新托福听力精讲翻译

学术讲座—学生版

生物tpo24 lecture 1

一、背景介绍：

生物学讲座主要涉及到的小学科有conservation biology保护生物学，marine biology海洋生物学，zoology动物学和botany植物学。主要话题有以下五个：动物行为研究；动物和环境之间的关系；动物交流方式；动物身体结构；动物保护。

二、分类表格：

三、各分类常见逻辑结构：

生物类考点分析

分类

部位及特征

用途（植物）

习性（动物）

栖息地

繁殖

与其他生物的关系

生存状况

相关研究

生物类常见逻辑结构

在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。

四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例

1. 开头原则：

2. 问答原则

3. 举例原则

4. 强调原则（语义的强调）：

5. 结尾原则

五、本次课可能用到的笔记法

1. 笔记热身

1）中文简写

2）符号

2. TPO1 Conversation1 笔记

六、词汇，短语及句式

1）生物类场景常用的词汇

2）本次课常用词汇

3）本次课常用短语及句式：

七、文章框架分析

1. Crocodile: a predator that hasn't evolved much in the last seventy million years

2. The functions of American alligators’ vocalization: ①To threaten other males ②To attract mates

The functions of baby crocodiles’ vocalization: ①getting attention ②letting others know you are distressed：baby crocodiles。

The relationship of vocalization between crocodiles and mammals

3. The functions of mother crocodiles’ vocalization: to ensure their babies follow her.

八、听力文本

Narrator:

Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.

Professor: OK. For today, let's look at a reptile, a predator that hasn't evolved much

in the last seventy million years. No discussion of reptiles would be complete without some mention of crocodiles.（教授开门见山提出讲座的主旨：a predator--crocodiles，其中today, let’s look at...就是主旨句的提示句型。）Now, we tend to think of crocodiles as, uh, kind of solitary, hiding out in a swamp, uh, kind of mysterious creatures. But we are finding out that they aren't as isolated as they seem. In fact, crocodiles interact with each other in a variety of ways. One way is with vocalizations, you know, sounds generated by the animal.（一些常考的细节题提示词有now, but, in fact，这部分全都有，但是前边的now和but都是为了引出in fact，而且in fact后面指出来了有多种交流方式，其中一种是：vocalization，那么要注意一下可能会有另外的交流方式出现。但是事实上通过听全文没有提及其他的方式。）This is true of the whole crocodile family, which includes crocodiles themselves, alligators, etc.

Take American alligators.（这里take做的是介词，举例子的意思，注意听力中举例子处可能出一道细节题，也可能是个作者意图态度题：Why does the professor talk about the American alligators?---To show the function of vocalization.）If you were to go to a swamp during the breeding season, you'd hear a chorus of sounds, deep grunts, hisses, these are sounds that male alligators make. And some of them are powerful enough to make the water vibrate. This sends a strong, go-away message to the other males. So the alligator can focus on sending other sound waves through the water, sound waves that you and I couldn't even hear since they are at such low frequency. But they do reach the female alligator, who then goes to find and mate with the male.（这里这两处给出来了the function of vocalization，就是第7题的答案。）

Vocalization is um...well, it is used for other reasons, like getting attention or just, um... letting others know you are distressed. （这里的other reasons提醒下文主要讲解vocalization的另外几个目的：1）getting attention 2）letting others know you are distressed。综合上文可以出一个Except题：All of the followings are about the functions of crocodiles’ vocalization except---?----A to threaten other males B to attract their predators C to get attention D to let others know they are distressed

答案是B）Let's see.（下文具体解释这两个功能，以new born crocodiles为例。）New-born crocodiles, or hatchlings and their interactions with their mothers. When they are born, croc... baby crocodiles have a sort of muffled cry while they are in their nest. Hatchlings are really vulnerable, especially to birds and small mammals when they are born. But their mother, who has been keeping vigil nearby, hears their cry for help and carries them to safety, meaning, to water. So she takes them out of the nest. Uh, uh, all the eggs hatched at once, so she has about forty newborns to look after. Well, she takes about fifteen out of the nest at a time, carrying them in her mouth to the nearby water. While she is taking one load of hatchlings, the others wait for her to come back.

