chapter1习题答案

chapter1习题答案

一、名词解释

1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。

2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。

3、菌落：将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。

4、基内菌丝：当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后，就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展，形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝

5、孢囊：指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下，由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体，一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。

6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。

7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。

8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。

9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。

10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。

11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。

二. 填空

1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。

2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。

3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。

4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。

5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。

6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。

7、基因工程中取得目的基因的途径有_3_条。

8、在低渗溶液中，G+菌的肽聚糖被破坏，细胞将涨破。

9、原核细胞通过其附属物称为性菌毛从一个细胞向另一个细胞转移DNA。

10、支原体细胞膜中含有甾醇，与动物相似。

11、脂多糖是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁特有成分,它由三部分组成，即类脂A、核心

多糖和O-特异性侧链。

12、革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁有两层，内层称为电子致密层，约2-3nm厚以

肽聚糖为主要成分，外层称为脂多糖层，约8nm 厚，不含肽聚糖。

13、革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁有一层,其厚度为20-80nm磷壁酸是革兰氏阳性细

菌特有的化学成分。

14、在周质空间中，存在着多种蛋白质，包括: 水解酶类、合成酶类、结合

蛋白和受体蛋白。

15、芽孢是某些细菌在生活史的一定阶段形成的没有生长活性的休眠体，对热，干燥和辐射具有抗性。

16、芽孢具有孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层、芽孢壁、孢芽膜、芽孢质和芽孢核区等多

