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电气外文翻译--电力系统故障

电气外文翻译--电力系统故障
电气外文翻译--电力系统故障

附录Ⅰ:专业相关文献翻译

Faults on power system

Each year new designs of equipment bring about increased reliability of operation. Nevertheless, equipment failures and interference by outside sources occasionally result in faults on electric power system. On the occurrence of power from the generating stations to the loads may be unsatisfactory over a considerable area, and if the faulted equipment is not promptly disconnected from the remainder of the system, damage may result to other pieces of operating equipment.

A fault is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of two or more conductors which ordinarily operate with a difference of potential between them. The connection between the conductions may be by physical metallic contact or it may be through an arc. At the fault, the voltage between the two parts is reduced to zero in the case of metal-to-metal contacts, or to a very low value in case the connection is through an arc. Currents of abnormally high magnitude flow the network to the point of fault. These short-circuit currents will usually be much greater than the designed thermal ability of the conductors in the lines or machines feeding the fault. The resultant rise in temperature may cause damage by the annealing of conductors and by the charring of insulation. In the period during which the fault is permitted to exist, the voltage on the system in the near vicinity of the fault will be so low that utilization equipment will be inoperative. It is apparent that the power system designer must anticipate points at which fault may occur, be able to calculate conditions that exist during a fault, and provide equipment properly adjusted to open the switches necessary to disconnect faulted equipment from the remainder of the system. Ordinarily it is desirable that no other switches on the system are opened, as such behavior would result in unnecessary modification of the system circuits.

A distinction must be made between a fault and an overload. An overload implies only that loads greater than the designed value have been imposed on system. Under

such a circumstance the voltage at the overload point may be low, but not zero. This undervoltage condition may extend for some distance beyond the overload point into the remainder of the system. The currents in the overloaded equipment are high and may exceed the thermal design limits. Nevertheless, such currents are substantially lower than in the case of a fault. Service frequently may be maintained, but at below-standard voltage.

Overloads are rather common occurrence in homes. For example, a housewife might plug five waffle irons into the kitchen circuit during a neighborhood party. Such an over-load, if permitted to continue, would cause heating of the wires from the power center and might eventually start a fire. To prevent such trouble, residential circuits are protected by fuse or circuit breakers which open quickly when currents above specified values persist. Distribution transformers are sometimes overloaded as customers install more and more appliances. The continuous monitoring of distribution circuits is necessary to be certain that transformer sizes are increased as load grows.

Faults of many types and causes may appear on electric power systems. many of us in our homes have seen frayed lamp cords which permitted the tow conductors of the cord to come in contact with each other. When this occurs, there is a resulting flash, and if breaker or fuse equipment functions properly, the circuit is opened.

Overhead lines, for the most part, are constructed of bare conductors. These are sometimes accidentally brought together by action of wing, sleet, trees, cranes, airplanes, or damage to supporting structures. Overvoltages due to lightning or switching may cause flashover of supporting or from conductor to conductor. Contamination on insulators sometimes results in flashover even during normal voltage conditions.

The conductors of underground cables are separated from each other and from ground by solid insulation, which may be oil-impregnated paper or a plastic such as polyethylene. These materials undergo some deterioration with age, particularly if overloads on the cables have resulted in their operation at elevated temperature. Any

small void present in the body of the insulating material will result in ionization of the gas contained therein, the products of which react unfavorably with the insulation. Deterioration of the insulation may result in failure of the material to retain its insulating properties, and short circuits will develop between the cable conductors. The possibility of cable failure is increased if lightning or switching produces transient voltage of abnormally high values between the conductors.

Transformer failures may be the result of insulation deterioration combined with overvoltages due to lightning or switching transients. Short circuits due to insulation failure between adjacent turns of the same winding may result from suddenly applied overvoltages. Major insulation may fail, permitting arcs to be established between primary and secondary windings or between a winding and grounded metal parts such as the core or tank.

Generators may fail due to breakdown of the insulation between adjacent turns in the same slot, resulting in a short circuit in a single turn of the generator. Insulation breakdown may also occur between one of the windings and the grounded steel structure in which the coils are embedded. Breakdown between different windings lying in the same slot results in short-circuiting extensive sections of machine.

