地质专业英语翻译

C HA NGC H U N I NS TI TU TE O F TEC HNO LO GY

专业英语

班级：勘查0942

姓名：崔金龙

学号：0 4

指导老师：刘丽莎

成绩：

Foundation engineering

Structures or other constructed works are supported on the earth by foundations. The word“foundation”may mean the earth itself, something placed in or on the earth to provide support ,or a combination of the earth and the elements placed on it . The foundation for a multistory office building could be a combination of concrete footings and the soil or rock on which the footings are supported . The foundation for an earth-fill dam would be the natural soil or rock on which the dam is placed . Concrete footing or piles and pile caps are often referred to as foundations without includes the soil or rock of the earth form a foundation system ,the soil and rock provide the ultimate support of the system . Foundations that are installed may be either soil-bearing or rock-bearing . The reactions of the soil or rock to the imposed loads generally determined how well the foundation system functions . In designing the installed portions , the designer must determine the safe pressure which can be used on the soil or rock and the amount of total settlement and differential settlement which the structure can withstand . A building's foundation transmits loads from buildings and other structures to the earth.

Geotechnical engineers design foundations based on the load characteristics of the structure and the properties of the soils and/or bedrock at the site. In general, geotechnical engineers: 1) Estimate the magnitude and location of the loads to be supported; 2) Develop an investigation plan to explore the subsurface; 3) Determine necessary soil parameters through field and lab testing (e.g., consolidation test, triaxial shear test, vane shear test, standard penetration test); 4) Design the foundation in the safest and most economical manner .The primary considerations for foundation support are bearing capacity, settlement, and ground movement beneath the foundations. Bearing capacity is the ability of the site soils to support the loads imposed by buildings

or structures. Settlement occurs under all foundations in all soil conditions, though lightly loaded structures or rock sites may experience negligible settlements. For heavier structures or softer sites, both overall settlement relative to unbuilt areas or neighboring buildings, and differential settlement under a single structure, can be concerns. Of particular concern is settlement which occurs over time, as immediate settlement can usually be compensated for during construction. Ground movement beneath a structure's foundations can occur due to shrinkage or swell of expansive soils due to climatic changes, frost expansion of soil, melting of permafrost, slope instability, or other causes. All these factors must be considered during design of foundations .Many building codes specify basic foundation design parameters for simple conditions, frequently varying by jurisdiction, but such design techniques are normally limited to certain types of construction and certain types of sites, and are frequently very conservative.

In areas of shallow bedrock, most foundations may bear directly on bedrock; in other areas, the soil may provide sufficient strength for the support of structures. In areas of deeper bedrock with soft overlying soils, deep foundations are used to support structures directly on the bedrock; in areas where bedrock is not economically available, stiff "bearing layers" are used to support deep foundations instead . Shallow foundation

Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a meter or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.

Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier structures . Deep foundations

A deep foundation is used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Footing

Footings or spread foundations are used to spread the loads from columns or walls to the underlying soil or rock . Normally , footing are constructed concrete . However , under some circumstances they may be constructed of plain concrete or masonary ,when each footing supports only one columns ,it is square . Footing supporting two columns are used to carry loads from two columns , with one column and one end of the footing placed against a building line or exterior wall . Footings supporting walls are continuous footings . The sizes of footings are determined by the allowable bearing pressure which can be imposed on the soil or rock of the earth . Most building codes and textbook on foundations contain tables listing allowable bearing pressure for various types of soil and rock ;however, these tables give only general classifications and descriptions of the soil or rock and must be used with caution. More specific information about the soil or rock is normally obtained by

drilling test boring , extracting soil or rock samples, performing laboratory tests on the samples , and making engineering analysis to determine suitable bearing pressure. In addition to bearing

pressure ,consideration must be given to the amount of settlement which may occur and the capability of the structure to withstand such settlement.If settlement is a problem it may be necessary to use an alternate founation type rather than footings or to enlarge the footing and decrease the bearing pressure . Mat foundations

Mat or raft foundation are large , think ,and usually heavily reinforced concrete mats which transfer loads from a number of columns and walls to the underlying soil or rock .Mats are also combined footing ,but are much large than a footing supporting two columns . They are continuous footing and are designed to transfer a relatively uniform pressure to the underlying soil or rock . Mats are rigid and will act as a bridge over discontinuities in the soil or rock on which they are founded ,Mats founded several meters bellow the ground surface ,when combined with external walls ,are termed floating foundations .The weight of the total weight of the soil excavated from the ground surface to the bottom of the mat be equal to approach the total weight of the structure . In this

case ,little or no new load is applied to the underlying supporting soil ,and settlements of a structure may be minimal after construction .

