地质专业英语

地质专业英语

1我们研究地区位于距离重庆市大约60公里的一个叫做小张村的地方

Our study area is located in xiaozhang village , which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city .

2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959年就曾在该地进行过

Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959.

3 在这个地区，除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外，侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的。

In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .

4 2005年夏季，在王教授的率领下，我们在这里进行了为期30天的野外地质工作。

In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days”field work .

5昨天下午我们在教室里成功召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议。We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .

1 在所有的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后，就要解释这些资料。

All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .

2 由于这种研究的目的是判断沉积过程和当时的环境，所以就要运用所有的野外资料来确定层序中的沉积相。

Since this study aims decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession .

3 尽管近期研究中仍然存在一些不大的分歧，但是涉及古生代冈瓦纳大陆的形态和构造的观点却大致相同。

Although there are still some small differences in recent research, the viewpoints as to the from and structure of the Gondwana continent in the paleozoic remain roughly same.

4 板块构造理论被大多数地质学家普遍接受，因为它提供了一个可以解释地球内部运动以及解释许多似乎不相关的地质现象之间的相互关系的综合模式，

The theory of plate tectonics is generally accepted by most geologists , because it offers an integrated model which can interpret the movements of earth’s interior and explain

interactions of many seemingly irrelative geologic phenomena.

5 2006年11月27日上午6点到11点，要求地质系全体新生到古生物实验室参观。

All new students of department of geology , please visit the paleontology at 8am to 11am, November 27 ,2006.

1 晚二叠世末期标志着海退高峰期一直是大多数地质学家接受的传统观点Most geologists the traditional idea that the end of the late permian marks the peak of regression .

2 许多地质学家因此很自然地同意了他得观点，即重要的环境变化分别是在晚二叠世末期和三叠纪早期。

Therefore , many geologists naturally agreed to his viewpoint that the important environmental changes occurred in late permian and early Triassic, respectively.

3 尽管张教授的论文中多次提及王教授在其他学科方面的研究，但是没有一处提及他的大地构造学说论点。

Professor zhang didn’t mention prof. Wang’s geotectonic model at all ., although he repeatedly mentioned his work in other disciplines in his paper.

4 让我最感兴趣的是一群中国古生物学家在煤山的同一著名剖面所做的工作。

What interested me most was the work conducted by a group of chines paleontologists in the same famous section in Meishan.

5生物与环境的相互关系为我们认识地质历史中的生物圈演化提供了可能性。

The interrelation between biology and environment provides possibility for understanding the evolution of the biosphere in the geological history.

6 没有足够菊石资料的中生代地层的全球年代地层对比是难以被信赖的。Global chronostratigraphic correlation of Mesozoic strata is unreliable without sufficient data of ammonites.

1至于东南亚的古地磁数据，由于年代控制很差，古生代的资料为有限，其结果也十分可疑；中生代的数据总体上虽然更加可以信赖，但是依然处于认识阶段。

The paleomagnetic data of the Southeast Asia quite doubtable due to the poor geochronological constraint by the limited paleozoic data .Although the Mesozoic data may be relatively more reliable, it is still being investigated.

2 这篇论文试图在当前获知的地质物理条件下评估这些地块的起源以及它

们在古生代和中生代运移历史的证据。

This paper attempted to evaluate the origin of these blocks and evidences of their movements in the paleozoic and Mesozoic based on the currently available geological and geophysical conditions .

3 基于最近该区古地磁的研究进展，可以建立从三叠纪至白垩纪的古地磁地层学层序。

Based on the recent progress of paleomagnetism in this area, the paleomagnetostratigraphic sequence from the Triassic to Cretaceous can be established .

4 晚三叠纪末期，华南沿秦岭合线和华北拼接，特提斯北支沿它的西部闭合，从而使脊椎动物可以在新生的东南亚和劳亚大陆之间进行陆上交往。In the end of the Late Triassic, the South china Block collided with the North china Block along the Qinling suture zone , and the north branch of the Tethys collided along the western Qinling suture , therefore, the vertebrates were allowed to ashore exchange between the newborn Southeast Asia and Laurasia.

5 数年前由于资料匮乏，对于地球和其他新球之间关系的研究了无成效There was no significant achievement on the relationship between the Earth and planets due to the lack of data several years ago .