Balanced three-phase faults, like balanced three-phase loads, may be handled on a lineto-neutral basis or on an equivalent single-phase basis. Problems may be solved either in terms of volts, amperes, and ohms. The handling of faults on single-phase lines is of course identical to the method of handling three-phase faults on an equivalent single-phase basis.

V oltage transformers

V oltage transformers are used with voltmeters, watt-meters, watt-hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency meters, synchroscopes and synchronizing apparatus, protective and regulating relays, and the no-voltage and over-voltage trip coils of automatic circuit breakers. One transformer can be used for a number of instruments at the same time if the total current taken by the instruments does not exceed that for

which the transformer is designed and compensated.

V oltage transformers are generally designed for a capacity of about 200 volt-amp. There are two causes of errors in voltage transformers, namely, ratio error and phase-angle error. The part of these errors due to the exciting current is constant for any particular voltage. It can be reduced to a minimum by choosing the best quality of iron and working it at a low magnetic density. The part of the errors due to the load current varies directly with the load and can be minimized by making the resistance of the windings very slow.

V oltage transformers are compensated for their iron losses at rated voltage. When used on some other voltage, either higher or lower, an error is introduced. In general this error will not be more than 0.15 percent of rated voltage. A voltage transformer should never be used on a circuit whose voltage is more than 10 percent above the rated voltage of the transformer.

The secondary terminals of a voltage transformer should never be short-circuited, a heavy current will flow which, if continued, will burn out the windings. In order to protect the system against sustained short circuits in the transformer circuit, it is generally recognized as good practice to introduce into the primary circuit a resister and fuse, these been connected in series. The resistors are designed to limit the current to about 20 to 40 amp., while the fuses are designed to break such current. In normal operation the current which the resistor carries is only the very small primary current of the voltage transformer, and the drop in voltage that they cause is inappreciable.

Current transformers

Current transformers are used with ammeters, watt-meters, power-factor meters, watt-hour meters, compensators, protective and regulating relays, and the trip coil of circuit breakers. One current transformer can be used to operate not to exceed that for which the transformer is designed and compensated.

The current transformer is connected directly in series with the line, and usually has a fixed number of instruments in the secondary. A rise or fall in the line current requires a corresponding rise or fall in the secondary voltage to force the secondary current through the impedance of the meter load. the magnetic flux in the iron, which

supplies the voltage, thus follows the rise and fall of the primary or line current.

The instruments connected in the secondary circuit of the transformer are placed in series, so that the secondary current will pass through each instrument. As the instrument are added, higher voltage is required to force the current through the instruments. This requires a high magnetic density in the iron. A higher magnetic density increases both the iron loss and the magnetizing current; hence both the ratio and the phase-angle errors are magnified. For the sake of accuracy, therefore, there is a limit to the number of instruments that should be placed on a single current transformer.

The secondary circuit of a current transformer should never be opened while the primary is carrying current. If it is necessary to disconnect instruments, the secondary should first be short-circuited. If the secondary circuit is opened, a difference of potential is developed between terminals which is dangerous to anyone coming in contact with the meters of leads. The cause of this high voltage is that with open secondary circuit all the primary ampere turns are effective in producing flux in the core, whereas normally but a small portion of the total performs this function. The danger is magnified by the fact that the wave form of this secondary voltage is peaked, produced in this way may also permanently change the magnetic condition or the core, so that the accuracy of the transformer were be impaired.

Arresters

One of the means of protecting transmission equipment is the surge arrester. two types of surge arresters may be used for this reason: active gap (SiC) and gapless (ZnO) metal oxide surge arresters.

Active gap (SiC) arrester

The two principal components of active gap surge arresters (diverters) are the spark gap and the non-linear resister. One of the earlier designs was the lightning arrester with plate gaps, which is still used today in some medium voltage networks. At still higher voltages, arresters with magnetically blow spark gaps are more commonly used, in particular in EHV networks (300—750kV). These consist mainly of three parts: spark gaps, discharge resistors and a grading system that monitors the

distribution of voltage across the spark gaps.

ZnO oxide arresters

The materials used for ZnO arresters are uniformly mixed, formed into grains, and sintered through special processes at temperatures between 1100 and 3500℃. The gapless surge arrester obtained using ZnO elements has the property that its resistance decreases sharply as the voltage across it increases.

In order to keep the stress on the system insulation as low as possible, a good overvoltage protection system or, an arrester has to meet and fulfill the following requirements.