基础工程

建筑物或者其它已建成的工程是由基础下面的地基土来支撑着的，所以“基础”这个词表示土本身或者在土内布置的物体作为支承体，或作为土和在它上面布置的构件的联合体。对于多层办公建筑物的基础一般是混凝土底板与土的联合体。土坝的基础是天然的地基土或岩土。混凝土底板或桩及其桩帽常被看作基础，而不包括它们所涉及的地基土或岩石。所建立的构件和天然的土或岩石形成了基础

系统，对这个基础系统提供了基础支撑。已建立的基础由地基土支支撑或由岩石支撑。土和岩石对于增加给它们的荷载的反应，一般决定了基础系统功能的好坏程度。在设计安装的基础部分中，设计者必须确定安全压力即在土或岩石上可能受到的压力以及建筑物可能承受的总沉降或沉降差。

建筑物基础作用是把建筑物和其他结构的荷载传输到地面。岩土工程师设计基础结构时，根据结构荷载和在现场的土或基岩的特性。在一般情况下，岩土工程师所要做的工作：1）估算荷载的大小和位置; 2）制定勘察计划，探索地下土层; 3）通过现场和实验室测试，确定必要的土参数（例如，固结试验，三轴剪切试验，十字板剪切试验，标准贯入试验）; 4）设计最安全和最经济的基础形式。基础的支撑的主要考虑因素包括地基承载力，沉降，地面运动。承载能力，是指土的支持建筑物或者构筑物所施加的荷载能力。沉降可能发生在所有的土条件下的基础，虽然荷载小的结构或岩石可以忽略不计。对于较重的结构或较轻的结构，无论是全面解决，还是相对于没有建筑地区或邻近建筑物，以及下一个的结构不均匀沉降，都应该特别注意。特别值的关注的是随着时间的推移发生的沉降，即时地基沉降，通常可以在施工期间进行处理。地面一个结构的基础之下可以发生收缩或膨胀土膨胀，由于气候变化，土壤霜冻扩张，多年冻土融化，边坡失稳，或其他原因等。在基础设计过程中，这些全部因素必须被考虑在内。许多建筑规范指定基本的基础设计参数，地质条件，不同地区是不一样的，但这样的设计技术通常仅限于某些类型的建筑和某些类型的基础，并经常是非常保守的。在浅层基岩的地区，基础可能直接承担在基岩上，在其他地区，土可提供足够的支撑力，为结构的支持。在与软土基岩更深的领域，深基础是用于支持结构，直接在基岩，在其中的基石是不能提供的地区，坚硬的“持力层”深基础，而不是用来支持。浅基础

浅基础，人们常称为地基，一般通常深入土层。常见的类型之一，是扩展基础，包括延长下面的霜冻线，墙体和柱子的重量转移到土或基岩的条状或混凝土垫块（或其他材料）上面。另一种常见的类型是浅基础建筑物的重量是通过在表面上放置了一个混凝土板转移到土中的板级的基础。混凝土板的基础范围，范围从25厘米到数米厚，根据建筑规模，对于典型的住宅至少有20厘米，较重较厚的钢筋垫砖结构。

深基础

深基础被用于传输荷载从结构通过上部土薄弱部分到更坚硬的底层。有不同类型的深地基的影响，包括打入桩，钻孔桩，沉箱，螺旋桩等等。不同类型的地基由不同的工程师命名。在历史发展过程中，桩先后经历由木，后来到钢、钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土的几个过程。

底板

底板或伸展性基础是通过柱或墙把上部荷载传给下面的土或岩石。一般来说底板是由预应力混凝土构成。然而在一些特殊的环境下，底板也可由素混凝土和砖石构成，当每个底板仅支撑一根柱时，地板是方形。底板支撑两个柱称组合底板，它可能是矩形或不规则四边形。悬臂底板承受两根柱子的荷载，其中每根柱子和底板的末端对着建筑物轮廓线或外墙。底板支撑墙是连续底板。

底板的尺寸有地板地基受的荷载除以土或岩石准许的承载压强而得到。对基础来说大部分规范或教科书上都有表格列出了不同类型土和岩石的准许承载力值，然而，这些表格仅给出了土和岩石一般性分类和描述，使用时要谨慎。关于土和岩石更详细的信息一般可通过钻探试验孔、取土和岩石试件、在实验室测试试件得到的，并做工程分析来确定适当的承载力值。除承载力外要考虑到总的沉降量以及结构承受这样沉降的可能性。如果沉降室一个问题，采用置换基础是必要的而不是用底板或扩大底板和减少承载力。

