(完整版)外文翻译变电站与电力系统继电保护

附录1：外文资料翻译

A1.1 Substation and Power System Protection

With the development of undertaking of the electric wire netting , the pattern of national network has already taken shape basically. Scientific and technological level raise, electric environmental protection can strengthen, make scientific and technological competence and advanced international standards, Chinese of power industry close day by day. Electric management level and service level are being improved constantly, strategic planning management of electric power development, production operate manage , electric market administration and electric information management level , high-quality service level ,etc. general to raise enterprise.

The purpose of a substation is to transform the characteristics of the electrical energy supplied to some form suitable for use, as for example, a conversion from alternation current to direct current for the use of city railway service, or a change from one voltage to another, or one frequency to another. Their functions include: Tap.─TO be economical, transmission of larger amounts of power over long distances must be done at voltages above 110,000 volts. Substations for supplying small amounts of power from such high-voltage lines are not satisfactory from the standpoint of operation and are also uneconomical. It is, therefore, common practice to install a few substations at advantageous points along the high-tension lines and step down the high-transmission voltage to a lower secondary-transmission voltage from which numerous small loads may be supplied.

Distribution.─Any substation that is used to transform electrical energy to a potential that is low enough for general distribution and utilization is a distributing substation. Such a substation will generally receive its energy over a few comparatively high-tension lines and distribute it over a large number of low-voltage lines.

Industrial.─When fairly large blocks of power are required by industrial plants, it often becomes necessary and advisable to install an individual substation to supply such a load directly from the main high-voltage line or secondary line of lower voltage. Its simplest form would comprise only switching equipment, there being no voltage transformation. In most cases a voltage transformation is probably needed; hence transformer equipment is included.

Sectionalizing.─In very long high-voltage large capacity lines, particularly when several circuits are run in parallel, it is often necessary to split the lines into sections, in order that proper protection to the line and service can be obtained. Such a substation is , therefore, helpful in sectionalizing damaged sections of a line, providing continuity of service. Such a substation will generally comprise only switching equipment. In long lines it may also serve to supply power-factor-correcting equipment.

Transmission-line Supply.─It is becoming more and more common to install the high-tension equipment of a power plant outdoors, the installation becoming nothing more than a step-up substation receiving its power at generator voltage, then stepping up its voltage and finally sending it out over high-voltage transmission lines. Such a

substation is nothing more than an outdoor distributing substation turned around, the voltage being stepped up instead of stepped down.

Power-factor Correction.─The voltage at the end of long lines tends to increase as the load supplied is decreased, while on the other hand it tends to decrease as the load is increased. Owing to the inductance and capacity effects, this variation in voltage is accompanied by a wide variation in power factor of a line, it is necessary to use synchronous condensers at the end of the line. To supply such a machine the transmission-line voltage must be stepped down, hence a power-factor-correcting substation will include switching equipment, transformers, and all equipment necessary for the operation of synchronous condensers.

Railway.─Substations supplying railways may be generally classified under two heads, namely, as alternating current and as direct current. In the cases of alternating-current substations the problem is generally one of voltage transformation and of supplying single-phase power to the trains. It is, however, possible to supply single-phase to three-phase inside the locomotive by the use of a phase converter. In the case of direct-current railways, the substations are generally supplied whit three-phase power and converted to direct current by means of rotary converters, motor-generator sets, or rectifiers.

Direct current for Light and Power.─There are still a few sections in some of out large cities, which are supplied with direct-current three-wire systems. Such a supply is invariably obtained from synchronous converters. There are also certain types of motor loads in industrial plants, which require direct current.

Because many cities have experience rapid growth, their substations have often reached the limits of their capacity. As a result, downtown distribution systems are often overworked and many need a major, overhaul, overhaul, or expansion. However, space is scarce. Downtown business owners do not want “ugly” new substation marring the area’s appearance, but nor do businesses and residents grid the prospect of grid disturbances.

One example of a system capable of integrating equipment monitoring with substation automation is the GE Harris integrated Substation Control System (ISCS). The system can integrate data from both substation system and equipment online monitoring devices into a common data base. The data can then be processed by an expert system into information on the status and health of monitored equipment using self-diagnostic programs. This information is then sent to a CMMS for automatic generation and tracking of maintenance work orders leads directly to the significant efficiencies found with condition-based maintenance programs.

ABB Power and its industry partners have combined to develop the ABB Power System software. The system contains a diagnostic and maintenance system that reports necessary maintenance before failure. It allows utilities and industrial customers to easily expand from a single computer to a full system, without re-engineering.

the directional protection basis

Early attempts to improve power-service reliability to loads remote from generation led to the dual-line concept. Of course, it is possible to build two lines to a load, and switch the load to whichever line remains energized after a disturbance. But better service continuity will be available if both lines normally feed the load and only the faulted line is tripped when disturbances occur. Fig.14-1 shows a single-generator, two-line, single-load system with breakers

properly arranged to supply the load when one line is faulted. For the arrangement to be effective it is necessary to have the proper relay application. Otherwise, the expensive power equipment will not be able to perform as planned. Consider the application of instantaneous and/or time delay relays on the four breakers. Obviously the type of the relay cannot coordinate for all line faults. For example, a fault on the line terminals of breaker D. D tripping should be faster than B, however, the condition reverses and B should be faster than D. It is evident that the relay protection engineer must find some characteristic other than time delay if relay coordination is to be achieved.

The magnitude of the fault current through breakers B and D is the same, regardless of the location of the fault on the line terminal of breaker B or D. Therefore relay coordination must be based on characteristics other than a time delay that starts from the time of the fault. Observe that the direction of current flowing through either breaker B or D is a function of which line the fault is on. Thus for a fault on the line between A and B, the current flows out of the load bus through breaker B toward the fault. At breaker D the current flows toward the load bus through breaker D. In this case breaker B should trip, but breaker D should not trip. This can be accomplished by installing directional relays on breakers B and D that are connected in such a way that they will trip only when current flows through them in a direction away from the load bus.

Relay coordination for the system shown in Fig.14-1 can now be achieved by their - salvations of directional over current time delay relays on breakers B and D. Breakers A and C can have no directional over current time delay relays. They may also now have instantaneous relays applied. The relays would be set as follows: The directional relays could be set with no intentional time delay. They will have inherent time delay. The time delay over current relays on breakers A and C would have current settings that would permit them to supply backup protection for faults on the load bus and for load equipment faults. The instantaneous elements on breakers A and C would have current settings that would not permit them to detect faults on the load bus. Thus the lines between the generator and the load would have high-speed protection over a considerable portion of their length. It should be observed that faults on the line terminals of breakers A and C can collapse the generator voltage. The instantaneous relays on breakers A and C cannot clear the circuit instantaneously, because it takes time for power equipment to operate. During this period there will be little or no current flow through breakers B and D. Therefore, B or D cannot operate for this fault condition until the appropriate breaker at the generating station has operated. This is known as sequential tripping. Usually, it is acceptable under such conditions.

Direction of current flow on an a. c. system is determined by comparing the current vector with some other reference vector, such as a voltage vector. In the system of Fig. 14-1 the reference voltage vector would be derived from the voltages on the load bus. Direction of current or power flow cannot be determined instantaneously on a. c. systems whose lines and equipment contain reactance. This is apparent from the fact that when voltage exists, the lagging current can be plus or minus or zero, depending on the instant sampled in the voltage cycle. Accordingly, the vector quantities must be sampled over a time period. The time period for reasonably accurate sampling may be from one-half to one cycle. Work is proceeding on shorter sampling periods where predicting circuits are added to the relay to attempt to establish what the vectors will be at some future time. The process is complex, because it must make

predictions during the time when electrical transients exist on the system. Usually, the shorter the time allowed for determining direction, the less reliable will be the determination.

differential protection

Much of the apparatus used on a power system has small physical dimensions when compared to the length of general transmission-line circuits. Therefore, the communications between the apparatus terminals may be made very economically and very reliably by the use of direct wire circuit connections. This permits the application of a simple and usually very effective type of differential protection. In concept, the current entering the apparatus is simply compared against the current leaving the apparatus. If there is difference between the two currents, the apparatus is tripped. If there is no difference in the currents, the apparatus is normal and no tripping occurs. Such schemes can usually be made rather sensitive to internal faults and very insensitive to external faults. Therefore, relay coordination is inherent in the differential relay scheme.

The simplest application of differential relaying is shown in Fig. 14-4. Here one simple power conductor is protected by a differential relay. The relay itself usually consists of three coils, one of which is the coil that detects the difference current and initiates circuit tripping. It is called the operating coil and is designated by an O in the figure. The other two coils are restraint coils and are designated by R in the figure. The restraint coils serve a practical purpose. They prevent operation for small differences in the two current transformers that can never be exactly identical, as a result of manufacturing and other differences. Otherwise, the restraint coils serve no theoretical purpose. Fig. 14-4 shows the condition of current flow for an external fault during which the relay should not trip. The current I1 enter and leaves the power circuit without change. The current transformers are assumed to have a 1 : 1 ratio for simplicity, and their secondary windings are connected to circulate the I1 currents through the restraint coils of the differential relay only. If current left or entered the power circuit between the two current transformers (an internal fault), then the currents in the transformers would be different, and the difference current would flow through the operating coil of the relay.

本文译自《电力英语阅读》

A1.2 变电站与电力系统继电保护

随着电力电网事业的发展，全国联网的格局已基本形成。科技水平得到提高，电力环境保护得以加强，使中国电力工业的科技水平与世界先进水平日渐接近。电力管理水平和服务水平不断得到提高，电力发展的战略规划管理、生产运行管理、电力市场营销管理以及电力企业信息管理水平、优质服务水平等普遍得到提高。

变电站的目的是改变电能特性以满足使用要求。例如，从交流转换为直流为城市铁路供电，或者从一个电压等级转换为另一十电S等级，或者从一个频率转换为另一个频率。变电站的功能包括：分支——为了经济性，大容量电力的远距离传输必须在110kV以上的电压下进行。从运行的角度来看，从这样的高压线直接引出向小容量负荷供电的变电站是不能令人满意的，也是不经济的。因此，一个常规办法是：沿着高压线路在适合的地点设置一些变电站，将高传输电压降到一个较低的二级传输电压，从这个电压向小容量负荷供电。

配电——任何用于将电能变换为可以直接配电和利用的较低压等级的电能的变电站都是配电变电站。这样的变电站一般将从A条电压相对高的线路接受电能，并向大量较低电压线路配送电能。

工业——当工厂需要大量电能时，设置一个自己的单独的变电站是有必要的也是明智的，这个变电站直接从主高压线路或较低电压的二级输电线路取得电能。其最简单的形式没有电压的转换，只由开关设备组成。但是，在大多数情况下需要一个电压转换，因此工业变电站应该包括变压器设备。

分段——在很多高压大容量的长线路中，尤其是几条线路并联运行时，经常需要将线路分段，目的是为了使线路获得适当的保护和维护。这样的变电站有助于隔寓线路中的故障段，保证连续供电。这种变电站通常只由开关设备组成。在长线路中，还可以提供功率因数调整设备。

输电线路的电源——在发电厂的户外设置高压设备已经变得越来越昔遍，安装的装置只不过是一个升压电站，它以发电机电压接受电能，然后将电压升高，并最终通过高压输电线路将电能送出。这种变电站只不过是将户外配电变电站反过来，电压是被升高而不是降低。

功率因数调整——随着供电负荷的减小，长线路末端的电压趋向于升高，而随着供电负荷的增大，线路末端的电压趋向于降低。由于电感和电容的影响，这个电压的变化将伴随着线路功率因数而变化，因此有必要在线路末端设置同步调相机。为了向同步调相机供电，就必须将高压输电线路的电压降低，因此，一个功率因数调整变电站将包括开关设备、变压器和所有运行同步调相机所需要的设备。

铁路——一般地，向铁路供电的变电站分为两类，即交流类和直流类。如果是交流变电站，其问题一般是一个电压转换和向铁路机车负荷单相供电的问题。然而，也有可能在机车内通过相位变换锚由单相电源向三相负荷供电。如果是直流铁路，这种变电站一般由三相电源供电，并通过旋转变流器、电动机——发电机组或者整流器等将交流变换为直流。

照明和动力用直流——现在，仍然有一些在大城市以外的地区采用直流三线系统供电，这种电源总是从同步换流器获得。另外，工厂中还有某些类型的电动机负荷要求采用直流电源，这些一般都是由旋转换流器

供电。对于电解工业，低压直流电源绝对是必须的，因此也需要使用电动机——发电机组或旋转变记器。

由于城市不断发展，许多城市变电站已经达到其负荷极限，所以市区配电系统经常是超负荷运行，许多配电站急需升级、检修或扩建，问题是空间不足。市中心的业主不希望外观“丑陋”的新变电站影响当地的景观，商家和居民也不想将来被星罗棋布的电网所干扰。

变电站自动化的新趋势是状态维修。ABB公司与联邦爱迪生公司合作开发了一套贯穿整个系统的规划，一旦联邦爱迪生公司的配电系统发生故障，可使电能流向发生改变。联邦爱迪生公司的项目总裁迈克·罗维说：“对这几个变电站的发行包括肥现有的辐射状的馈电系统改成环形母线系统，以增加系统的稳定性。”

GE哈里其变电站综合控制系统（ISCS）就是一个将设备监测与变电站自动化相结合的系统。该项系统能够将来自变电站系统和设备在线监控装置的数据进行综合，并输入数据库，然后由一个专家系统利用自我诊断程序进行分析，得出有关被监测设备的运行善的信息。该信息被发送到电脑维修管理系统，自动发出并传送维修工作指令。由于维修指令的发送得到了改善，极大地提高了基于状态进行维修程序的效率。ABB电力公司及其企业合作伙伴联合开发了ABB电力系统软件。该系统包括一套诊断维修系统，能够在出现故障前提交必要的维修报告。有了这一套系统，电力公司和用电单位不须经过重新改造，只需一台电脑，就能轻而易举地拥有一套完整的系统。

方向保护基础

早期，对于远离发电站的用户，为改善其供电的可靠性提出了双回线供电的设想。当然。也可以架设不同的两回线给用户供电。在系统发生故障后，把用户切换至任一条正常的线路。但更好的连续供电方式是正常以两回线同时供电。当发生故障时，只断开故障线。（图14-1）所示为一个单电源、单负载、双回输电线系统。对该系统配置合适的断路器后，当一回线发生故障时，仍可对负载供电。为使这种供电方式更为有效，还需配置合适的继电保护系统，否则，昂贵的电力设备不能发挥其预期的作用。可以考虑在四个断路器上装设瞬时和延时起动继电器。显然，这种类型的继电器无法对所有线路故障进行协调配合。例如，故障点在靠近断路器D的线路端，D跳闸应比B快，反之，B应比D快。显然，如果要想使继电器配合协调，继电保护工程师必须寻求除了延时以外的其他途径。

无论故障点靠近断路器B或D的哪一端，流过断路器B和D的故障电流大小是相同的。因此继电保护的配合必须以此为基础，而不是放在从故障开始启动的延时上。我们观察通过断路器B或D的电流方向是随故障点发生在哪一条线路上变化的。对于A和B之间的线路上的故障，通过断路器B的电流方向为从负荷母线向故障点。对于断路器D，电流通过断路器流向负载母线。在这种情况下，断路器B应跳闸，D不应该跳闸。要达到这个目的，我们可以在断路器B和D上装设方向继电器，该方向继电器的联接应该保证只有当通过它们的电流方向为离开负载母线时才起动。

对于图14-1所示的系统，在断路器B和D装设了方向过流延时继电器后，继电器的配合才能实现。断路器A和C装设无方向的过流延时继电器及瞬时动作的电流继电器。各个继电器整定配合如下：方向继电器不能设置延时，他们只有本身固有的动作时间。A和C的延时过流继电器通过电流的整定使它们在负载母线故障时不动作。于是快速保护可以保护发电机和负载之间线路长度的大部分。从图中我们还可以看到，在断路器A或C的线路侧发生的故障使发电机电压崩溃，在断路器A和C上的瞬时继电器不能真正瞬时切除故障，因为电力设备动作需要时间，在这个期间内，流过断路器B和D的电流很小甚至为0，因此在这种故障状态

下，只有等到发电厂有关的断路器动作后，断路器B和D才动作。这就是我们所说的顺序跳闸，通常在上述情况下这样做是允许的。

在一个交流电路中，通过电流矢量与其他参考矢量（例如电压矢量）的比较，可以确定电流的方向。图14-1所示系统的参考矢量可以负载母线电压矢量推导出。由于在该交流系统中，线路和设备含有电抗，电流和功率的瞬时方向不能确定，这是显而易见的，因为当有电压时，相位落后的电流取样的瞬时值取决于它在电压周期中的瞬间，可能为正，也可能为负或为零。因此，电压、电流、电流矢量必须在一个时间间隔内采样。为了较为准确的采样，时间间隔可从一个半周期到一个周期。目前正在进行更短时间的采样的研究工作。这个研究工作是给继电器加上一个预测电路，试图以此确定未来时间内矢量的情况。由于要在电力系统电磁暂态过程中预测，这项工作比较复杂。通常用于判断方向的时间越短，所做判断的可靠性越差。

差动保护

用于电力系统的大多数电气设备与一般输电线路的长度相比，实际尺寸都比较小，因此用导线直接连接就可以使设备两端之间的联络变得非常经济和可靠，保护配置就可以采用简单而又非常有效的差动保护。从概念上讲，流入设备的电流可以很简单地与流出的电流进行比较。如果在流入、流出电流之间有差异，设备就被断开，如无差异，设备正常运行，这种保护原理可以设计为对于设备内部故障相当灵敏，对于外部故障则非常不敏感。因此采用差动原理的保护本身具有继电保护的选择性。

差动保护最简单的应用见图14-4，图中一段简单的电力线路就是采用差动继电器保护的。该继电器通常由三个线圈组成，其一检测差动电流并起动跳闸回路，我们称之为工作线圈，在图中用符号O表示。另外两个线圈是制动线圈，在图中用符号R表示。在实际中，由于制造和其他一些原因，两侧电流互感器的特性不可能完全一致，存在一些差异，制动线圈能防止由此产生的误动，而在理论上，制动线圈是不起作用的。图14-4给出了在外部故障时，继电器不动作跳闸情况下的电流流向。电流I1 进入电力回路后，在离开回路时并未改变，为了简单起见，设电流互感器的变比为1：1，两侧电流互感器的二次绕组连接后，使I1仅通过差动继电器的制动线圈循环流动。如果在两个电流互感器之间，电流同时离开或者进入电力回（内部故障），两个电流互感器中的电流将不同，差电流将通过继电器的工作线圈。

图14-4中的电力回路被简化了，只用了一根导体表示，它也可以用发电机、变压器或者其他电气设备绕

组替代。值得注意的是采用差动原理的保护不能检测绕组的匝间短路，例如由电抗器线圈组成的电力回路中的匝间短路。通常，差动继电器保护三相设备，理论上讲，三相差动保护的连接仍相对简单，但实际要复杂些。在以上讨论的简单差动继电器原理的保护基础上实际还有很多改进。

变电站外文翻译外文文献英文文献变电站的综合概述(工程科技)

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电网事故外文翻译

英文原文名Power grid intelligent prevention 中文译名电网安全智能防护

英文原文版出处：Electric & energy system T-Franc ISSN 0740-624X 2007（24） 译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名： 译文： 在大型电力系统中，严重的局部故障可以导致电力系统的不稳定现象，如发电机组的不同步(失步)、电力供需不平衡、电力频率和电压等指标偏离额定范围等。这些现象的发展可能造成事故的扩大乃至全电网的崩溃，大范围的供电中断，造成严重的经济损失。在这种情况下，需要及时采取有效的紧急控制措施以避免电力系统的崩溃瓦解。解列是一种有效地避免电力系统异步运行甚至崩溃的控制措施，其基本的思想是通过主动地切断一些合理选择的输电线将整个电力网分解为若干个互相之间异步的电力孤岛，使全系统工作在一个“准正常”的状态，即各孤岛内部发电机组同步运行。电力供需平衡，满足其他必要的安全约束条件（相对于事故前正常运行的电力系统，某些约束条件和指标可相应放宽），这样，在其他紧急控制措施的配合下，各孤岛内的子电力系统仍能保持供电，从而避免电力系统崩溃而造成的巨大的经济损失。而在系统故障排除之后，通过恢复控制手段重新同步各个电力孤岛，可以恢复电网的完整性和全系统正常运行。因此，在某种意义上说，解列控制是在灾变事故发生的情况下保障电力系统安全运行的最后防线。本发明针对有可能造成电网异步甚至电网崩溃的事故，针对大规模电网，首次基于有序二元决策OBDD技术提出了合理的解列策略的方法，为灾变事故下避免电力系统的崩溃提供了一种方法。 对历史上所发生的一些知名的大型电力网崩溃事故(例如1965年美国东北部电力中断、1977年纽约电力崩溃、1996年美国西部电力系统崩溃、1999年巴西电力中断事故等)的研究表明：由于未能及时并正确地选择解列策略，即选择合理的解列点，以至于整个电力系统的崩溃，造成大区域的供电中断，造成了数以几十亿美元的经济损失。这就使得解列策略的问题成为国内外电力界一个重大的研究课题。目前，国内外对电力系统解列及相关领域的研究，主要集中在以下几个方面：（1）通过合理的紧急控制措施以避免系统被动的瓦解，保证电网的完整性；（2）检测和预测发电机组失步及电网被动分解的发生；（3）在事先确定的有限个解列点的情况下，研究系统的自动解列判据，如研究解列开始时刻、开始频率对解列效果及电力系统安全性的影响等，以及对继电保护装置、自动解列控制装置动作性质的研究；（4）对解列(主动或被动)后电力系统各电力孤岛内子系统的动态分析及稳定化控制。 电力系统的扩张和电力调度工作越来越重要。目前区域调度自动化拥有高水平、SCADA(监控和DataAcquisition监控和数据采集)系统可以提供电力正常和事故条件下大量

变电站外文翻译外文文献英文文献变电站的综合概述

附录Ⅲ 英文翻译 A prehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system bee more and more pletely and system、Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity、Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply、Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts、In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people、The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution、It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety、Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical、As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life、 Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level、As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable ponent、。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical、Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission、Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption、Substation system if a link