(1)it must withstand the normal phase to earth voltage of the system for the whole of its operating life, even in the presence of pollution and after repeated discharges of high energy, such as are expected in a network;

(2)it must be withstand, without damage, temporary over-voltage caused by earth faults and other system transient conditions and discharge these over-voltages to earth without causing an earth fault;

(3)interruption of the following current;

(4)the energy absorption capability must be such that, even after the most severe switching surges and temporary over-voltages, the temperature of the blocks does not rise to a point where thermal runaway sets in;

(5)protection level must be maintained as low as possible.

The newly developed ZnO surge arrester with its excellent high non-linearity characteristic, energy capability and protective performance can meet these conditions and fulfill these requirements.

中文译文:

电力系统故障

每年新设计的电力设备都使系统的可靠性不断提高,然而,设备的使用不当以及一些偶然的外在因素均会导致系统故障的发生.发生故障时,电流、电压变得不正常,从电厂到用户的送电在相当大的区域不令人满意。此时若故障设备不立即从系统中切除的话,则会造成其他运行设备的损坏。

故障是由于有意或无意地使两个或更多的导体相接触而造成的。到体之间是有电位存在的,而这种接触可能是金属性接触,也可能是电弧引起的。如果是前者造成的故障,则两部分导体之间电压会降低为零;若为后者,则电压变得很低,超常的大电流经过网络流至故障处。此短路电流通常会大大超出导线以及供电发电机的热承受能力,其结果,温度的升高会导致导体烧毁或绝缘体焦化。在允许的期限内,最靠近故障处的电压会变得很低,致使用电设备无法运行。显然,系统设计者必须事先考虑到故障可能发生在什么地方,能够推测出故障期间的各种情况,提供调节好的设备,以便驱动为将故障设备切除所必需断开的开关能够跳闸。通常希望此时系统无其他开关打开,否则会导致系统线路不必要的修改。

过负荷与故障是两个概念。过负荷仅指施加于系统的负荷超过了设计值。发生这种情况时,过负荷处的电压可能很低,但并等于零。这种电压不足的情形可能会越过过负荷处蔓延一定距离,进而影响系统其他部分。过负荷设备的电流变大而超过预定的热极限,但是这种情况比发生故障时的电流要小。此时,供电虽往往能维持,但电压较低。

过负荷的情况经常在家里发生,例如请街坊邻居聚会时,女主人可能将五个华夫饼干烘烤器的插头同时插入厨房的插座,诸如此类的过负荷倘若不能迅速处理的话,就会造成电力线发热甚至酿成火灾。为了避免这种情况发生,须采用保险丝或断路器来保护住宅区电路免受损坏。断路器会在电流超出预定值时迅速切断电路。当用户安装的用电器增加时,也会超过变压器负荷能力,因此有必要不时地监视配电线路以确保在负荷增加时变压器的容量也相应增加。

电力系统会发生各种类型,由各种原因引起的故障。我们在家里看到过破损的照明灯电线,使得其两根导线相触,并会发出弧光。如果此时断路器或保险丝

能够正常工作,见分晓电路能被自动切断。

大部分架空明线是用裸线架设的,有时由于风、雪、或大树、起重机,飞机及支撑物的损坏等因素会使导线偶然碰到一起。由雷电或开关瞬变过程引起的过电压会在支撑物或导体之间产生电弧,即使在电压正常的情况下,绝缘材料的污染也回引起电弧。

通常采用油浸电缆纸或聚乙烯一类固体塑料绝缘材料将埋地电缆中的导线与导线和导线与地隔开。这些绝缘材料会随着时间的流失而老化,尤其是在过负荷引起高温下运行的时候更是如此。绝缘材料内的空隙会造成气体的电离,其生成物对绝缘不利。绝缘材料老化回引起绝缘性下降而导致导线短路。电缆故障的可能性会因雷电或开关瞬间引起的导线的电压骤然变高而增加。

变压器故障可能是由绝缘老化、加上雷电、开关瞬变过程导致的过电压造成的。同一绕组相邻线圈之间由于绝缘问题造成的短路可能是由于突然遇到外加高电压所致。绝缘失败会在一次绕组与二次绕组之间或绕组与接地金属部件(如铁芯或变压器外壳)之间产生电弧。

