

52. The number of ___________ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.

A. French

B. German

C. Latin

D. Russian

53. Before English regained social status in Middle English period, those in power spoke French; those who were literate read and wrote ___________; those who could educate their children taught them in ___________; and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned ___________or ___________.

A. Latin; French; Latin; French

B. French; French; French; English

C. French; French; Latin; French

D. Greek; French; Greek; French

54. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classics, which is known in history as the ___________.

A. Renewal

B. Revival

C. Rebound

D. Renaissance

55. Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II, although borrowing remains a channel of English vocabulary expansion, more words are created by ___________.

A. analogy

B. word-formation

C. transfer

D. conversion

56. The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a "___________" language, which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.

A. unique

B. fashion

C. pure

D. old

57. As one scholar notes, old English was characterized by " ___________ endings", Middle English by "leveled endings", and Modern English by " ___________ endings".

A. full; lost

B. lost; full

C. full; pure

D. pure; lost

58. Old English which was a ___________ language has evolved to the present language.

A. analytic; synthetic

B. synthetic; analytic

C. agglutinative; analytic

D. isolating; synthetic

59. Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words, Latin, Greek, French, and ___________ stand out as the major contributors.

A. Italian

B. German

C. Dutch

D. Scandinavian

60. In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period, the words borrowed naturally from Latin reflected the new conceptions and experience in ___________ and ___________.

A. war; economy

B. economy; agriculture

C. war; place names

D. war; agriculture

61. In the Old English period, borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity, such as, ___________ and ___________.

A. cook; candle

B. shrine; sack

C. candle; shrine

D. mass; circle

62. The ___________ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowings under the influence of Renaissance.

A. 12th and 13th

B. 13th and 14th

C. 14th and 15th

D. 15th and 16th

63. Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms. Which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?

A. Frustrate.

B. Focus.

C. Logic.

D. Trade.

64. Which of the following does not come from Greek?

A. Piano.

B. Synonym.

C. Philosophy.

D. Lexicology.

65. Typhoon is from ___________ and tatami is from ___________.

A. Chinese; African

B. Chinese; Japanese

C. Arabic; Turkish

D. Malay; Japanese

66. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.

A. terminology, analogy and borrowing

B. creation* semantic change and borrowing

C. creation, archaisms and semantic change

D. semantic change, denizens and argot

67. Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?

A. Fallout.

B. Pant suit.

C. Black belt.

D. Mao jackets.

68. The Scandinavian languages: Norwegian* Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, constitute the ___________ branch of the Germanic group.

A. eastern

B. western

C. northern

D. southern

69. Reviving archaic or ___________ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.

A. obsolete

B. old

C. used

D. ancient

70. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.

A. 3,000

B. 2,000

C. 1,000

D. 4,000

71. All languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.

A. 200

B. 300

C. 400

D. 500

72. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages in the following places except ___________.

A. Europe

B. the Near East

C. India

D. Africa

73. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.

A. developed

B. advanced

C. inflected

D. complicated

74. In the western set of the Indo-European language family, Greek is the modern language derived from ___________.

A. Hellenic

B. Celtic

C. Spanish

D. Dutch

75. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.

A. Scottish

B. Irish

C. Danish

D. Breton

76. The first peoples known to inhabit on British Isles were ___________.

A. Romans

B. Germans

C. Celts

D. Saxons

77. Now people generally refer to ___________ as old English.

A. Anglo-Saxon

B. Celtic

C. Latin

D. Armenian

78. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?

A. Angles

B. Celtic

C. Saxons

D. Jutes

79. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.

A. 40,000 to 50,000

B. 50,000 to 60,000

C. 60,000 to 70,000

D. 30,000 to 40,000

80. Old English refers to the language used between ___________ and ___________.

A. 410, 1150

B.450, 1150

C. 410, 1100

D.450, 1100

81. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.

A. French

B. Latin

C. Norwegian

D. Danish

82. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English.

A. 1,200

B. 800

C. 900

D. 1,000

83. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?

A. skirt

B. alter

C. their

D. birth

84. Until 1066, the influence on English was mainly ___________.

A. Latin

B. French

C. Germanic

D. Celtic

85. After the Norman Conquest a continual flow of ___________ words into English.

A. Latin

B. French

C. Germanic

D. Celtic

86. Between 1250 and 1500, about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.

A. 7,000

B. 6,000

C. 9,000

D. 10,000

87. ___________ of the words of French origin are still in use today.

A. Eighty-five percent

B. Fifty-six percent

C. Seventy-two percent

D. Seventy-five percent

88. As many as 2, 500 words of ___________ origin found their way into Middle English.

A. Dutch

B. French

C. Latin

D. Celtic

89. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.