But do you think they are quiet about it? No way. They are clamoring for the mother's attention, sort of squeaking and practically saying-don't forget about me!（这里的but是一个提示词，除此之外，教授在说这句话的时候语调比较重，可能出重听题，why does the professor say this?---To indicate that baby crocodiles make vocalization in order to attract their mother’s attention, and remind her not forgetting them.这里也是第8题的答案所在处。）

I heard some great examples of this on the television program on crocodiles last week. Anyone catched it? It had a few interesting bits. But you know, uh, you have to be careful, think critically. Sometimes I don't know where these shows find their experts.（教授先扬后抑，用到but肯定有蹊跷，这里是第9题答案所在处。）Student: Excuse me. But, um... does all that crying defeat the purpose? I mean, doesn't it attract more predators?

Professor: Hmm...good question. I guess, well, I am guessing that once the babies have the mother's attention, they are safe. She's never too far away, and, and I think...I mean, would you mess with a mother crocodile?（从这部分中，可能会出的一个题是：why does the professor say this: would you mess with a mother crocodile?---To indicate that baby crocodiles’ vocalization will have the mother's attention and they are still safe.）

So after the mother transports all the youngsters, they still call to each other, and to their mother. This communication continues right through to adulthood. Crocodiles

have about eighteen different sounds that they can make.

There's...um...um… you have deep grunting sounds, hisses, growls, squeaks, roars, so there are many different sounds to interact or send messages. This is more typical of mammals than of reptiles.（这里是一个细节题：what is the typical difference between mammals and reptiles?---There are many different sounds to interact.）I mean, crocodiles' brains are the most developed of any reptile. In that sense, they are closer to mammals' brains than other reptiles' brains. And we know that mammals, dogs for example, dogs vocalize many different sounds. Crocodiles have a similar level of, uh, vocal sophistication, if you will, which makes them unique among reptiles.（这里是第10题的答案所在处。）

Another thing would be, um, if a hatchling gets separated from the rest of its family, once the others get far enough away, its survival instinct kicks in. It will make a loud distress call, which its siblings answer. It calls again. And they continue calling back and forth until they all find each other again.（这里是照应上文中：Vocalization is um...well, it is used for other reasons, like getting attention or just, um... letting others know you are distressed.中的第二个原因。讲解了baby crocodiles的vocalization行为是为了express their distressing.这里是第11题的答案所在处。）Another thing, something that wasn't on that TV show I mentioned. Um... mother crocodiles lead their young from one area to another, like when they have to find a different source of water. Usually she will lead them at night, when it is safer for them, moving ahead and then letting out calls of reassurance so that they will follow her. Her voice helps give the babies the courage they need to leave the area and go some place that's a more desirable home for them.（当出现another的时候就是可能会考到的细节，这里教授提出来了另外一个目的：what is the mother crocodiles’ intention with vocalization?---To make sure that their babies are safe and courageous.）