层结构。

17、大肠杆菌鞭毛基体由四个盘状物构成,他们分别称为L-环、P-

环、S-环和M-

环。

18、荚膜的主要成分有多糖和多肽等，常采用负染色方法进行荚膜染色。

19、有些细菌细胞质内含有聚β-羟基丁酸，这是碳源和能源贮藏物质，而异染色

颗粒主要成分是无机偏磷酸的聚合物，它是一种无机磷酸的贮藏物质。

20、蓝细菌的异形胞仅含少量藻胆素，缺乏异形胞，他们不在产生氧气或固定

CO2。这样，它们从结构和代谢上提供一个无氧环境，使固氮酶保持活性。

21、细菌基本形态有球状，杆状和螺旋状三种。

22、细菌的大小是以微米作为计量单位，而病毒的大小是以纳米作为计量单

位。

23、细菌细胞壁的主要成分是肽聚糖，它主要由N-乙酰葡萄糖氨、N-乙酰胞壁

酸二部分组成。

24、测定微生物细胞大小的单位为微米、纳米。

25、微生物学的奠基人是_巴斯德、_柯赫_ 。

26、根据放线菌菌丝形态和功能，其菌丝可分为营养菌丝、气生菌丝和孢子丝三

种。

27、革兰氏染色操作的关键步骤是乙醇脱色。

28、Bacillus thuringiensis是苏云金杆菌的学名，_Thuringiensis_是种名。

29、每种微生物都有自己的最适宜的pH值和一定的pH适宜范围。大多数细菌

的最适pH为_6.5-7.5_，放线菌的最适pH为_7.5-8.0_。

30、在人为条件下，用溶菌酶除尽革兰氏阳性菌原有细胞壁后所得到的仅有一层

细胞膜包裹着的圆球状渗透敏感细胞称为原生质体。

31、细菌荚膜的作用是_保护作用_和贮藏养料、作为透性屏障或（和）离子交换

系统，可保护细菌免受重金属离子的毒害、表面附着作用、细菌间的信息识别作用。

32、原核微生物的细胞壁特有的组分是_肽聚糖_，它是由_双糖单位_、四肽尾或四肽侧链_和肽桥或肽间桥组成的亚单位聚合而成。

33、微生物的特点是体积小，面积大；吸收多，转化快；生长旺，繁殖快；适应性强，易变异；分布广，种类多。

34、Staphylococcus aureusBacillus是金黄色葡萄球菌的学名，其中Staphylo coccus是属名，aureus__是种名。

35、鞭毛主要化学成分为__蛋白质__，鞭毛主要功能为_运动__。

36、脂多糖(LPS)是革兰氏_阴性_菌细胞壁_外膜_层的主要成分，它由_类脂A，

核心多糖，O-特异性侧链__三部分构成。

37、细菌的糖被是指_包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物

质。包括三种类型，其中包裹在细胞群上的称_菌胶团__。

38、细菌的明胶柱穿刺培养特征常用来鉴别菌株_产蛋白酶_性能。

39、在菌体形态观察中，需要进行制片后才能在显微镜下观察，观察细菌时采

取的制片方法是_涂片法，观察放线菌时采取的制片方法是__压（印）片法，观察真菌采取的制片方法是水浸片。

40、原核细胞的细胞膜内陷所形成的囊状或管状结构称间体。

41、是芽孢所特有的化学物质。一般它随着芽孢的形成而形成，随芽孢的萌发而消失。

42、放线菌是一类介于细菌和真菌之间，又更接近于细菌的原核微生物。它的菌丝因其形态和功能不同可分、、。

43、革兰氏染色法是鉴别细菌的重要方法，染色的要点如下：先用a 染色，再加b 处理，使菌体着色，然后用 c 脱色，最后用 d 复染，呈 e 为革兰氏阳性反应。

三. 辨别正误

1. O-特异侧链决定G+菌细胞壁抗原特异性。（正确）

2. 芽孢形成过程中，芽孢衣形成在前，前芽孢形成在后（错误）

3. 原生动物的鞭毛和纤毛都是9+2型的。（错误）

4. 芽孢可保持休眠数千年，遇合适环境可发芽形成一个细胞。（正确）

5. 立克次氏体没有细胞壁，可通过细菌过滤器。（错误）

6. 青霉素可抑制肽尾与肽桥间的转肽作用，从而杀死细菌。（正确）

7. 古生菌细胞壁中不含有肽聚糖。（正确）

8. 原核细胞和真核细胞的细胞膜在结构和功能上有明显的不同。（错误）

9.细菌细胞的分裂面决定了其细胞的排列方式。（正确）

10细菌的下列结构可能会增加其致病性：鞭毛，荚膜，菌毛，脂多糖。（正确）

11.细菌不含有叶绿体，所以不能进行光合作用。（错误）

12.细胞膜是一个流动结构，其上的蛋白易于被除去。（正确）

13.原核细胞和真核细胞的细胞膜在结构和功能上有明显的不同。（错误）

14.衣原体是古生菌。（错误）

15.放线菌的繁殖方式主要是芽殖。（错误）

16.在一定条件下, 细菌的菌落特征可作为其分类鉴定的依据。（正确）

17.枯草芽胞杆菌、大肠杆菌都属于革兰氏阳性菌。(错误)

18.放线菌的细胞构造和细胞壁化学组成与细菌相似，经革兰氏染色也可分成G+菌和G- 菌.（错误）

19.革兰氏阳性细菌细胞壁的主要成分是垣酸和肽聚糖。（正确）

20.一种细菌的学名是Staphylococcus aureus,其中aureus属名，是拉丁文的名词，Staphyloccus是种名，是拉丁文的形容词。（错误）

21.细菌是低等原核生物，所以它没有有性繁殖，只具无性繁殖形式。（正确）

22.蓝细菌是一类含有叶绿素a、具有放氧性光合作用的原核生物。（正确）

23.大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌属于单细胞生物，唾液链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌属于多细胞生物。(错误)

