中西文化差异 英文版

中西文化差异英文版

With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.

First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain

basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This

is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not

beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think

the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by

the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating

with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the

knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start

eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once

others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clock with the

fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are

sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.

Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory;

instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead

to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult to understand the less

obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier

of culture, is created during the process of hum an beings’ productive labor and serves as the tool of communication to convey

the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language

itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereas those who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly analyzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that

linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese and English

cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by

different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper

from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemism and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And

this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-cultural communication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal to the

rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their

abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the

extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos

decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.

In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for saf ety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and

English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit of freedom and equality.

The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family education. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether it brings shame or pride to the family.

The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influence their status in the next life.

The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family education is the elementary education for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our education system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows

distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family education is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of education, methods of education and results of education between East family education and West family education. In some English-speaking countries, parents’ aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently. Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called

training contains many aspects, such as work, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the

ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s education. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the

process of children’s growth, the most import ant thing the parents concerning is to developing their children’s intellect, except for caring children’s daily life. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to the society in the future, they consider little or

not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family education between America and China.

When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.

We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.

So the ideal solution to reduce the problems are to share knowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect there to be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible.

However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect.

I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.

中西节日文化差异英文

中西节日文化差异英文 Revised by Liu Jing on January 12, 2021

The comparison between Chinese and Western festivals 中西方节日文化的差异比较 Abstract: the process of comparing the Chinese and Western festivals and studying Western histories and cultures can help people promote the communication and understanding of different cultures. With the further development of society and inter-cultures, globalization will affect many aspects of life in all countries. And western festivals are becoming more and more popular in China. We should respect them and select the essence. China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted. But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition. On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a seemingly more modern culture. If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions. Nobody expects such a consequence. So let’s join hand in hand to protect and carry forward Chinese tradition. Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and Western cultures; difference; globalization Introduction: “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's

中西文化的差异以及管理文化的比较

中西文化的差异以及管理文化的比较 不同的文化没有优劣，但是相互之间必有差异。中西文化的基本差异就是在人与自然的关系问题上，中国文化比较重视人与自然的和谐统一，即天人合一，以人为本。而西方文化强调人要征服自然，改造自然，求得自己的生存和发展。中国文化重和谐统一，西方文化重分别和对抗。 中国文化中以人为本的精神，激励人们尊重人的价值和尊严，努力在现实生活中去发现人实现人的价值。中国文化中天人合一、以和为贵的精神，激励人们维护整体利益，坚持集体主义的价值取向。中国长期统一与中华文化中刚健自强、以和为贵的基本精神是分不开的。这种精神，在两千多年的历史中，一直激励着人们奋发向上，不断前进，坚持与内部的恶劣势力和外来的侵略压迫作不屈不挠的斗争。 但是，我们传统文化中的人本主义明显重人伦轻自然，重群体轻个体，只强调个人义务和道德人格的独立性，而不重视个人的权利和自由，也带来许多消极的影响，表现在教育领域，只有身份较低的人才去学习自然科学；表现在中国科技领域是导致中国科技的落后。 高度的中央集权制度使得中国管理文化注重讲集中，求统一，以

整体性的宏观管理为主。同时，地理的阻隔，封闭的状态造成了思想上的保守，缺乏挑战意识。但是，疆土的封闭也造就了中国人强大的“向心力”，中国人强烈的民族意识与眷恋国土的情怀，使得我国今日的管理文化也体现出管理文化中的团队精神。 西方经济发达国家多数为三面或两面临海型，再加上人们对原始土地的开发，使得西方国家对外交通和对内交通都很发达。这样的地理环境下使其更加崇尚管理的精打细作，即所谓的微观管理而不太重视宏观管理。西方国家从其建立之初就有强烈的对外扩张的欲望以及在原始的土地开发上彼此强烈的竞争意识。 以农耕经济为主的中华文明是一种主张和平自守的内敛型文化。这种农业文化心态体现在管理文化上有以下特点：首先，等级制度与以民为本相结合。尽管今天的社会制度已发生了极大的变化，但是专制主义的管理体制在今天的组织中体现尤为明显，强调绝对服从，抹煞个性、强调统一，忽视下级向上级的反馈。同时，中国农业社会的统治者也较早的认识到了“水能载舟亦能覆舟”，“民贵君轻”等民本主义对中国管理的重要性。这种等级制度与以民为本的制度相互对立又相互补充，构成了中国管理思想的基础。其次，狭义的中庸之道。周而复始的农业生产，自给自足的自然经济，形成了中国人力求稳定、少走极端、和反对冒险的中庸精神。表现在管理上则力求使事物保持稳定、协调、平衡，这就构成了中国管理文化的标准和规范。

中西文化差异比较英文

T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c h i n e s e a n d w e s t e r n c u l t u r e With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the

浅谈中西文化差异对翻译的影响

浅谈中西文化差异对翻译的影响

这是一种比较随和、友好和亲昵的方式。如果将这两句问候语直译成英语Have you had your meal? 和Where are you going? 那么，大部分讲英语的人听了会不高兴，他们感到难以接受和理解。不仅如此，他们还可能会说，你是在干涉他们的行动自由。另外，两个中国人见面聚会互相介绍时，通常会说“久仰大名”。如果机械地译成I have heard very much about you. 英美人会感到纳闷，他们的习惯说法是I’m pleased to meet you.（认识你很高兴）之类的客套话。 六、思维方式和价值取向差异 英美文化中最重要的价值观念是个人自由，它是一种以个人为基本单元，强调“人人生而平等”的文化。英美文化又被称为“我文化”、“个人价值至上文化”。在这种注重个人尊严的文化里，权力的重心更多地倾向个体。而中国传统文化里最重要的价值观念是“忠”和“孝”，人际交往很注意自我与谈话对象的关系。中国文化又被称为“我们文化”、“集体主义文化”。例如，中国人常说“四海之内皆兄弟”、“在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”、“仁义值千金”等，这都说明中国人常把自己和所谓自家人视为一体并希望能够在自身以外找到安全之所。而英语谚语中却说“God helps those that help t hemselves”（天助自助者），“self is our centre”（自我是我们的核心），“life is a battle”（生活就是战斗），这些英语谚语都在告诫人们：只有靠自己奋斗，才能获得成功和安全感。 小结： 关于翻译这一大课题，值得我们探讨的地方是很多的，上文对英汉两种文化差异的几个方面的阐述也是比较粗略。翻译中的文化差异是一件复杂的事情，具体情况千变万化，处理起来也无定规可循。因此只有对中西方文化的差异有更深的认识与了解，才可以在翻译时做到让翻译保留其译作风格，让译文更原滋原味。作为构筑文化交流桥梁的我们，要根据不同的情况，采取灵活的翻译策略，克服中西方文化差异造成的障碍，做到既尊重别国文化，也尊重本国文化，使译文尽可能达意、传神，从而达到跨文化交际的目的。 参考文献： ［1］彭保良,《从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立》[J], 中国翻译,1998. ［2］杨元刚,《英汉词语文化语义对比研究》,武汉大学出版社,2008. ［3］钟书能,《英汉翻译技巧》,对外经济贸易大学出版社,2010.

中西方的文化差异表现在诸多方面

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