1 ，200多年以前，地质学家得出结论，古代的玄武岩也是火山成因的。Geologists drew a conclusion two hundred years ago that ancient basalt was of volcanic origin.

2 证明花岗岩是由炙热的，熔融的物质通过结晶作用形成的岩石可不容易。It’s not easy to prove that granite is formed by hot and molten materials through crystallization .

3因为我们已经得到的资料告诉我们直到地核界面的数千公里的地球都是固态的，所以我们必须拒绝那种陈旧的观点，它认为地球内部全部都是熔融的。

Available data suggest the Earth be solid from the surface to the core-mantle boundary,and it is against the old viewpoint that the interior of the Earth is almost molten .

4 由此，无论古地磁和大地构造学说能够说什么，我的观点是在晚三叠世至早侏罗世期间拉萨地块之间的特提斯海从未像有些作者期盼的那样辽阔。

Therefore, no matter what suggested in paleomagnetism and geotectonics, I believe that Tethyan ocean between the Lhasa block and the Qingtang block from the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic was never as vast as some authors suggested .

1 大多数科学家认为，均变论是研究地球历史唯一可靠而合理的途径。Most scientists hold that uniformitarianism is the only dependable and rational approach to a study of the history of the Earth.

2 他注意到不同的组含有不同的化石，由此他能通过这些化石的差别把一个组合另一个组区分开。

He noticed that fossil content varied from formation to formation , and he could distinguish different formation by differences between these fossils .

3 基岩通常隐伏在地表以下，也有许多的基岩是暴漏在外的，没有被土壤和松散砾石覆盖。

Bedrocks are usually buried below the surface , while many are also exposed and uncovered by soil and loose gravel.

4 北美非海相地层层序的世界性领导人物Paul Olsen 相信，他能依据孢粉确定三叠系、侏罗系

Paul Olsen ; worldwide leader of nonmarine stratigraphic sequence of North America , believed that the Triassic and Jurassic could be delimited by sporopollen .

5 这一点应该是很明显的，即海洋生物的大灭绝与海平面变化休戚与共

It is evident that the mass extinction of marine life is closely bound up to sea-level changes.

6 居维叶是宗教人士，但他的灾变论和科学历史理论并不是建立在超自然理论基础上。

Cuvier was a religious man , but his proposal of Catastrophism and his perspective of natural science were not based on supernaturalism.

1 小规模可以观察到暴风雨时发生的侵蚀作用。

Erosion can be observed during a storm in a small scale.

2 尼亚加拉瀑布是一个为人熟知的列子，它一直被用于研究来了解河流的侵蚀速率。

It is well know that the Niagara Falls have been used to study river erosion rate .

3 除了海盗号着陆点紧邻周边地区外，火星地图的绘制根本没有进行地面检查。

Mars is being mapped with no ground check ta all except for the area immediately surrounding the landing site of viking .

4 即使岩石本身没有变化，但随着时间的推移，我们观察它们的方式起了变化，因此我们绘制它们的方式也起了变化。

Even though the rock themselves have not changed , the way we look

at them , and therefore the way we map them , his changed over the years .

1 通常的观点把地球看做是静态的，也就是不变的，而在地质学家眼中，地球始终处在变化的过程中。

The Earth is usually considered to be static and unchanged while geologists regard it as being constantly changing ,

2 作用于地壳内部的力能够导致大范围地区变形。在某些情况下，有些场合区域性运动只是简单的上下位移，并不造成岩性组多大的变形。

The force , acting upon the crust interior , can result in large-scale deformation . In some cases , regional movement involves only up and down displacement without much deformation.

3在大约250万年的古生代末期，联合大陆从地球的一端延伸到另一端。In late paleozoic (250 Myr ago) , the pangaea extended from one end to the other of the Earth.

4 如何才能够识别不复存在的古板块的界线呢？

How can we recognize the disappeared boundaries between ancient plates.