发电机故障可能是由于同一槽中相邻线圈之间绝缘被破坏而造成的,其结果会导致发电机匝内短路。绝缘损坏也可能发生在某一绕组与定子铁芯的接地钢结构之间。同一槽内不同绕组之间的绝缘损坏会导致电机大范围短路。

像处理平衡三相负荷一样,处理平衡三相故障也是依照基于由火线到零线的电路或等效单相电路的原则进行。可以通过电压、电流和电阻的规律求解问题。当然,单相线路上故障的处理方法也可用于在单相等效电路下三相故障的处理中。

电压互感器

电压互感器与电压表、功率表、电能表、功率因数表、频率表。同步检测装置和同期设备、保护和调节继电器以及自动化断路器的失压和过压调闸线圈一起使用。只要仪表的总电流不超过互感器的设计的补偿要求,一个互感器可以同时供多个仪表使用。

通常,电压互感器繁荣容量设计为200VA电压互感器的误差有两个,称为变比误差和相角误差。对于任何电压,这些误差中由于励磁电流而引起的部分是恒定的。通过选择最佳质量的铁心和低磁场强度下运行,可以将这个误差减到最小。

这些误差中由于负荷电流引起的部分直接随着负荷变化,并且可以通过绕组电阻的减小来使其最小化。

需要对电压互感器在额定电压下的铁芯损耗进行补偿。当运行在其他电压时,无论电压高低,都会产生误差。总的来讲,当使用电压为额定电压的50%~110%时,这些误差都不会超过0.15%。电压互感器不允许应用于电压超过其额定电压10%的电路。

电压互感器的二次侧端子不允许短路。如果其二次侧持续短路的话,将在二次绕组中产生巨大电流,从而烧毁绕组。为了防止系统中电压互感器电路持续短路,一个认可的常用措施是在电压互感器的一次侧串连接入一个电阻器和熔断器(保险)。电阻器的选择是将电流限制到约20~40A,而熔断器的选择是按照能断开这样的电流来设计的。在正常运行状况下,流过电阻器的仅仅是电压互感器的小的一次侧电流,并且他们引起的电压降落是可忽略的。

电流互感器

电流互感器与电流表、功率表、功率因数表、电能表、补偿装置、保护和调节继电器以及断路器的跳闸线圈一起使用。一个电流互感器可在不超过其设计和补偿值的范围内运行。

电流互感器串联于电路,并且在二次侧连接仪表数量是固定的。线电流的增加或减小需要二次侧电压降落相应的上升或下降,从而强制二次侧电流流过表计负荷的阻抗。因此,产生这个电压的铁心中的磁通也将随着一次侧电流上升或下降。

连接与电流互感器二次侧电路的仪表是串联接入的,以便二次侧电流流过每一个仪表。随着仪表的增加,就需要较高的电压来强制电流流过这些仪表。这要求在铁芯中具有较大磁场密度。一个较高的磁场密度将增大铁芯损耗和励磁电流,因此造成变比误差和相角误差增大。因此,为了保证一定的精确度,需要对每一个电流互感器所允许带的仪表数设置一个极限。

一次侧负载运行时,电流互感器的二次侧电流不允许开路。如果必须要断开仪表的话,应首先将二次侧断路。如果二次侧电路开路的话,在端子之间将产生电位差,这对于任何接近或接触表计和表头的人员都将是危险的。引起这个高电位差的原因时:当二次侧电路开路时,所有的一次侧安匝都有效的用于产生铁芯

的磁通,而正常中只有总安匝中的小部分用于产生铁芯磁通。事实上,而磁侧电压的波形上升达到波峰并产生最大值,危险被放大。在这种情况下所产生的大磁通还会永久性的改变磁状况和铁芯,从而损害互感器的精确度。

避雷器

保护输电设备的一个方法就是使用避雷器,用于这个目的的避雷器有两种类型:有效间隙(碳化硅)避雷器和无间隙(氧化锌)金属氧化物避雷器。

碳化硅避雷器

有效间隙避雷器的两个主要部分是火花间隙和非线性电阻。早期的一种设计是平板间隙的避雷器,今天在一些中压供电网中还仍然得到使用,而在高压电网中,特别是在超高压电网中(300~750kV),通常更普遍使用的是磁吹火花间隙的避雷器。它主要包括三个部分:火花间隙、放电电阻和一个能监测通过火花间隙的电压分布的分级系统。