筏板基础

筏板基础是大的、厚的，常常是预应力混凝土板，通过数根柱基与墙联合体把荷载传给下部的土或岩石。筏板也可是相连的底板，但，筏板要比支撑两个柱的底板大些，筏板可谓是连续底板，它们被设计用来把相对均一的压力传给下面的土和岩石。筏板是刚性的，当支撑其的土或岩石不连续时，其作用类似桥。筏板可建在地表以下几米处，当与外墙连接时，则称为浮动基础。从地表到筏板底部所开挖土的重量可接近于建筑物的总重量。在这一情况下，很少或没有新的荷载施加于下部的支撑上，在建筑物建成后，建筑物沉降为最小。

力学专业英语部分翻译孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中，假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F，并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm，我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P，在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的，类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度，也就是单位面积上的力，叫做应力，通常是用希腊字母，来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】，我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度，乘以杆的横截面积A。而且，从图1所示的物体的平衡，我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等，方向相反。因此，我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是，力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时，如图所示，产生的应力是拉应力，如果力在方向是相反，使杆被压缩，它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是，应力，必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处，那么这个条件就实现了。当力P 没有通过形心时，杆会发生弯曲，这就需要更复杂的分析。目前，我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处，除非有相反情况特别说明。同样，除非另有说明，一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的，如我们讨论图1的杆一样。

轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量，用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】，单位长度的伸长量，或者应变，可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的，应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态，应变就是拉应变，代表材料的伸长或者 ，那么应变就是压应变，这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时，也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质，包括多数金属，塑料，木材，混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下，杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E 是比例常数，叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后，弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说，压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式，被安置在测试机上，承受拉力。当载荷增加时，测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力，伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式，材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状，轴向应变显示在水平轴，对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点，应力和应变之间是直接成比例的，图形也是线性的。过了A点，应力应变间的线性关系就不存

地理专业词汇英语翻译

地理专业词汇英语翻译(A-B) a horizon 腐殖堆积层 aa lava 块熔岩 abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差 abiogenesis 自然发生 abiotic factor 非生物因素 ablation 水蚀 ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常 aboriginal 土着的 abrasion 海蚀 abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂 abrupt slope 陡坡 abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标 absolute age 绝对年龄 absolute age determination 绝对年代测定 absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄 absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差 absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学 absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定性absolute maximum 绝对极大absolute measure 绝对尺度absolute minimum 绝对极小absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute parallax 绝对视差 absolute precision 绝对精度 absolute representation 绝对值表 示法 absolute temperature 绝对温度 absolute value 绝对值 absolute zero 绝对零度 absorbed radiant flux 吸收辐射 absorbed radiation 吸收辐射 absorbent 吸收剂 absorbing capacity 吸收能力 absorbing complex 吸收性复合体 absorptance 吸收系数 absorption 吸收 absorption band 吸收带 absorption coefficient 吸收系数 absorption curve 吸收曲线 absorption factor 吸收因素 absorption filter 吸收滤光片 absorption of energy 能量吸收 absorption of light 光吸收 absorption spectrum 吸收光谱 absorption surface 吸收面 absorptive capacity 吸收本领 absorptivity 吸收能力 absorptivity emissivity ratio 吸收发 射比 abstract symbol 抽象符号 abundance of isotopes 同位素的 丰度 abundance of the elements 元素丰 度 abundance ratio of isotopes 同位 素的相对丰度 abundant rainfall 过量降雨 abyss 深渊 abyssal 深海的 abyssal basins 深海盆地 abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物 abyssal deposits 深海沉积物 abyssal facies 深海相 abyssal hill 深海丘陵 abyssal plain 深海平原 abyssal region 深海区 abyssal sediment 深海沉积物 abyssal zone 深海带 acariasis 螨病 acarinosis 螨病 acaustobiolite 非可燃性生物岩 accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀 accelerated weathering 加速风化 acceleration 加速度 acceptance 接收 acceptor 收体 acceptor atom 受体原子 acceptor bond 接体合 accessory element 伴随元素 accessory mineral 副次要 accessory species 次要种 accidental ejecta 外源喷出物 accidental error 偶然误差 accidental species 偶见种 acclimatization 气候驯化 acclivity 上行坡 accompaniment element 伴生元素 accordance of summit levels 峰顶 面等高性 accordant junction 协和汇流平齐 汇流交合汇流 accordant junction of streams 协合 流 accretion gley 淤积潜育层 accumulated temperature 积温 accumulation 堆积 accumulation curve 累积曲线 accumulation horizon 聚积层 accumulation mountains 堆积山地 accumulation of assimilation products 同化物累积 accumulation of humus 腐殖质蓄 积 accumulation of organic matter 有 机质堆积 accumulative coast 堆积海岸 accumulative relief 堆积地形 accuracy 准确度 accuracy of measurement 测定准 确度

专业英语翻译中的常见问题(详细翻译技巧)

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