英译汉

1 Star in universe may be classified according to size , color , composition , temperature , mutual relationships , or stages of evolutionary development .Obviously , a description of all these classifications is beyond the scope of the present discussion . 宇宙中的恒星或许是根据其形状、颜色、构成、温度、互相作用或阶段性的演变发展。显然，关于这所有分类的描述已超过了现在讨论到范畴

2 By measuring the optical spectra of distant galaxies , Edwin Hubble noted that the velocity a galaxy moves away from the Earth increases proportionally to its distance from the Earth.

通过关于银河系距离的光学光谱，哈勃注意到星体远离地球的速率与地球距离成比例

3 Scientists believe that gravity , electromagnetic force , strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force are the Four Basic Forces of the universe.

科学家认为重力、电磁力、强作用力、弱作用力是宇宙中的4个基础的力4 Further study of the currently found galaxy will provide astronomers with new insights into the early history of our own solar system.

进一步的研究，最近发现的星体将为天文学家提供一些关于太阳系早期历

史的新视角

5 The Jovian planets are all large and have low mean densities , indicating they are compounds such as ammonia and methane .

类木行星都很巨大并且平均密度低，表明它们是由一些很轻的气体组成比如氢气和氦气，还有冰冻化合物比如氡和甲烷

1 Changes of a radical or striking sort are usually indicative of major lapses of deposition and are of great importance in interpreting the local and regional history .

这种根本的或显著的改变方式通常象征沉积间断和具有解释当地的和区域性沉积历史的重要作用

2 On the continental shelf sand may accumulate in the high-energy nearshore environment , while simultaneously mud and carbonate deposition take place in offshore low-energy environments . Deposition in each of these laterally adjacent environments yields a sedimentary facies ,a body of sediment with distinctive physical , chemical , and biological attributes .

在大陆架上的沙体可能积累沉积于高能近岸的环境中，同沉积泥岩和碳酸盐沉积物发生在远岸低能环境中。沉积物在每一个横向相邻的环境中形成一个沉积相，一个沉积体系拥有着与众不同的物理、化学、生物的属性

3 When tracing rock units laterally , Walther reasoned that sedimentary facies deposited in laterally adjacent environments were also present in a vertical sequence, His observations have been formulated into Walther’s law , which holds that the same facie s following one another in a conformable vertical sequence will also replace one another laterally .

当在横向上追踪岩层时，沃尔特详尽地叙述了一个沉积于横向相邻的沉积环境也存在于垂直序列的沉积相。他的观察被归纳为沃尔特相律。相律所持的观点垂向上有几种沉积相相互出现的次序与它们在横向上的相带顺序是一致的

4 Geologists agree that uplift or subsidence of the continents , the amount of seawater frozen in glaciers , and rates of seafloor spreading are enough to cause marine transgressions and regressions .

地质学家同意大陆的抬升或沉降，大量的海水冻结成冰川和海底扩张的速率是足以导致海侵或海退的

5 As a result of the oceanographic research conducted in the 1950s, Harry Hess of the Princeton University proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962 to account for continental movement.

作为20世纪60年代开展的海洋学研究结果，普林斯顿大学的Harry Hess1962年提出的洋底扩张理论对大陆漂移学说作出了解释

1 This book attempts to introduce professional and amateur paleontologists , and all those fascinated by evolutionary biology , to the aesthetic and scientific essence of the Chengjiang fossils. 这本书试图介绍给专业和业余的古生物学者和那些着迷于生物进化的人去了解澄江化石群美学和科学的本质

2 Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life that have been preserved in sedimentary rocks or stratified igneous rocks . In addition to their use in determining relative ages of strata , fossils are important in determining depositional environments . 化石是史前生物的遗骸或遗迹，被保存在沉积岩或分层火成岩中，另外它们用来判断地层的相对年龄，化石对于沉积环境也是重要的判别依据

3 William Smith , an English civil engineer involved in surveying and building canals in southern England, independently recognized the principle f superposition, reasoning that the lowest fossils in a sequence of strata are oldest and those higher in the sequence are younger.

