(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）
?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）
?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )
杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)
“英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry）
《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）
?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）
《乌托邦》（Utopia）
?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）
《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)
?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）
《论说文集》（Essays)
克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe
?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）
?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）
威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare
喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）
悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）
历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）
传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）
本·琼生Ben Johnson
?《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）
?《狐狸》（V olpone）
?《练金术士》（The Alchemist）
三、17世纪文学
约翰·弥尔顿John Milton
《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）
《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）
诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）
?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）
《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）
?威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）
《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）
《如此世道》（The Way of the World）
四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。
?乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift
《格列佛
?丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父
《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）
?亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding
《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）
?乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift
《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels
?丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父
《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）
?亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding
《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）
?奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯Oliver Goldsmith
《荒村》（The Deserted Village）
?詹姆斯·汤姆逊James Thomson
《四季歌》（The Seasons）
?威廉·柯林斯William Collins
《黄昏颂》（Ode to Evening）
?托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray
《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）
五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）
?罗伯特·彭斯Robert Burns
?威廉·布莱克William Blake
?威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth
?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge
《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）
· Byron,Shelley,Keats
六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）（维多利亚时代1832-1901）
?罗伯特·布朗宁Robert Browning戏剧独白
《皮帕走过了》（Pippa Passes）
《指环与书》（The Ring and the Book）
?阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson
《悼念》（In Memoriam A. H. H）
勃朗特三姐妹
?夏洛蒂·勃朗特Charlotte Bronte
《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）
?艾米丽·勃朗特Emily Bronte
《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights)
?安妮·勃朗特Anne Bronte
《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy
?《德伯家的苔丝》
（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）
?《无名的裘德》
（Jude the Obscure）
查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens
?《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）
?《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）
?《远大前程》（Great Expectations）
?《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）
?《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）
一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485
Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Artistic features:
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af65582.html,ing alliteration
Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）
Some examples on P5
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af65582.html,ing metaphor and understatement
Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is
a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas
Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400
(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)
The father of English poetry.
It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Matin Luther
C. William Langland
D. John Gower
writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
①
first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English
②
③
Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)
Famous three：King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
II The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学
（15世纪后期—17世纪初）
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English
Renaissance.
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.
Two features
1. a thirsting curiosity for the clasical literature
2.the keen interst in the activities of humanity.
The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:
(1)to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,
(2)to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,
(3)to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1.new discoveries in geography and astrology
2.the religious reformation and economic expansion
3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.
English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.
1.E dmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599
（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）The poets’poet.The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey
12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet’s poet”? ( B )
A. Spenser’s idealism
B. his struggle for criteria
C. his love of beauty
D. his exquisite melody
①
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.
Artistic features:
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af65582.html,ing Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.
②
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.
③
2. Thomas More托马斯?莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
①
3. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.
Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason.
①
②
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.
4. Ben Jonson
①
②
5. Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗?马洛1564~1595
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）
Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D )
A. the Petrarchan sonnet
B. sestina
C. terza rima
D. blank verse
①
②
③
6. William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616
①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII
②Four Comedies: Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; ③Four Tragedies: 克白 ④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III The 17th Century17世纪文学 1. John Milton约翰?弥尔顿1608~1674 （诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。） ①Epics: ②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙 ③ ④ This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. 2. John Bunyan约翰?班扬1628~1688 （代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人) ①Religionary Allegory: 3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought） Artistic features: 1.conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2.syllogism三段论 ① Meditations 沉思录 The Flea 虱子 ② Songs And Sonnets Holy Sonnets ③Valediction: IV The 18th Century启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） ：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) 小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说) Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander Pope亚历山大?蒲柏1688~1744 （18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。） As a representative of the Enlightenment，Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.... Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift ① Artistic features: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af65582.html,ing “heroic couplets” ② ③ 2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔?约翰逊1709~1784 ①Dictionary =英语大词典 3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特1667~1745 （十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） ① Four parts: Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛Houyhnhnm 马岛 ② ④ 4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?笛福1660~1731 （小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。） He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. ① It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. ② ③ ④ 5. Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁1707~1754 （英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. ① novels: ② plays: 6. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗?格尔德斯密斯1730~1774 ①poems: ② novel: 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德?布林斯利?施莱登1751~1816 ① ② 8. William Blake威廉?布莱克1757~1827 ① A happy and innocent world from children’s eye. ② A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ 9. Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯1759~1796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 ① ② 一朵红红的玫瑰 ③ ④ 不管那一套 ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ V The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic). “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯1770~1850 （与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。The Lake Poets） ① ② Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水 仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ② 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔?泰勒?科尔律治1772~1834 The Lake Poets ① ② ③ Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory ④ ⑤ ⑥ 3. George Gordon Byron乔治?戈登?拜伦1788~1824 （拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。） “Byronic hero”is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ① ② 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792~1822 ①Poetic Drama： Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression ② ③Lyrics: Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …) 5. John Keats约翰?济慈1795~1821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ①Four great odes: ② Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen简?奥斯丁1775~1817 She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters 7. Walter Scott沃尔特?斯科特1771~1832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① ② VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900 Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯1812~1870 （批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① ② ③ ④圣诞颂歌 ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑨ ⑩ 是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。 2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷1811~1863 ① Progress>by John Bunyan) ② 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855 ① Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood School It is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. ② ③ 4. Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854 ① < Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄 A story about two familie and an intruding stranger. 【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② < Old Stoic> 5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特1819~1880 ① ② < Adam Bede>亚当?比德 ③ < Silas Marner>织工马南 ④ < Middlemarch>米德尔马契 6. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德?丁尼生1809~1892 （维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人） Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） ① < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend ② < Break, Break, Break> ③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗 7. Robert Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889 ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① 8. Robert Louis Stevenson ① 9. Thomas Hardy托马斯?哈代1840~1928 （小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）⑴ Novels ① Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德 ③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 ④ < Far From The Madding Crowd>远离尘嚣 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>还乡 ⑵ Poems Wessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国 VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: ② Novel: ③Fairy Stories: 2. George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧1856~1950 (英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist ⑴ Plays ① Plays Unpleasant ② Plays Pleasant ③Plays Novelists (Realists) 1. Joseph Concrad ① ② 1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkness? The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart. 2.What is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages. According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”. 【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion. Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo.The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt https://www.sodocs.net/doc/af65582.html,ment The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies. Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background. This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state. 4.Character 【Kurtz】represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 5.Narrative Structure In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story. 2. William Somerset Maugham 3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster) Modernists ⑴ 3 Novelists ① James Joyce ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯1885~1930 ① 【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character and refinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She h opes that they will become outstanding 【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers ② ③ ④ 2. James Joyce詹姆斯?乔伊斯1882~1941 （爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness 3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙1882~1941 （意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels ⑵ 2 Poets ① W. B. Yeats (William Butler Yeats ) ② T.S. Eliot ( Thomas Sterns Eliot ) 1.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨1865~1939 （爱尔兰诗人，剧作家；The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动；The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴；The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团） ⑴ collections ① ② ⑵ Poems 2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家） ⑴ Poems ① ② ③ ⑵ Plays ① 英国文学简史完全版 A Concise History of British Literature Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period I. Introduction 1. The historical background （1）Before the Germanic invasion （2）During the Germanic invasion a. immigration; b. Christianity; c. heptarchy. d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）; e. social organization: clan or tribes. f. military Organization; g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education; h. economy: coins, trade, slavery; i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system. 2. The Overview of the culture （1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit. （2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures. II. Beowulf. 1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age? ①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression, and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Moore, and Southey； ②Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece----Pride and Prejudice; ③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it; ④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hume. Lamb was the best essayist, whose familiar essays are very famous. 