A. printing

B. Bourgeois Revolution

C. Industrial Revolution

D. Renaissance Time

90. Modern English began in ___________.

A. 1700

B. 1066

C. 1500

D. 1900

91. Considering the changes in ___________ Early and Late Modem English.

A. grammar, 1600

B. grammar, 1700

C. vocabulary, 1600

D. vocabulary, 1700

92. Modern English is considered to be a/an ___________ language.

A. inflected

B. analytic

C. synthetic

D. new

93. Generally, the number of the present day English vocabulary is about ___________.

A. two million

B. three million

C. one million

D. four million

94. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.

A. creation

B. semantic change

C. borrowing

D. all the above

95. ___________ is not the reason of growth of present-day English vocabulary.

A. The rapid development of modern science and technology

B. Social, economic and political changes

C. The efforts of linguists

D. The influence of other cultures and languages

96. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________, semantic change and ___________.

A. exchange, conversion

B. compounding, borrowing

C. creation, borrowing

D. suffixation, creation

97. ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.

A. Creation

B. Semantic change

C. Borrowing

D. Meaning change

98. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.

A. Creation

B. Semantic change

C. Borrowing

D. Derivation

99. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.

A. creation

B. semantic change

C. borrowing

D. collocation

100. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________.

A. creation, conversion and borrowing

B. creation, borrowing and back-formation

C. creation, semantic change and borrowing

D. semantic change, borrowing and back-formation

101. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of ___________ words into the English vocabulary.

A. French

B. Greek

C. Danish

D. Latin

102. The introduction of ___________ had a great impact on the English vocabulary.

A. Hinduism

B. Christianity

C. Buddhism

D. Islam

103. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.

A. Greeks

B. Indians

C. Romans

D. French

104. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.

A. Old English

B. Middle English

C. Anglo-Saxon

D. Celtic

105. Between 1250 and 1500 about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.

A. 9,000

B. 900

C. 10,000

D. 20,000

106. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.

A. word-formation

B. creation

C. semantic change

D. both B and C

107. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly language.

A. inflected

B. derived

C. developed

D. analyzed

108. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.

A. Sanskrit

B. Latin

C. Celtic

D. Anglo-Saxon

109. By the end of the ___________ century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status.

A. 12th

B. 13th

C. 14th

D. 15th

1. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.

2. As the invading tribes took over and settled in Britain, the Celtic languages gradually ___________.

3. The surviving languages show various degrees of ___________ to one another.

4. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.

5. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.

6. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes came in great numbers. Soon they took___________ control of the land, which was to be called England.

7. Augustine came to spread ___________ in Britain at the end of the 6th century.

8. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ___________.

9. In the 9th century the land was ___________ again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.

10. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.

11. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.

12. By the end of the eleventh century, ___________ all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful church positions were of Norman French origin.

13. The English words "power", "crime" are derived from ___________.

14. Modern English began with the ___________ of printing in England.

15. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient and Roman classics. This is known in history as the ___________.

16. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 -1700) and ___________ Modem English.

17. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.

18. It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.

19. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.

20. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.

21. There're three modes of vocabulary development; creation, ___________ and borrowing.

22. World languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.

23. The surviving languages accordingly fall into ___________ principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set.

24. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.

25. Old English was the combination of three ___________ dialects which were used between ___________ and 1150.

26. Old English was a highly ___________ language just like modern German.

27. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ to ___________ words.

28. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.

29. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.

30. The English words "power”, "crime" are derived from ___________.

31. The introduction of ___________ into England marked the beginning of modem English period.

32. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England, and it can be subdivided into stages.

33. Modern English is a ___________ language.

34. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.

35. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.

36. There’re three modes of vocabulary development: creation, ___________ and borrowing.

37. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 - 1700) and ___________ Modern English.

38. The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called ___________.

39. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.

40. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.

41. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.

42. Now people generally refer to ___________ as Old English.

43. The language used between 450 and ___________ is called ___________, which has a vocabulary of ___________. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to ___________. Followed by the ___________ period, subdivided as early modern English (___________) and late ___________ (1700-up to now).

( ) 1. English is more closely related to German than French.

( ) 2. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.

( ) 3. Old English was a highly inflected language.

( ) 4. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.

( ) 5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period. ( ) 6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.

( ) 7. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and Italian.

( ) 8. In modern times, borrowing brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) 9. The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology* influence of foreign cultures and languages.

( ) 10. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.

( ) 11. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.

( ) 12. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.

( ) 13. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.

( ) 14. We refer to Celtic as old English.