威廉史密斯，一名参与过英格兰南部运河的勘测和建设的英国土木工程师。他独立的验证了地层叠覆律，论证了在地层层序中最低部的化石是最老的层序上层的化石更年轻

4 According to the principle of fossil succession, fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and determinable order

根据化石层序律，化石组合以一定规律的和可决定的时间顺序出现

5 Alvarez racked his brain to figure out an explanation for the superhigh content of iridium between the Cretaceous and Paleocene limestones, and the only one that made sense was an impact by an asteroid about 10 km in diameter

阿尔瓦雷斯绞尽脑汁终于想出了一个解释白垩纪和古新世灰岩中铱元素大量富集的原因，而唯一能解释是这是由于它是被一个直径为10千米的小行星所撞击所导致的

1 At numerous times in the geologic past, the Earth’s magnetic field has completely reversed.

在过去很长的地质历史时期中，地磁场曾完全倒转

2 Magnetic survey of the oceanic crust revealed striped magnetic anomalies in the rocks that were both parallel to and symmetrical with the oceanic ridges.

在洋壳磁性调查中显示了岩石中的磁异常曲线沿大洋中脊平行，对称分布3 The age of the w orld’s ocean basins established from magnetic anomalies demonstrates that the youngest oceanic crust is adjacent to the spreading ridges and that its age increase s away from the ridge axis

世界上海洋盆地的年龄是通过磁异常来确定的，越年轻的洋壳越邻近扩张中脊，洋壳的年龄随着距离洋中脊轴线距离的增大而变老

4 When iron minerals are being deposited as particles, they fall into place like freely swinging compass needles aligned in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. This is called depositional remanent magnetism.

当铁矿物作为颗粒沉积时，它沉积时就像罗盘指针随地球磁场自由摇摆对齐。这种现象叫沉积剩磁

5 Paleomagnetism is the remanent magnetism in ancient rocks recording the direction of the Earth’s magnetic poles at the time of the rock’s formation

古地磁学是在岩石形式过程中记录的地球磁极方向在古岩石中的剩磁

1 The mechanical force of a magma invading rocks leads to structural deformation, which alone can metamorphose rocks.

岩浆侵入岩石的机械应力导致结构变形，这就能使岩石变质

2 I remembered having seen this geologic phenomenon somewhere else. 我记得在另一个地方见到过这种地质现象

3 Some magma is erupted onto the surface as lava flows, and some is forcefully ejected into the atmosphere as particles known as pyroclastic materials.

一些岩浆被喷发至表面作为熔岩流，还有一些被强有力地喷发至大气中作为我们所知道的火山碎屑物原料的颗粒来源

4 Although silica is the primary constituent of nearly all magmas, silica content varies and serves to distinguish

虽然二氧化硅是几乎所有岩浆的主要组成部分，二氧化硅含量会有变化且有助于区分长英质（＞65%二氧化硅），中性（53-60%二氧化硅），镁铁质（45-53%二氧化硅）岩浆

5 Metamorphism usually takes place beneath ...........................

变质作用通常发生在地球表面之下，岩石遭受充分的热量，压力，流体活动改变了矿物的成分和（或）结构

1 The division of the geologic timescale ..................................

地质年代的划分分为纪、世、期，主要是基于化石记录的变化；因此，它原本是一个相对的时间刻度

2 Uniformitarianism is thus a powerful principle ........................

均变论是一个允许我们使用现今的过程作为解释过去和预测未来事件强有力的原则

3 The Earth’s curst and upper mantle...............................

地壳和上地幔的岩石圈，它被分解成一系列的板块，发散，收敛，横向滑动到另一个板块上

4 Although geologists can describe .............................. 尽管地质学家可以描述和解释在板块边界发生的事情，但仍有关于导致板块运动的可能驱动因素的争论

1 Visualizing the larger pattern of geologic ..................... 设想把大多数地质关系和构造大多数模式的图件，与地质学交叉部分结合在一起能帮助地质研究者的想法并且能从图件上达证明更多的细节和推理