九、学生听力过程（直接复制此内容，所有课件都和模板一样）

注：此过程中，“小节”的长度由老师根据每个学生的水平来决定，两个句子到

两个自然段不等。注意不要让学生听起来太吃力，有挫败感，也不要让学生听着太简单而没有提升。

第一小节

学生听+记笔记

学生复述

学生猜考点

老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）

第一段笔记：

第二小节

学生听+记笔记

学生复述+回顾之前的内容

学生猜考点

老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）

第二段笔记：

第三小节

学生听+记笔记

学生复述+回顾之前的内容

学生猜考点

老师讲解（结合笔记法，带领学生逐句听，该小节进行完之后综合听一遍，保证学生每句话都听明白了再进行下一小节）

第三段笔记：

全部小节进行完之后，让学生全文一起综合听一遍

十、题目，答案及解析

1. What does the professor mainly discuss?

A Factors that affect successful crocodile communication

B Some reasons for crocodile vocalizations

C Ways that newborn crocodiles learn to communicate

D Reasons why crocodile vocalization is difficult to study

Answer

2. According to the professor, what are two functions of the sounds made by male alligators? Click 2 answers

A To frighten predators

B To attract mates

C To locate hatchlings

D To threaten other males

Answer

3. Based on the discussion, what is one reason hatchlings make vocalizations to their mother while they are in the nest?

A To reassure her that they are safe

B To signal that they are ready to follow her

C To make sure she does not forget them

D To indicate that they need to be relocated to a larger nest

Answer

4. What is the professor's opinion about the television program that she mentions?

A She is concerned about the accuracy of some of the information the experts provided.

B She is hopeful that the class will be able to discuss it.

C She thinks it was overly critical of some recent theories about crocodiles.

D She is surprised that it did not include more examples of crocodile communication. Answer

5. Why does the professor mention dogs?

A To explain that mammals are more complex than reptiles

B To point out that crocodiles can communicate with dogs

C To give an example of mammals that care for their young

D To emphasize that crocodiles have highly developed brains

Answer

6. What happens when a hatchling makes a distress call?

A Its siblings answer back.

B The mother repeats the call.

C The rest of its family waits near water.

D The mother calls to other adult crocodiles for assistance

Answer

作业：

1）本次课的所有词汇及理论知识复习并掌握

2）本次课的材料重新听写一遍，笔记提交给老师

3）习题练习：生物类讲座2个（具体数量老师课根据学生的时间及水平调节）要求：按照托福听力作业积累本完成

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CONVERSATION 1.课程相关事务场景 intro / basic course introductory intermediate (level) course higher course sign up for … register get enrolled in ?Discussion讨论n, presentation个人陈述n, topic话题，主题n, lecture演讲（n.）good choice好的选择, slide幻灯片n, library图书馆n, collection收集n, check支票n, librarian 图书馆管理员n Report报告n, office hour 教授答疑 ?时间, submit 上交v, on disk在磁盘上, hard copy硬皮书, soft copy软皮书, computer电脑n, print打印v, computer lab电脑实验室 ?Project工程，计划n, tons of很多（a ton of ,tons of), cover 覆盖, re-write重写v, research data研究数据, information 信息n, input投入n,输入v, presentation个人陈述n, complete完整的adj, 完成vt semester seminar

?Term paper学期报告, grade分数，成绩n, complicated复杂的adj, terrible mistake严重的（糟糕的）错误, edited version编辑过的版本, submit上交n, overtired过度劳累adj, stressed有压力的adj, rushing（急急忙忙的）against the clock争分夺秒, mark标记，分数n, draft起草vt，草图n, print打印vt（printer打印机n）, final paper期末论文, maintaining average保持平均水平, application申请n, drop 扔掉, re-take重上, due到期的adj, extension延期n, discuss 讨论vt, check back查阅记录, re-reading评价, submission 上交n ?Information信息n, exam schedule考试规划表, term术语，学期n, date日期, book预定vt，书n, ?apartment公寓department部门，院系; appointment 预约?departure离开depart 离开, invigilator监考人n, ?sign up for a course选择选修课程 ?（required必须的/compulsory 被强制的course必修课）（selective/elective/optional course选修课）（register注册）, sheet纸张=paper（a sheet of 张，表量词）, ?bulletin board公告栏, faculty lounge教师休息室, square正方形，广场n, draft起草，草图, dean系主任=department chair(person), review评估, draw up起草=draft=first version, ?Manual手工（manufacture制造)，consult咨询, register 注册 Physiology 生理学100, sophomore大学二年级生, second year course第二年课程, first year student新生, transfer转变, begin my first lecture开始我的第一堂课, introduce介绍，引进, complete完整的，完成, approach方法n，接近vt, laws of physics and chemistry法律的物理和化学, process of life生命的过程, vital force机体，生命力, philosophical approach哲

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