( ) 15. Words of old English had full endings.

( ) 16. In 55 B. C. -54 B. C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.

( ) 17. Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary.

( ) 18. Many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen were brought into English by Latin-speaking Roman missionaries.

( ) 19. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.

( ) 20. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.

( ) 21. During early Middle English period, Norman French became the polite speech while native tongue was a despised language.

( ) 22. Middle English was a language of full endings.

( ) 23. Modern English is a synthetic language.

( ) 24. After World War II, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.

( ) 25. The influence of other cultures and languages is one of the main sources of new words. ( ) 26. Semantic change is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.

( ) 27. In the vocabulary development, some old words fell out of use.

( ) 28. The introduction of printing into England by William Caxton marked the beginning of Middle English period.

( ) 29. Historically speaking, American English is older than British English.

( ) 30. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into Britain. ( ) 31. The late Modern English period is characterized by the complete loss of endings.

1.What are the main sources of new words?

2. What are the features of Old English, Middle English and Modern English? What changes has English undergone as far as inflection is concerned?

3. What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?

英语词汇学

英语词汇学 1 .idiom: An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meaning of its constituent words. Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal. 2. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms: e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch). 3. complementaries (互补反义词):complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. E.g. alive and dead, single and married, present and absent. 4. Polysemy (一次多义): A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. E.g. the word fair has various meanings : “(of attitude, behaviour) just and honest”; “(of result) average, quite good”; “(of the weath er)clear and sunny”; “(of the mount)satisfactory, abundant”; “(of the skin)pale; light in color”; “clean, clear; with out blemish” 5.conceptual meaning(概念意义): Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Take 'The sun rises in the east' for example. The word sun here means 'a heavenly body which gives off light, heat, and energy', a concept which is understood by anyone who speaks English. 6.affixation(派生法): Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. (举例) 7.analogical creation a way to coin word by following an existing word already established 1) Single Word; telethon/talkathon-marathon//starquake/youthquake-earthquake chairperson/woman/one-chairman//cheese/beef/shrimpburger-hamburger 2) Phrase; sound/air/language/visional/cultural pollution-environment pollution swim/stay/stand in-sit in//botel/airtel/-motel 选择和判断 1. nonce word: (为特定场合的需要)而临时造的词: A nonce word is a word used only "for the nonce"—to meet a need that is not expected to recur. Quark, for example, was a nonce word in English appearing only in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake until Murray Gell-Mann quoted it to name a new class of subatomic particle. The use of the term nonce word in this way was apparently the work of James Murray, the influential editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. " Runcible spoon", from Edward Lear, which later came to describe a curved fork with a cutting edge. 2. grammatical/function words

词汇学第二章

第二章英语词汇的发展 在单词研究中，知道词汇的源头和发展是重要的。词汇随着语言而发展。英语不是英国群岛上原住民的语言。但是它从哪里来？为何它被认为是英语？通过什么方式和其他语言相联系？最初居民的词汇有多少？它是如何发展成为现在这样一个大的词汇量？这一章将对所有这些问题做一解答。Isle岛屿 2.1印欧语系 假定世界上有将近三千（一些人说是五千）种语言，可以在词储和语法相似的基础上分为将近300个语系。印欧语系是其中之一。它包括欧洲，近东，和印度的大多数语言。史前印欧语系的父语被认为是一种高度转折的语言。在这语言中一个给定单词的不同形式表示在句子中它和其他词的关系。当这种语群离开发源的大陆。相信是欧洲东部的某地，每个语群的语言沿着不同的道路发展，很多和现在美国和澳洲英语与英国的英语区别相似。经过漫长的时间完成分离独立的任务，这些同一种语言的不同方言改变了很多，以至于变成了独立的语言。一种语言的使用者不能被其他语言的使用者所理解。 现存的语言展示不同程度的彼此类似。这种相似程度或多或少受他们地理位置分布的影响。它们因此被分成了八个主要的语群，那些语群被再次划分入东方体系：斯拉夫语，印度伊朗语，亚美尼亚语，阿尔巴尼亚语；西方体系：凯尔特语，意大利语，希腊语系，日耳曼语系。 在东方体系中，亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语是相对仅存的现代语。斯拉夫语包括一些现代语，像是普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语，俄语。在印度伊朗语系中我们有波斯语，孟加拉语，印地语，吉普赛语，最后三种来自于已经死亡的语言sankirt。 在西方体系中，希腊语是来自于希腊的现代语。在凯尔特语系中，我们发现了苏格兰语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语，布里多尼语等等。有五种拉丁语言，就是葡萄牙语，西班牙语，法语，意大利语，罗马尼亚语都属于意大利语系，中间的接续语言是拉丁语。日耳曼语系包括哟四种北欧语言，挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这些都被称作斯堪的纳维亚语言。然后还有德语，荷兰语，弗兰德语和英语。 Scottish苏格兰Irish爱尔兰 Welsh威尔士Breton布里多尼 Romance罗曼语Portuguese葡萄牙语 Spanish西班牙语Roumanian罗马尼亚 Intermediate中间的Consist组成 Norwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛的 Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语 Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗兰德语 所有这些语言都或多或少的影响英语，因为每种都向英语借词。其中一些在英语词汇的发展过程中起到了巨大的作用。 2.2英语词汇的历史概述 英语学生习惯于认为英语是和英国人紧密不可分的，以至于他们可能忘记了英语成为英国的语言不过才很短的一段时间。现在所指最早的居民是凯尔特人，他们的语言仍然是印欧语系的另一分支凯尔特语的方言。英国的第二种主要语言是罗马军团的拉丁语。在公元前55到54年，罗马人入侵英伦群岛，占领土地直到大约公元410年。当罗马帝国开始崩溃，日尔曼部落进入英国，当入侵部落接管了土地，在英国定居，凯尔特语言渐渐畏缩。因此，凯尔特语只对英语词汇有很小的贡献象是词语“悬崖”和“箱子”，和一些地名，象是avon kent london themes.