2 The geologic mapper strives to understand the composition........................

地质图旨在图件上使用符号和颜色来描述观察和解释，努力去认知地球表面及深处在地质图件上的文字和地质细节的构造

3 The most notable mineral deposits ..............................

原生代最值得注意的矿物储量是条带状铁矿。尽管在太古代和原生代有一小部分被发现，但是92%的条带状铁矿是在被存储在晚原生代

4 The key to any reconstruction of world ...............................

世界古地理的大陆经纬度正确位置的重建的关键就和古大陆的相关性跟古北极的一样

1 Both compounds do not dissolve in water

两个化合物不溶于水

2 I couldn’t agree you more

我非常同意你的观点

3 But for your help , we should not have finished work in time 要不是你的帮助，我们就不能及时完成这项工作了。

4 I don’t think it is beyond his power to fulfill this task

我觉得他有能力完成这个任务

5 His visit to London is a nothing but success

他的伦敦之行根本不成功

6 Nothing his contributed more to the fall of nations than humankind’s failure to cooperate with nature .

没有什么比人类与自然合作的失败更能促进国家的下降

完型；

1.THE- nature, breaks, moves down, is made up of, top, whose, erupts, every, which, pile, volcano

2.FOR-eroded, downstream, bedded, grains, sedimentary, deposition, concrete, clay, pressure, evaporate

3.PEKING-Excavated, vanished, mystery. Tension, break out, schemes, temporary, territory, alternative, however, granted, transferred, where, attacked, lost

4.THE FIRST-Recorded, navigation, however, parallel, stable, interval, unfortunately, alter, various, extract, that, caused, where, dynamic, ranges

5.A-Destructive, constantly, smaller, wind, pressure, consist, huge, categories, capable

6.TWO-Contribute, proposed, accounted, perfect, species, contrast, gradual, present, beyond, addition

7.GEOLOGIC-Distribution, locate, features. Striking, color, different, pale, information, basis, illustrate

8.GEOLOGY STUDIES-Referred, comes, evolved, well, chemical, understand, predict, earthquakes, locate, require

Sandstone 砂岩

limestone 灰岩

dolomite 白云岩

calcite 方解石

sedimentary 沉积岩

soft sediment软沉积

deposition 沉积作用

Sedimentary compaction 压实

explosion 大爆发

strata 地层

stratigraphy地层学

methane 甲烷

Ammonia 氨

thin section薄片

rock岩石

currently found galaxy 目前发现的星系solar system太阳系

Lithostratigraphy 岩石地层biostratigraphy 生物地层学tectonostratigraphy 构造地层学Depositional Gap 沉积间断

causes of Hiatus 地壳抬升

outcrop 露头

quarry 采石场

Drilling Exploration 钻探

fold 褶皱

Drill hole 钻孔

Prospecting Trench 探槽

Mining Adit 开采平硐

Attitude 产状

strike走向

direction of Dip 倾向

Angle of Dip 倾角

Unconformity不整合

Disconformity 平行不整合

Angular Unconformity 角度不整合Nonconformity 非整合

Intrusive Contact 侵入接触Sedimentary Contact 沉积接触Cambrian explosion寒武纪大爆发Normal fault 正断层