氧化锌避雷器

这种避雷器的材料是被均匀混合,形成晶粒,经过特殊过程在温度1100~1350℃时烧结。使用氧化锌材料的无间隙避雷器的特性是:随着电压增大其电阻值迅速减小。为了保持系统绝缘受到的应力尽可能的小,一个好的过电压保护系统或者一个避雷器应该满足下列要求:

(1)在它的运行寿命中,即使在污染的情况下,或在电网可能出现的大能量的重复放电后,它必须能承受系统的正常的相对地电压;

(2)它必须能承受由姐弟故障和其他的系统过渡状态造成的短时过电压而不被破坏,并且这些过电压对大地放电不会导致接地故障;

(3)能断开续流电流;

(4)它的能量吸收能力必须满足这种情况,即在最严重的操作过电压和短时过电压下,其部件的温度也不能升高到散热允许的设定值;

(5)它必须维持尽可能低的保护水平。

最新开发的氧化锌避雷器具有优异的非线性特性、能量吸收能力和保护功能,能满足上面的要求。

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及

电力系统继电保护外文翻译

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电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,

物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。

英文文献及翻译:供配电系统(1800字)

供配电系统 摘要:电力系统的基本功能是向用户输送电能。lOkV配电网是连接供电电源与工业、商业及生活用电的枢纽,其网络庞大及复杂。对于所有用户都期望以最低的价格买到具有高度可靠性的电能。然而,经济性与可靠性这两个因素是互相矛盾的。要提高供电网络的可靠性就必须增加网络建设投资成本。但是,如果提高可靠性使用户停电损失的降低小于用于提高可靠性所增加的投资,那么这种建设投资就没有价值了。通过计算电网的投资和用户停电的损失,最终可找到一个平衡点,使投资和损失的综合经济性最优。 关键词:供配电,供电可靠性,无功补偿,负荷分配 1 引言 电力体制的改革引发了新一轮大规模的电力建设热潮从而极大地推动了电力技术革命新技术新设备的开发与应用日新月异特别是信息技术与电力技术的结合在很大程度上提高了电能质量和电力供应的可靠性由于技术的发展又降低了电力建设的成本进而推动了电网设备的更新换代本文就是以此为契机以国内外配电自动化中一些前沿问题为内容以配电自动化建设为背景对当前电力系统的热点技术进行一些较深入的探讨和研究主要完成了如下工作. (1)提出了配电自动化建设的两个典型模式即―体化模式和分立化模式侧重分析了分立模式下的配电自动化系统体系结构给出了软硬件配置主站选择管理模式最佳通讯方式等是本文研究的前提和实现平台. (2)针对配电自动化中故障测量定位与隔离以及供电恢复这一关键问题分析了线路故障中电压电流等电量的变化导出了相间短路工况下故障定位的数学描述方程并给出了方程的解以及故障情况下几个重要参数s U& s I& e I& 选择表通过对故障的自动诊断与分析得出了优化的隔离和恢复供电方案自动实现故障快速隔离与网络重构减少了用户停电范围和时间有效提高配网供电可靠性文中还给出了故障分段判断以及网络快速重构的软件流程和使用方法. (3)状态估计是实现配电自动化中关键技术之一本文在阐述状态估计方法基础上给出了不良测量数据的识别和结构性错误的识别方法针对状态估计中数据对基于残差的坏数据检测和异常以及状态量中坏数据对状态估计的影响及存在的问题提出了状态估计中拓扑错误的一种实用化检测和辩识方法针对窃电漏计电费问题独创性提出一种通过电量突变和异常分析防止窃电的新方法并在潍坊城区配电得到验证. (4)针对配电网负荷预测建模困难参数离散度大以及相关因素多等问题本文在分析常规负荷预测模型及方法基础上引入了气象因素日期类型社会环境影响等参数给出了基于神经网络的电力负荷预测方法实例验证了方法的正确性.