3.What are the major features of Dickens’ novels? ①Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, and criticize the vices of capitalist society. ② The success of Dickens novels also lies in his character-portrayal. Not only are the major characters in his novels very carefully delineated and given distinctive individual characteristics but also his minor figures create in the readers’ mind strong impressions of their personalities. Some of Dickens’characters are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”that they become proverbial or are representative of a whole group of similar persons. ③Dickens is a great humorist and satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire ④Dickens is not especially known for the construction of plot in his novels. There is in his novels often more than one minor thread of story beside the major one, and these threads are generally very loosely woven together. He seems to love a complicated and involved plot. ⑤In almost every one of Dickens’ novels there is a happy ending, which points to the author’s optimism which is an admirable thing for a critical realist because that means his still has his hopes after seeing the gloomy world all around him and one hand, and as a petty-bourgeois intellectual, could not overstep the limits of his class on the other hand. ⑥Another feature in Dickens’novels is his adroit use of language. On the whole Dickens has a richness of expressions and generally succeeds in using the right words and phrases at the right moments for the right characters to attain the right effects. 12. What are the characteristics of Dickens’ novels?(同第三题) .. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have 英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey?Chaucer, one?of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have 刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（二） I.Fill in the blanks 1.Two English poets,_____and_____published a book of poems Lyrical Ballads.【答案】William Wordsworth;Samuel Taylor Coleridge 【解析】1798年，华兹华斯和柯勒律治联合出版了《抒情歌谣集》，标志着英国浪漫主义的诞生。 2.Samson Agonistes was written by_____. 【答案】John Milton 【解析】《力士参孙》是英国作家John Milton的一部悲剧。 3.Of the four novels that Charlotte Bront?wrote,_____has achieved lasting fame.【答案】Jane Eyre 【解析】在夏洛特·勃朗特所写的四部小说中，《简·爱》获得了持久的名声。 4.Through the military life experience of Guy,and disillusionment of his dream of elimination of the evils through just wars,Evelyn Waugh explores in his work, _____,the nature of war. 【答案】Unconditional Surrender 【解析】伊夫林·沃在小说《无条件投降》（Unconditional Surrender）写到，盖伊希望通过战争消除罪恶的梦想最终破灭，从而以此来探索自己对战争本质的认识。 英国文学简史期末考试复习要点 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads） 1.Climax is the point at which one opposing force overcomes the other and conflict is resolved. 高潮在这一点上,一个反对力量克服了其他和冲突解决。 2. round character and flat character: flat character is cartoon like, usu. exaggerated. Round character is lifelike, who has both advantages and disadvantages, grows as the plot develops and usu. undergoes some change.一样和平板字符:平淡的角色动画,usu.夸大。圆形人物栩栩如生,谁都有各自的优势和劣势,随着情节发展,usu.经历一些变化。 3. Journey story is also called Picaresque novel, in which there is always a trip, and characters grow and develop along the journey, such as A Journey to the West, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.In this kind of story, there are lots of interesting episodes instead of all-unifying plot旅程的故事也被称为流浪汉小说,总有一个旅行,和人物沿途的成长和发展,比如《西游记》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。在这样的故事,有很多有趣的情节,而不是all-unifying阴谋 4. Gothic novel is an old genre since 18th century, from which detective story, fantasy story, mystery story derive. 哥特式小说是一个古老的风格自18世纪以来,侦探小说,幻想故事,神秘的故事中。 5. Novels of the soil focus on country life, and usu. more on its hardship than on its pleasure.土壤的小说关注乡村生活,和usu.更困难比快乐。 6. The plot development in a fiction or drama can be divided into five stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution. 小说或戏剧的情节发展可分为五个阶段:博览会,上行,高潮,下降动作,决议。 7. Essays can be divided into narration, description, exposition, argumentation论文可以分为叙述、描述、博览会、论证 8. American literature can be divided into5 stages:Colonial Period, Reason and revolution, romanticism, realism, modernism美国文学可分为5个阶段:殖民时期,理性和革命浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义 9. Figure of speech: personification treats objects as human beings, which are described with human emotion and action.图的言论:化身把对象作为人类,与人类情感和行为描述。 10. Poetry can be divided into three types: narrative(ballard, epic, etc), dramatic, lyric.诗歌可分为三种类型:叙事(巴拉德、史诗等),戏剧性,抒情。 11. Allegory is a story in which events and human characters represent abstract ideas and teach a moral lesson. While fable is usu. Written for kids, and the characters are often animals.寓言故事的事件和人物代表抽象的概念和给一个道德教训。而寓言一般,为孩子们写的和人物往往是动物。 12. Noah Webster is a lexicographer, who onc e said “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms.”诺亚·韦伯斯特词典编纂者,曾说过“美国必须像她那样独立的文学在政治、艺术作为武器一样出名。” 13. Washington Irving is the father of American Literature. His style includes entertainment, humor, vivid plot and characters, musical rhythm, historical elements. He wrote Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of New York, The Sketch Book华盛顿·欧文是美国文学之父。他的风格包括娱乐、幽默、生动的情节和人物,音乐节奏,历史元素。他写了里普·万·温克尔,无头骑士的传说,纽约的历史素描的书 14. James Cooper is first major frontier novel writer, who starts the tradition of writing western frontier life. His Leatherstocking Tales center around the hunter Natty Bumppo, including Deerslayer, Pathfinder, The Last of Mohicans, Note: This exam should be completed in ENGLISH. Part I: Explain the following phrases. (20 points, 2 for each) Oprah Winfrey: American Dream: Filibuster： Host Culture: Stolen Nation: Sooner: Exit Polls: Op-Ed Article: Abramoff Effect: Watergate: Part II: Give answers to the following questions. (30 points, 10 for each) 1.Explain features of English newspaper headlines. 2.List at least eight types of compound adjective. (two examples for each type) 3.List at least ten types of journalistic leads and explain their functions respectively. Part III: Re-organize the order of the following paragraphs according to the logical sequence of the story structure. Attention: all you need to do is to write in the box below the numbers for the corresponding paragraph. (20 points, 2 for each) Program endorsed to develop shanghai (1) ―But more important, it should rely on the support and efforts of the people of Shanghai.‖ (2) ―Developing Pudong is an event of im portant strategic significance both to Shanghai and the whole country. The central government will provide necessary support and the whole country should give active support,‖ Wen said. (3) ―I hope the comrades in Shanghai will do a better job in developin g Pudong and gaining new momentum for Shanghai,‖ Wen said. (4) ―This is another important plan for us to deepen the country’s reform and expand its opening to the outside world, ‖said Wen at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai V olkswagen Automotive Co. Ltd. yesterday morning. (5) He said that the achievements of the two projects are the outcome of reform and open policy. (6) In Shanghai, Wen also attended the celebrations for the start of production of the 300,000-ton ethylene project in the Shanghai Petro-chemical Complex and the start of cold-rolling mill in Baoshan Iron and Steel Complex. Part 1. Old and medieval Beowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. 1.William Langland 威廉。兰格伦: Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯 1.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400: 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂; Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. Part 2. The English renaissance 1.Thomas More托马斯。莫尔：Utopia乌托帮 1.Philip Sidney菲力普。锡德尼：Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩3.Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。斯宾塞: The Faerie Queen仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历 4.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626: Advancement of Learning学术的进展; Novum Organum新工具; New Atlantic新大西岛; Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self） The founder of English materialist philosophy 5.Christopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。马洛: Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝Dr.Faustus 浮士德的悲剧The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人致情人 6.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616: The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗 The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(免费)
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