24.白僵菌是一种常用来生产微生物农药的细菌。（错误）

四. 单项选择

1、下述不是磷壁酸的功能的是：A

A内毒素B细胞壁抗原特异性

C 噬菌体的吸附位点

D 调节阳离子进出细胞

2、下述细菌能通过细菌过滤器的是：C

A大肠杆菌 B 立克次氏体 C 支原体 D 分枝杆菌

3、G-菌含有的周质空间B

A 是细胞内吞作用位点

B 富含消化酶类

C 蛋白质合成场所

D 含有溶菌酶

4、G+细菌细胞壁中含有B

A 脂多糖

B 磷壁酸

C 结晶紫

D 溶菌酶

5、不是脂多糖的功能的是B

A G-细菌细胞壁成分

B 允许物质通过外膜

C 抗原功能

D 内毒素

6、球状细菌分裂后排列成链状称为 B

A双杆菌 B 链球菌 C 螺旋体 D 葡萄球菌

7、异染粒，羧酶体，磁小体称作为 D

A 叶绿体

B 间体

C 菌毛

D 内含物

8、螺旋体含有而螺菌不含有的是 A

A 轴丝B周生鞭毛C菌毛 D 四分体

9、趋化性是指微生物能够C

A 与土壤表面粘着

B 逃避噬菌作用

C 向化学刺激运动或避

D 在不利条件下求生存

10、下列叙述正确的是D

A 一个细胞可产生多个芽孢B芽孢进行二分裂

C一个细胞产生一个芽孢并保持生长D芽孢是休眠体

11、下列不是原核细胞结构的是B

A 染色体

B 叶绿体

C 鞭毛D荚膜

12、用光学显微镜可辨别原核和真核细胞之间不同的是D

A 核糖体B鞭毛C细胞膜D核

13、致病性革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁组成中具有( C )

A.核心多糖

B.O-侧链

C.类脂A

D.脂蛋白

14、鞭毛的化学组成主要是( C )

A.多糖

B.脂类

C.蛋白质

D.核酸

15、在下列微生物中( B )能进行产氧的光合作用.

A.链霉菌

B.蓝细菌

C.紫硫细菌

D.大肠杆菌

16、下面不属于古细菌的原核微生物是( C )

A. 产甲烷菌

B. 硫酸盐还原菌

C. 反硝化细菌

D. 极端嗜盐菌

17、原核生物细胞中核糖体沉降系数为（A）

A.70S

B. 90S

C. 60S

D.80S

18、下面关于芽孢的叙述，正确的是（D）

A所有细菌在其生长的一定阶段，均可形成芽孢。

B所有细菌在其生长的全部阶段，均可形成芽孢。

C所有芽孢细菌在其生长的全部阶段，均可形成芽孢。D所有芽孢细菌在其生长的一定阶段，均可形成芽孢。

19、G+细胞壁的主要化学成分有（D）

A. 萄聚糖

B.脂多糖

C.几丁质

D.肽聚糖

20、制细菌标本片采取的制片方法是（A）

A水浸片法B.涂片法C.印片法D.组织切片法21、G-细胞壁的主要化学成分有（D）

A. 萄聚糖

B.纤维素

C.几丁质

D.肽聚糖

22、原核微生物能量代谢及很多合成代谢的部位是( A )

A.质膜

B.线粒体

C.高尔基体

D.核糖体

23、显微镜中,物镜的放大倍数越大,工作距离( B )

A.越长

B.越短

C.不变

D.无法判断

24、E.coli细菌的鞭毛着生位置是（D）

A.偏端单生

B.两端单生

C.偏端丛生

D.周生鞭毛

25、细菌细胞的( A)结构与其抗原性相关。

A.鞭毛

B.荚膜

C.芽孢

D.液泡

26、没有细胞壁的原核微生物是(B)

A.立克次氏体

B.支原体

C.衣原体

D.螺旋体

27、不同微生物在生长过程对pH的要求不同，放线菌对pH值的要求是（A）

A. 偏碱性

B.中性

C. 偏酸性

D.酸碱都可

五. 简答题

1、G+菌和G-菌细胞壁结构和组成上有何差别，以及与革兰氏染色反应的关系。（1）结构：G+菌细胞壁厚，仅1层；G-菌细胞壁薄，有多层。

（2）组成：G+菌细胞壁含有肽聚糖且含量高、磷壁酸；G-菌细胞壁薄含有肽聚糖但含量低，不含磷壁酸，但含有脂多糖、膜蛋白等。

与革兰氏染色反应的关系：G+菌细胞壁含有肽聚糖且含量高，经酒精脱色时，失水网孔变小，能够阻止结晶紫和碘复合物被洗脱；而G-菌细胞壁的外膜易被酒精洗脱，内层肽聚糖层薄，不能够阻止结晶紫和碘复合物被洗脱。