Over fault 逆断层

fault plane 断层面

anticline 背斜

syncline 向斜

Fossil 化石

magma岩浆

Permian二叠

Triassic三叠

Jurassic侏罗纪

cretaceous白垩纪

Continental drift 大陆漂移学说rift valley 东非大裂谷paleomagnetism 古地磁学

mantle地幔

seismic section地震剖面

Pangea泛大陆

plunging fold 倾伏褶皱horizontal fold 横向褶皱inclined fold 斜褶皱

overturned fold倒转褶皱recumbent fold平卧褶皱superimposed fold 叠加褶皱diapir structure底辟构造

fault scarp 断层崖

fault triangular face断层三角面magnetic有磁性的

fault breccia 断层角砾岩

fault striation断层纹framework格架

catastrophism 灾变说uniformitarianism均变论

basalt玄武岩

diorite 闪长岩

gabbro 辉长岩

rhyolite 流纹岩

andesite安山岩

lava火山岩

shale 页岩

oxide氧化物

crust地壳

mineral deposits矿床Metamorphic rock 变质岩

igneous rock 火成岩

super continent超大陆

glacier冰川

Petrology岩石学

organism 生物体

seafloor spreading 海地扩张equator 赤道

dike 岩墙

sill 岩床

batholith 岩基

regression 海退

transgression 海进

slope 斜坡

evaporate蒸发

subsurface地下的

paleoclimatology古气候学

geology地质

paleoceanography古海洋学cosmology宇宙学

extrusive 喷出岩

geotectology 大地构造学

geological disaster地质灾害eustasy 海平面升降

depositional sequence 沉积层序shelfbreak 陆架坡折

xenolith捕掳体

Axial plane 轴面

axis轴

hinge中枢

limb两翼

core核部

horizontal 水平线

plunge沉降

Condensed section 凝缩层

lowstand wedge 低位契

basin-floor fan盆底扇

slope fan斜坡扇

Depositional base level 沉积基准面

incised valley filling 下切谷充填

periodic周期性的

Principle of Original Horizontality 原始地层水平律Principle of Superposition地层叠覆律

Principle of Lateral Continuity地层侧向连续律Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships 地层切割率shelf-margin systems tract 陆架边缘体系域paleogeography 古地理学

专业英语翻译

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 141 (2011) 133–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v e t i m m Short communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases in?ammatory responses induced by F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in porcine intestinal epithelial cells Galliano Zanello a ,b ,1,Franc ?ois Meurens a ,1,Mustapha Berri a ,Claire Chevaleyre a ,Sandrine Melo a ,Eric Auclair b ,Henri Salmon a ,? a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),UR1282,Infectiologie Animale et SantéPublique,F-37380Nouzilly (Tours),Indre et Loire,France b SociétéIndustrielle Lesaffre,Lesaffre Feed Additives,Marcq-en-Baroeul,France a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19October 2010Received in revised form 13December 2010 Accepted 31January 2011Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Pig Intestinal epithelial cells Cytokines Chemokines a b s t r a c t Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal in?ammation induced by enteric pathogens.In piglets,infection with F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)leads to in?ammation,diarrhea and intestinal damage.In this study,we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc ,strain CNCM I-3856)and S.cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb ,strain CNCM I-3799)decreased the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-?gene expression whereas Sb did not.In contrast,killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-in?ammatory genes.This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors.Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,CXCL2and CCL20ETEC-induced mRNA.Furthermore,Sc culture supernatant ?ltrated fraction <10kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-?.Thus,our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto in?ammation. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)are pathogenic gram negative bacteria which infect humans and sev-eral species of farm animals such as calves and pigs.ETEC interacts with intestinal epithelial cells,colonizes the small intestine and secretes enterotoxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxins (LT),the heat-stable enterotox-ins (STa and/or STb),and the enteroaggregative E .coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1(EAST1)(Nagy and Fekete,2005).In pigs,ETEC infection and enterotoxin secretions can induce intestinal in?ammation and diarrhea resulting in reduced growth rate,increased mortality and economic ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+33247427331;fax:+33247427779.E-mail addresses:salmon@tours.inra.fr ,henri.salmon@tours.inra.fr (H.Salmon).1 These authors contributed equally to this work.loss (Fairbrother et al.,2005).Moreover,F4+ETEC strain induce pro-in?ammatory response in intestinal epithe-lial cells (Devriendt et al.,2010).Administration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb )has been shown to protect pigs in reducing ETEC transloca-tion (Lessard et al.,2009).In vitro studies showed that Sb secretes soluble factors that decrease the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines induced by enteric pathogens (Zanello et al.,2009).However,to our knowledge,there is no in vitro data regarding the anti-in?ammatory effects of S.cerevisiae (Sc )secreted soluble factors.Sc and Sb are members of the same species but they differ geneti-cally,metabolically and physiologically (Edwards-Ingram et al.,2007;Hennequin et al.,2001).Thus,in this study,we assessed if the non-commensal and non-pathogenic yeasts Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)and Sb (strain CNCM I-3799)secreted factors allowing the down-regulation of pro-in?ammatory gene expression in intestinal epithe-lial cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) 0165-2427/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.018

地质工程专业英语(DOC)

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通信工程常用专业英语简写中英文翻译

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哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws

地质工程专业英语

1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic 工程地质条件engineering geological conditions 地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形land form 地貌geomorphology, relief 微地貌microrelief 地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade 地形图relief map 河谷river valley 河道river course 河床river bed(channel) 冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook) 河漫滩floodplain(valley flat) 阶地terrace 冲积平原alluvial plain 三角洲delta 古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel 冲积扇alluvial fan 洪积扇diluvial fan 坡积裙talus apron 分水岭divide 盆地basin 岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞solution cave, karst cave 落水洞sinkhole 土洞Karstic earth cave 2地层岩性 地层geostrome (stratum, strata) 岩性lithologic character, rock property 岩体rock mass 岩层bed stratum 岩层layer, rock stratum 母岩matrix, parent rock 相变facies change 硬质岩strong rock, film 软质岩weak rock 硬质得petent 软质得inpetent 基岩bedrock 岩组petrofabric 覆盖层overburden 交错层理cross bedding 层面bedding plane 片理schistosity 层理bedding 板理(叶理) foliation 波痕ripple-mark 泥痕mud crack 雨痕raindrop imprints 造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral 高岭土kaolinite 蒙脱石montmorillonite 伊利石illite 云母mica 白云母muscovite 黑云母biotite 石英quartz 长石feldspar 正长石orthoclase 斜长石plagioclase 辉石pyroxene, picrite 角闪石hornblende 方解石calcite 构造structure 结构texture 组构fabric(tissue) 矿物组成mineral position 结晶质crystalline 非晶质amorphous 产状attitude 火成岩igneous 岩浆岩magmatic rock 火山岩(熔岩)lava 火山volcano 侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock 深成岩plutonic rock 浅成岩pypabysal rock 酸性岩acid rock 中性岩inter-mediate rock 基性岩basic rock 超基性岩ultrabasic rock 岩基rock base (batholith) 岩脉(墙) dike 岩株rock stock 岩流rock flow 岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆rock lopolith 岩墙rock dike 岩床rock sill 岩脉vein dyke

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

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各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

《工程地质专业英语》

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岩土工程专业英语 Fossil化石 石灰岩limestone 石英quartz 管涌piping 大地工程geotechnical engineering 反分析法back analysis method 数值岩土力学numerical geomechanics 土力学soil mechanics 岩土工程 geotechnical engineering 应力路径stress path 层理beding 地质年代geological age 断层 fault Normal，reverse 断裂构造fracture structure 花岗岩 granite 滑坡 landslide 节理 joint 喀斯特 Karst 泥石流 "mud flow, debris flow" 砂岩 sandstone 岩爆 rock burst 岩层产状 attitude of rock 岩石构造 structure of rock 岩石结构 texture of rock 岩体 rock mass 页岩 shale 云母 mica 褶皱 "fold, folding" 饱和土 saturated soil 非饱和土 unsaturated soil 膨胀土 "expansive soil, swelling soil" 碎石土 "stone, break stone, broken stone, channery, chat, crushed stone, deritus" 未压密土（台） underconsolidated clay 伊利土 illite 原状土 undisturbed soil 不均匀系数"coefficient of uniformity, uniformity coefficient" 干重度 dry unit weight 塑性指数 plasticity index 含水量"water content, moisture content" 达西定律 Darcy's law 渗流 seepage 渗透力 seepage force 渗透性 permeability 变形 deformation 变形模量 modulus of deformation 泊松比 Poisson's ratio 割线模量 secant modulus 剪胀 dilatation 蠕变 creep 塑性变形 plastic deformation 弹性变形 elastic deformation 有效应力 effective stress 最终沉降 final settlement 巴隆固结理论Barron's consolidation theory 次固结 secondary consolidation 固结 consolidation 残余强度 residual strength 长期强度 long-term strength 单轴抗拉强度uniaxial tension test 峰值强度 peak strength 抗剪强度 shear strength 摩尔－库仑理论Mohr-Coulomb theory 内摩擦角angle of internal friction 粘聚力cohesion 极限平衡状态state of limit equilibrium 临塑荷载critical edge pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 静止土压力earth pressure at rest 主动土压力active earth pressure 毕肖普法 Bishop method 条分法slice method 土坡 slope 挡土墙 retaining wall 重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall 板桩结构sheet pile structure 锚固技术anchoring 管涌piping 基底附加应力net foundation pressure 抗滑桩 anti-slide pile 摩擦桩 friction pile 群桩效应 efficiency of pile groups 复合地基 composite foundation 桩土应力比 stress ratio 地震烈度 earthquake intensity 不固结不排水试验unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 塑限试验 plastic limit test 液限试验liquid limit test 十字板剪切试验vane shear test 现场渗透试验 field permeability test 原位试验in-situ soil test