词汇学教案

Chapter I The definition of “word” Bloomfield: forms which can occur as sentences 可以自由地即不依赖于其他词自由运用的形式。 必须附属于其他词才能使用的形式。 Woods wood (free) -s (bound) consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms (a phrase) Poor John John ran away A minimum free form 词是最小的自由形式，是音、形、义的结合体。 Antoine Meillet: A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use. Minimal free form A fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function 1. The Development of English V ocabulary Vocabulary: all the words in a language together constitute its vocabulary A. The historical development of English vocabulary: 449-1100 OE 5-6万词汇Anglo-Saxon and old Norse words

《现代英语词汇学概论》

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary） Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷.首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善.人们给词下了较为完整的定义.“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。"（《辞海》1984（上)375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展.现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响. 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) （一）词素(Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes)构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义.如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able ）.词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如—ly ，-ness. 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素.词缀只能是黏着词素,它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ).屈折词缀跟语法有关,派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词,复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程—---合成和附加都涉及到了词素,前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 （二) 词的构成（word—formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇,大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法（derivation）和转换法（conversion）三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym），混合法（blending)，截短法（clipping)，专有名词（word from proper names)，逆构法（back—formation)，复制法(reduplication），新古典法（neo—classical famation）以及混杂法（miscellaneous).

词汇学

1.How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance infulence the English vocabulary? The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English , which is characterized by the strong infulence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters.(生活) In the early stages of this period the Renaissance brought great changes to vocabulary. In this period , the study of classics were stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin. The Latin loan words were now mostly connected with science and sbstract ideas, and many of them have become part of everyday speech of the English people. 2.What are the fundamental feature of the basoc word stock of the English vocabulary? (1). National character: Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group. (2). Stability: As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. (3). Word-forming ability: Basic words are very active in forming new words. (4). Ability to form collocations: Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases. 3.What are characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development? 本族语法语拉丁语现代英语 Old English (from life syllable is short) Middle English Modern English 4.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary? Words of Angol-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. It should be mentioned that most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of basic word stock of English language. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs. It also includes the most frequently used words that are essential to life. 5.What do you mean by literary and common words? By level usage (1)Common Words: Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great majority of English words are common words. The core od the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically neutral, and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (2)Literary words: Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

英语词汇学

Chapter One A general survey of vocabulary I．Definition of word: “A free form which is not a phrase, is a word. A word , then, is a free form which does not consist entirely of (two or more) lesser free forms; in brief, a word is a minimum free form.” ---Bloomfield,1933:177-178 “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” ---French linguist, Antonine Meillet Q: Any disadvantages in the above definitions? A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. ---Zhang Yun-fei, An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, 1990, P2 “词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。” ---《辞海》上海辞书出版社1984 （上）375页 “词是代表一定意义、具有固定的语音形式、可以独立运用的最小结构单位。” ---胡裕树，《现代汉语》，1962 Examples： * book /buk/ n. [c] number of printed or written sheets of paper bound together in a cover 书; 书籍 ** dispose /di’sp?uz/ v. place (sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange 安排, 编排(某人/某事);布置 Features of a word: 1.A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment. 2.A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else. 3.The word is an uninterruptable unit. 4.A word has to do with its social function. 5. A word may consist of one or more morphemes. 6. Words are part of the large communication system we call language. 7. A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases. 1.2 sound and sense An issue between sound and sense： The Naturalists：an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. The Conventionalists：a kind of linguistic social contract. (arbitrary, conventional) “What?s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.” ---Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene 2 …Tis not enough no harshness gives offence,