2、什么是糖被，其成分是什么，有何功能。

（1）成分：多糖和糖蛋白；

（2）功能：保护作用，贮藏养料，作为透性屏障和离子交换系统，表面

附着作用，细菌间的信息识别作用，堆积代谢废物；

3、微生物有那些特点。

（1）体积小，面积大；（2）吸收快，转化快；（3）生长旺，繁殖快；

（4）适应强，易变异；（5）分布广，种类多。

4、试述一位著名的微生物学家对微生物学的主要贡献？你从中有何启发。

巴斯德：发酵的实质；否定了生物的自然发生说；巴斯德消毒法；疫

苗生产法。

启发：勇于实践，实践－理论－实践。勤奋。不畏权威。

5、简述原核微生物和真核微生物的主要区别?

答：原核微生物：是指一大类细胞核无核膜包裹，只有称为核区的裸露的DNA 的原始的单细胞生物，包括古细菌和真细菌两大类。

真核微生物：是指细胞核具有核膜，能进行有丝分裂，细胞质中存有线粒体或同时存在叶绿体等多种细胞器的微生物，包括真菌、微藻类、原生动物、地衣等。

原核微生物与真核微生物的主要区别：

比较项目真核微生物原核微生物

细胞大小较大（通常直径＞2微米）较小

若有壁，其主要成分纤维素、几丁质多数为肽聚糖

细胞膜中甾醇有无（支原体例外）细胞膜含呼吸和光组分无有

细胞器有无

鞭毛结构如有则粗而复杂（9+2型）如有则细而简单

核膜有无

DNA含量底（约5％）高（约10％）

组蛋白有少

核仁有无

染色体数一般大于1 一般为1

有丝分裂有无

减数分裂有无

鞭毛运动方式挥鞭毛旋转马达式

遗传重组方式有性生殖、准性生殖转化、转导、接合

繁殖方式有性、无性等多种一般为无性（二等分裂）

6、试述革兰氏染色方法步骤及原理。

答：简要方法步骤：涂片→干燥→ 冷却→ 结晶初染→碘液媒染→酒精脱色→番红复染→干燥→镜检。

原理：与两类细菌的细胞壁成分笔结构有密切关系。革兰氏阴性菌的

细胞壁中含较多的类脂质，而肽聚糖含量较少。当用酒精脱色时，类脂质

被溶解，从而增加了细胞壁的通透性，使初染后的结晶紫碘的复合物易于渗出，结果细胞被脱色，经复染后则呈现复染剂的颜色。而革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁中肽聚糖含量多且交联度大，类脂质含量少，经酒精脱色后，肽聚糖层的孔径变小，通透性降低，因而细胞仍保留初染时的颜色。

6、叙述细菌细胞的各部分构造与功能。

答：细胞结构包括基本结构和特殊结构两大部分。

基本结构又包括细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核四部分。

（1）细胞壁

结构：对于G+菌来说主要结构是由肽聚糖组成的网状结构。对于G-来说，其结构包括二层：内壁层和外壁层，外壁层又由脂多糖层和脂蛋白层组成。

功能：维持细胞外形的功能等功能

（2）细胞膜

结构：结构是由双层脂类(磷脂)分子构成分子层与骨架，在双子层中结合有蛋白质。

功能：控制物质交换，维持渗透压及产能基地。

细胞质：细胞质是无色透明稠状胶体，含有丰富的酶系，是营养合成、转化、代谢的场所。

（3）细胞核区

位于细胞质内，无核膜，无核仁，仅为一核区，称为拟核（Nucleoid）主要功能：记录和传递遗传信息

特殊结构包括鞭毛、芽孢、荚膜三部分。

（1）鞭毛：某些细菌在细胞表面伸出细长、波曲、毛发状的附属丝状物即为鞭毛

功能：主要是运动。

（2）芽孢：芽孢时某些细菌在其生活史的一定阶段于营养细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形或圆柱形结构。芽孢具有较强的抗热、抗辐

射、抗静水压和抗化学药物的能力。对于微生物来讲可以使微生物渡过不良的环境条件。

（3）荚膜：某些细菌在一定的营养条件下向细胞外分泌的一层粘性物质。其功能主要有：细胞外碳源和能源性储存物质；抗干燥影响等。

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