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

第二部分控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展，我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程。在充满活力的20世纪中，控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实。控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大。回首过去，控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人，航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆，航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制，船舶与潜水艇控制系统，水翼船、气垫船、高速铁路自动控制系统，现代铁路控制系统。 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密，控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的，此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行，如飞机自控驾驶，汽车的巡航控制系统。对于控制系统，特别是工业控制系统，我们通常面对的是一系列的器件，自动控制是一个复合型的学科。控制工程师的工作需要具有力学，电子学，机械电子，流体力学，结构学，无料的各方面的知识。计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用，并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展。 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统，两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置。 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单，图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统， 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h在水流出流量V1变化的情况下保持在一定可接受的范围内，可以通过调节入口流量V2实现。这个系统不是精确的系统，本系统无法精确地检测输出流量V2，输入流量V1以及容器液位高度。图2.2描述了这个系统存在的输入（期望的液位）与输出（实际液位）之间的简单关系， 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图。箭头用来描述输入进入系统，以及

专业英语原文和翻译

Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action. Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as: ·two-position or on-off controllers; ·proportional controllers; ·integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers. Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size? Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor. The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal. Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening. The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.

地质工程专业常用英文词汇

1 阐述expound(explain), state 引入introduce into 相应的corresponding 概念conception 概论overview 概率probability 概念化conceptualize 宏观的macroscopic 补充complement 规划plan 证明demonstrate, certify, attest 证实confirmation 补偿compensate, make up, imburse 算法algorithm 判别式discriminant 有限元方法finite element method(FEM) 样本单元法sample element method(SEM) 赤平投影法stereographic projection method(SPM) 赤平投影stereographic projection 干扰位移法interference displacement method(IDM) 干扰能量法interference energy method(IEM) 条分法method of slices 极限平衡法limit equilibrium method 界面元法boundary element method 模拟simulate 计算程序computer program 数值分析numerical analysis 计算工作量calculation load 解的唯一性uniqueness of solution 多层结构模型laminated model 非线性nonlinear 横观各向同性lateral isotropy 各向同性isotropy 各向异性anisotropy 非均质性heterogeneity 边界条件boundary condition 本构方程constitutive equation 初始条件initial condition 初始状态rest condition 岩土工程geotechnical engineering, 土木工程civil engineering 基础工程foundation engineering 最不利滑面the most dangerous slip surface 交替alternate 控制论cybernetics 大量现场调查mass field surveys 组合式combined type 相互作用interaction 稳定性评价stability evaluation 均质性homogeneity 介质medium 层layer, stratum 组构fabric 1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic 工程地质条件engineering geological conditions 地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形land form 地貌geomorphology, relief 微地貌microrelief 地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade 地形图relief map 河谷river valley 河道river course 河床river bed(channel) 冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook) 河漫滩floodplain(valley flat) 阶地terrace 冲积平原alluvial plain 三角洲delta 古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel 冲积扇alluvial fan 洪积扇diluvial fan 坡积裙talus apron 分水岭divide 盆地basin 岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞solution cave, karst cave 落水洞sinkhole 土洞Karstic earth cave 2地层岩性 地层geostrome (stratum, strata) 岩性lithologic character, rock property 岩体rock mass 岩层bed stratum 岩层layer, rock stratum 母岩matrix, parent rock 相变facies change 硬质岩strong rock, film 软质岩weak rock 硬质的competent 软质的incompetent 基岩bedrock 岩组petrofabric 覆盖层overburden 交错层理cross bedding 层面bedding plane 片理schistosity 层理bedding 板理（叶理）foliation 波痕ripple-mark 泥痕mud crack 雨痕raindrop imprints 造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral 高岭土kaolinite 蒙脱石montmorillonite 伊利石illite 云母mica 白云母muscovite 黑云母biotite 石英quartz 长石feldspar 正长石orthoclase 斜长石plagioclase 辉石pyroxene, picrite 角闪石hornblende 方解石calcite 构造structure 结构texture 组构fabric(tissue) 矿物组成mineral composition 结晶质crystalline 非晶质amorphous 产状attitude 火成岩igneous