电气毕业设计外文文献

外文文献: The Intelligent Building One of the benefits of the rapid evolution of information technology has been the development of systems that can measure, evaluate, and respond to change。An enhanced ability to control change has sparked developments in the way we design our physical environment, in particular, the buildings in which we work。As a result, we are witnessing significant growth in the area of "Intelligent Buildings"--buildings that incorporate information technology and communication systems, making them more comfortable, secure, productive, and cost-effective What is an Intelligent Building? An Intelligent Building is one equipped with the telecommunications infrastructure that enables it to continuously respond and adapt to changing conditions, allowing for a more efficient use of resources and increasing the comfort and security of its occupants。An Intelligent Building provides these benefits through automated control systems such as: heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC);fire safety;security;and energy/lighting management。For example, in the case of a fire, the fire alarm communicates with the security system to unlock the doors。The security system communicates with the HVAC system to regulate the flow of air to prevent the fire from spreading。 What benefits do Intelligent Buildings offer their owners and occupants? The introduction in the workplace of computers printers photocopiers, and fax machines has increased indoor pollution。Electrical and telecommunications facilities in office buildings are under pressure to satisfy the demands created by the rapid growth of computer and networking technologies。These factors have a definite impact on productivity. New technology can be used to create Intelligent Buildings that address these problems by providing a healthier, more productive, and less energy-intensive work environment。As these are critical factors for business

自动化外文翻译

电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料(中文读书报告) 学生姓名:王超杰 专业班级:自动化12-06班 学号:311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日

原文: Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/878367977.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram

发电厂电气部分第三章总结

第三章 【一】、对电气主接线的基本要求 一.可靠性 二. 灵活性 1.调度灵活 2.检修安全方便 3.扩建方便 三. 经济性 1.节约投资 2.占地面积少 3.年运行费用少 【二】电气主接线的基本接线形式 根据是否有母线,主接线的接线形式可以分为 有汇流母线的电气主接线 无汇流母线的电气主接线两大类。 一、有母线的基本接线形式 主要体现为四种形式: 1)单母线接线 2)双母线接线 3)一台半断路器接线 4)变压器—母线组接线 基本知识一: 1、断路器:现场将其称为“开关”,具有灭弧作用,正常运行时可接入或断开电路,故障情况下,受继电器的作用,能将电路自动切断。 2、隔离开关:可辅助切换操作,或用以与带电部分可靠地隔离。 3、母线:起汇集和分配电能的作用。 4、操作时: 1)先合上隔离开关,后合上断路器; 2)先拉开断路器,后拉开隔离开关; 3)对于断路器两端的隔离开关: ①先合上电源侧的隔离开关,后合上负荷侧的隔离开关; ②先拉开负荷侧的隔离开关,后拉开电源侧的隔离开关 基本知识二 1、同一回路中在断路器可能出现电源的一侧或两侧均应配置隔离开关,以便检修断路器时隔离电源。 2、若馈线的用户侧无电源时,断路器通往用户的那一侧,可以不装设线路隔离开关。若费用不大,为阻止过电压的侵入,也可装设。 3、若电源是发电机,则发电机与其出口断路器之间可不装隔离开关。但为了便于对发电机单独进行调整和试验,也可装设隔离开关或设置可拆连接点。 图3-1、3-2、3-3、3-4、3-6、3-7、3-8、3-9、3-12、3-16、3-17、3-18及原理

旁路母线和旁路断路器的作用:检修任一进出线断路器时,代替其工作,不中断对该回路的供电。绝不是(母线检修时代替其工作) 一台半断路器接线的线路配置原则: 同名回路尽量不要布置在同一串上; 当只有两串时一般采用交叉连接形式,以提高可靠性。 一台半断路器接线的应用:大机组,超高压。 二、无母线 【三】发电机出口也有装设断路器的其理由是: (1)发电机组解、并列时,可减少主变压器高压侧断路器操作次数,特别是500kV或 220kV为一台半断路器接线时,能始终保持一串内的完整性。当电厂接线串数较少时,保持 各串不断开(不致开环),对提高供电送电的可靠性有明显的作用。 (2)起停机组时,可用厂用高压工作变压器提供厂用电,减少了厂用高压系统的倒闸 操作,从而可提高运行可靠性。当厂用工作变压器与厂用起动变压器之间的电气功角δ相差较大(一般δ>1500)时,这种运行方式更为需要。 【四】发电厂和变电所主变压器的选择 主变压器: 在发电厂和变电所中,用来向电力系统或用户输送功率的变压器; 联络变压器: 用于两种电压等级之间交换功率的变压器; 厂(所)用变压器(或称自用变压器):

电气工程及其自动化外文翻译----继电保护发展现状

毕业设计(外文翻译材料) 学院:专业:学生姓名:指导教师:电气与电子工程学院电气工程及其自动化 - 1 -

Relay protection development present situation Abstract: Reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection technological development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection technology achievement, propose the future relay protection technological development tendency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization. Key word: relay protection, present situation development, future development 1 relay protection development present situation The electrical power system rapid development to the relay protection propose unceasingly the new request, the electronic technology, computer technology and the communication rapid development unceasingly has poured into the new vigor for the relay protection technology development, therefore, the relay protection technology is advantageous, has completed the development 4 historical stage in more than 40 years time. After the founding of the nation, our country relay protection discipline, the relay protection design, the relay manufacture industry and the relay protection technical team grows out of nothing, has passed through the path in about 10 years which advanced countries half century passes through. The 50's, our country engineers and technicians creatively absorption, the digestion, have grasped the overseas advanced relay protection equipment performance and the movement technology , completed to have the deep relay protection theory attainments and the rich movement experience relay protection technical team, and grew the instruction function to the national relay protection technical team's establishment. The relay factory introduction has digested at that time the overseas advanced relay manufacture technology, has established our country relay manufacturing industry. Thus our country has completed the relay protection research, the design, the manufacture, the movement and the teaching complete system in the 60's. This is a - 2 -

自动化专业英语 翻译

1.1 In recent years the performance requirements for process plant have become increasingly difficult to satisfy. Stronger competition, tougher (更加严苛的) environmental and safety regulations (法规), and rapidly changing economic conditions have been key factors in the tightening of plant product quality specifications (产品质量规范).A further complication (复杂) is that modern processes have become more difficult to operate because of the trend toward larger, more highly integrated plants with smaller surge capacities (谐振能力) between the various processing units. Such plants give the operators little opportunity to prevent upsets (扰乱) from propagating from one unit to other interconnected units. In view of (考虑到,由于) the increased emphasis placed on safe, efficient plant operation, it is only natural that the subject of process control has become increasingly important in recent years. In fact, without process control it would not be possible to operate most modern processes safely and profitably (有利的), while satisfying plant quality standards. 近年来,对过程系统的性能改善需求变得越来越困难.更为激烈的竞争,更加严格的环境和安全规范,以及快速变化的经济条件都是加强工厂产品质量规范的关键因素更为复杂的情况是,由于现代制造业朝着规模更大,集成度更高的方向发展,而使不同的加工环节之间的应变能力更低, 所以加工过程更难控制近年来,考虑到工业制造逐渐加强的安全、高效需求,过程控制这个课题变得越来越受重视. 实际上,对于大多数现代工业,要满足安全、高效,产品质量的要求,没有控制系统是不可能的. It is assumed that the inlet and outlet flow rates are identical (相同的) and that the liquid density ρ (rho) remains consant,that is, the temperature variations are small enough that the temperature dependence of ρ can be neglected. Under these conditions the volu me V of liquid in the tank remains constant. 假设输入和输出流量是相等的,并且液体密度保持恒定,也就是说温度变化足够小,密度对温度的影响可以忽略不计. 在这些条件下,槽内液体的体积保持恒定 Use a larger tank. If a larger tank is used, fluctuations (波动) in Ti will tend to be damped out (阻尼,衰减) due to the larger thermal capacitance of the tank contents. However, increased volume of tankage would be an expensive solution for an industrial plant due to the increased capital costs of the larger tank.Note that this approach is analogous to the use of water baths in chemistry laboratories where the large thermal capacitance of the bath serves as a heat sink (散热装置) and thus provides an isothermal (恒温的) environment for a small-scale research apparatus (仪器). 使用一个更大的槽. 如果使用更大的槽,因为更大的热容,Ti的波动会趋向于衰减. 然而,体积增加使得开支增加,会使工厂系统的解决方案变得更加昂贵.要指出的是这个方法类似于化学实验室中水缸的使用,水缸的大热容量可以看作散热装置,因此可以为小型研究仪器提供一个恒温环境. Note that in feedforward control, the controlled variable T is not measured. 在前馈控制中,被控变量T是没有被测量的. 1.2 The motivation of using feedback, illustrated (说明) by the examples in Section (1), is somewhat oversimplified.In these examples, the use of feedback is shown to be for the purpose of reducing the error between the reference input and the system output.However, the significance of the

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