词汇学知识点Chapter 1-3

Chapter 1 Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.1 A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 1.2 - Vocabulary: refers to all the words in a language, and all the words of a particular historical period, a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 1.3 - Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.4 Sound and Form English→ Phonetic language表音文字- Chinese→Ideographic language 表意文字The reasons for the inconsistency between sound and form 1) More sounds than form 2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. e.g. women, luve→love 4)Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. e.g. cliché, debut 1.5 classifications of words

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter2英语词汇的形态结构

现代英语词汇学概论复习资料1~7 现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料 Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构 ? 2.1 Morphemes词素/语素/ 形位 ? 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类 2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language，not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. smallest: not divisible into smaller forms meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical) e.g. denationalization denationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning A morpheme is not identical with a syllable，either，since the latter has nothing to do with meaning. Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体: various shapes or forms of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function conditioned by position or adjoining sounds Eg. -s book→books /-s/ pig→pigs /-z/ horse → horses /-iz/ Eg. im-，in-，i- perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect → imperfect responsible→ irresponsible logical → illogical flexible → inflexible Eg. –tion，-sion invent →invention describe →description justify →justification modernize→modernization expand →expansion decide →decision omit →omission 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类 ●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素 Free morpheme: one that can be uttered alone with meaning A free morpheme is a word. E.g. green, red, write, faith Bound morpheme: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound E.g. receive re-ceive Q：自由词素与粘着词素如何组词？ E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia green (free) green-house (free + free) green-ness (free + bound)

英语词汇学试题2

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 500 B. 4000 C. 300 D. 2000 2.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly __A____language. A. inflected B. derived C. developed D. analyzed 3.After the ____C_____, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers. A. Greeks B. Indians C. Romans D. French 4.The introduction of ____B____had a great impact on the English vocabulary. A. Hinduism B. Christianity C. Buddhism D. Islamism 5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many _____D___words came into the English language. A. Greek B. Roman C. Celtic D. Scandinavian 6.It is estimated that at least ___D___ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. A. 500 B. 800 C. 1000 . D. 900 7.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ___A___ words into English. A. French B. Greek C. Roman D. Latin 8.By the end of the ____B___century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. A. 12th B. 13th C. 14th D.15th 9.As a result , Celtic made only a ____A____contribution to the English vocabulary. A. small B. big C. great D. smaller 10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and ___D____. A. Greek B. Roman C. Indian D. Russian 11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language.A A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 12.Greek is the modern language derived from __B____. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _B_____. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 14.The ____A____family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 15.By the end of the ____B___century , virtually all of the people who held political or social

《英语词汇学》

Lectures on English Lexicology Main Sections for the Lectures: Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1.1What Is a Word? A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 1.2 Sound and Meaning A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 1.3 Sound and Form It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans. In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.

词汇学 考点

Chapter One Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A word may be defined as one of the fundamental units of speech and as having a minimum free form. It is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactical function. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and there is no logical relationship between them. The relation between sound and form：the written form of English is an imperfect representation of spoken form, yet in spite of the differences between sound and form, at least 80% of the English words fit consistent spelling pattern. All the words in a language make up its vocabulary All the words in a language together constitute its vocabulary. Classification of words: By use frequency: basic word stock(natural phenomena/human body and relations/plants and animals/action, size, domain, state/num, pron, prep, conj) non basic word: by notion: content words(实词n. v. adj. adv. Num) functional words( prep, conj, aux. Art) by origin: native words borrowed/loan words(Denizens同化Aliens非同化Translation-loans译借词Semantic-loans借义词) Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words Morpheme: 1.minimal meaningful unit. 2.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Types of morphemes: Free morpheme自由词素=free roots彼此之间互相独立的词素叫自由词素，本身具有完整的意义，在句子中可以用作自由的语法单位e.g. man, foot, earth Bound morpheme粘着词素: Bound root粘着词根 Affix词缀:inflectional affix屈折词缀(语法关系) e.g. -s (es) -er, -est -ed: -ing derivational affix派生词缀(prefix, suffix) Morpheme and word-formation: We know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled as root, stem and affix. 1 affix are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function All affixes are bound 2 root the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem is used only when we deal with affixes词干是讲到词缀现象时候用的术语 Chapter 3 Word Formation Affixation词缀法/ Derivation 派生法 Prefixation: Suffixation: