电力系统毕业论文中英文外文文献翻译

电力系统

电力系统介绍

随着电力工业的增长，与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。

应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来，以备将来所有需。但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。

显然，对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误，而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。因此，必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。然而，网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。这样，在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。

当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。相对于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优点。尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。大规模电力生产的能源有：

1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的

蒸汽；

2.水；

3.石油中的柴油动力。

其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。

在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。中央电站采用冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。

涡轮中的蒸汽具有能动性。蒸汽进入涡轮时压力较高、体积较小，而离开时却压力较低、体积较大。

蒸汽是由锅炉中的热水生成的。普通的锅炉有燃烧燃料的炉膛燃烧时产生的热被传导至金属炉壁来生成与炉体内压力相等的蒸汽。在核电站中，蒸汽的生成是在反应堆的帮助下完成的。反应堆中受控制的铀或盥的裂变可提供使水激化所必需的热量，即反应堆代替了常规电站的蒸汽机。

水电站是利用蕴藏在消遣的能来发电的。为了将这种能转换为功，我们使用了水轮机。现代水轮机可分为两类：脉冲式和压力式（又称反应式）。前者用于重要设备，佩尔顿轮是唯一的类型；对于后者而言，弗朗西斯涡轮或其改进型被广泛采用。

在脉冲式涡轮中，整个水头在到达叶轮前都被转化为动能，因为水是通过喷嘴提供给叶轮的；而在压力式或反应式涡轮中，水通过其四周一系列引导叶版先

直接导入叶片再提供给叶轮（或转子）。离开引导叶片的水有压力，并且以一部分动能、一部分压力的形式来提供能量。

对于低于10,000千伏安的发电站而言柴油机是出色的原动机。其优点是燃料成本低、预热时间短以及标准损耗低。此外，其所需冷却水量极少。柴油发电通常选择用于满足少量电力需求，如市政当局、宾馆及工厂等；医院通常备有独立的柴油发电机，以备紧急情况时使用。

通过电线来传输电能是电力系统中的一个重大问题。而从下面研修目的目的架设输电线路又是必要的：

1.将电力从水电站输送到可能很远的负载中心；

2.从蒸汽站到相对较近负载中心电力的批量供应；

3.出于内部连接目的将电能在紧急情况下从一系统转换至另一系统。

传输电压主要由经济因素决定。实际上，当距离、功率、功耗固定时，输电线路中导体的重量与传输电压成反比。因此，出于经济方面的考虑，长距离传输时电压一定要高。当然，电压超高绝缘成本也就超高，要找到最佳电压必须通过减小导体横截面积来取得绝缘成本与经济节省之间的平衡。

高压传输通常使用配以悬挂式绝缘设备的高架结构。称为路标铁塔用于负载绝缘设备，各导体悬挂于一组或一串绝缘体的底部。最常用的导体类型如下：多芯铜导线、空心铜导线和ACSR（用钢加强的铝线）导线。

电力分配系统包括由高夺线供能的子电站与用户开关之间的所有部件。电力从子电站接收，并以电压标准按不同类型用户均能接受的持续程度分送到各用户。在大城市中，高架与地下布线方式均被采用。尽管地下布线方式比高架方式昂贵，但在高度城市化地区却必不可少。而在小城镇和较疏散的大城市区域，整个分配系统通常都是高架式的。

电力系统监控

现代电力系统都是由许多部分组成的统一体，而每个部分又都影响着其他部分的特性。为了整个系统能正常运行，就必须在系统的许多不同地点监控其工作情况以确保系统处于最佳工作状态。

用户方根关心的是供电频率和电压的变化范围要小。既然系统内的频率在任何地方都是相同的，因而只要在便于观测之处安装一个频率表就能进行监控与此相反，系统的电压在不同的测试点上会有很大的差别。因此，有必要在系统的某些关键测点上对电压进行不断的观测，以便提供满意的服务。

给系统内每台发电机规定适当的负荷时间访问演出能使系统有效地运行。纵然一些新的电厂各自都有较高的效率，但是由于设置地点不当，可能产生巨大的系统电能损失。发电机之间的负荷分配应使总的燃料费用最小。要在任何意相不到的情况下保证正常供电，所有发电机的总额定功率就必须略大于总负荷加上损耗值。这种富余电量通称为旋转备用容量，它可以弥补用户突然增加的负荷或某台发电机因需要检修而突然甩掉的负荷。

为了向用户征收电费，就必须安装电表。在不同的电力系统之间有许多联结线。仪表必须安装在联接点上，以便记录从一个系统传输到另一个系统的电能。这种监测要连续进行，以确保相互输送的电力在合同允许的限度之内。

为防止过截造成的损坏，有必要对各个主要设备的工作状态进行不断的监测。由于负载逐月增加，需要增加设备容量的地点是可以查明的，附加设备的安装就有可能得到保障。因此，在日益扩大的电力系统的未来建设中，检测仪表起着指南的作用。

中英文文献翻译

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