2021 年上海各区高三英语一模卷汇编——完形填空(教师版

2021 年上海各区高三英语一模卷汇编——完形填空

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

One【宝山一模】

A study from Switzerland’s Université de Genève(UNIGE) looked to answer the question of which came first: a decrease in physical activity or cognitive (认知的) decline?

“Interrelationships have been (41) between these two factors, particularly in terms of memory but also regarding the growth and survival of new neurons (神经元).” said Boris Cheval, a researcher at UNIGE’S Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences (CISA) in a press release. “But we have never yet (42) tested which comes first: Does physical activity prevent a decline in cognitive skills or (43) ? That’s what we wanted to (44) .”

Earlier studies have considered that physical activity (45) cognitive decline. But according to Cheval, recent studies may (46) that past research has “only told half the story… since those recent studies demonstrate that our brain is (47) when it comes to engaging in physical activity.”

Researchers at UNIGE tested the two possible (48) by using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe, a socioeconomic database covering more than 25 countries across the continent.

Over the course of 12 years, 105, 206 adults (49) in age from 50 to go were tested every two years on their cognitive abilities and their physical activity.

Researchers (50) cognitive abilities with a verbal fluency test that saw participants name as many animals as they could in 60 seconds. They also tested cognitive abilities with a (51)

test where they memorized 10 words before reciting them. Physical activity was measured using a scale from 1 to 4. A 1 indicated participants “never” (52) physical activity while a 4 meant they were physically (53) “more than once a week”.

The study found that the (54) of what past studies concluded was true ―cognitive abilities mostly influence physical activity, not the other way around.

“This study backs up our theory that the brain has to make a real effort to get out of a sitting lifestyle and that by (55) cognitive capabilities, physical activity will follow,” Cheval said.

41. A. neglected B. prevented C. confused D. established

42. A. formally B. separately C. individually D. casually

43. A. at times B. vice versa C. by chance D. in part

44. A. release B. admit C. confirm D. oppose

45. A. prevents B. encourages C. influences D. reduces

46. A. mislead B. contradict C. ignore D. indicate

47. A. abandoned B. involved C. entertained D. processed

48. A. factors B. elements C. options D. subjects

49. A. ranging B. judging C. expanding D. varying

50. A. balanced B. restricted C. surveyed D. measured

51. A. observation B. reflection C. memory D. imitation

52. A. concerned about B. engaged in C. stood for D. gave up

53. A. motionless B. casual C. active D. passive

54. A. consequence B. similarity C. difference D. opposite

55. A. working on B. reflecting over C. crossing out D. putting off

Two【黄浦一模】

Travelling, at least travelling any considerable distance, means dealing with airports. I’ve seen my share of airports. They come in several 41 . The smallest I have been through was in the African town of Hoedspruit where the main waiting area was smaller than many school classrooms, security and ticket checking were both 42 by one person who was also controlling the gate onto the airfield and you had to walk out to the plane and climb the stairs to get in. It was even smaller than Canada’s Moncton airport where the person taking the tickets was also one of the two 43 on our flight.

At the other extreme are the 44 , modern airports in the world’s major cities. LAX, in Los Angeles has two parallel runways and provides the unusual opportunity to watch out the window of your landing aircraft as ano ther one lands right beside you. Some, such as Beijing’s Capital International Airport, SeaTac in Seattle and the International Airport in San Francisco, like those in Hong Kong and Shanghai, have 45 terminals connected by different buses or underground trains. Finding a connecting flight often means changing terminals, which can be a little 46 .

Heathrow airport in London, England, 47 that bigger is not always better. Heathrow consists of terminals used by various 48 and is centered around an area that contains stores and restaurants. At Heathrow the tired traveller gets the 49 that they want you to spend your time in the stores because they won’t announce the gate from which your flight will leave until about an hour before flight time. Given that they start to get people onto the planes half an hour before takeoff that leaves just 30 minutes to find and 50 your gate, some of which are a 25-minute walk from the store area. There is absolutely no 51 for this because the airport authorities know even before the day begins how many flights are arriving and departing and where they plan to put them. If I have just come off one long flight and I’m waiting for another, what I want is a quiet place, not an area 52 bright lights and noisy shoppers.

Travel, for me, is interesting but when I have to fly, getting there is 53 not half the fun. Airplanes are a very efficient way to move people long distances and airports are a(n) 54 part of the process. Most airports do their best to provide a good travelling experience but they are to be 55 , not really enjoyed.

41. A. types B. cities C. areas D. sizes

42. A. identified B. handled C. promoted D. processed

43. A. guards B. astronauts C. pilots D. passengers

44. A. tremendous B. crowded C. international D. fashionable

45. A. flexible B. multiple C. available D. irregular

46. A. exciting B. astonishing C. confusing D encouraging

47. A. regulates B. emphasizes C. encounters D. demonstrates

48. A. functions B. departments C. airlines D. authorities

49. A. recreation B. presentation C. announcement D. impression

50. A. look for B. get to C. meet at D. check out

51. A. exception B. doubt C. apology D. excuse

52. A. filled with B. dominated by C. decorated with D. recognized by

53. A. increasingly B. permanently C. attentively D. definitely

54. A. effective B. optional C. necessary D. suitable

55. A. simplified B. endured C. declared D. paralleled

Three【崇明一模】

In the United States, there have been no deaths from commercial airline accidents since 2013. In fact, for decades, there has been a general 41 trend in the number of accidents per departure.

Complex systems are more likely to suffer from failures, but commercial aviation (航空) seems to be a(n) 42 . Since the 1960s, U.S. commercial aviation has become significantly more complex, and yet, flying has become safer. What lies behind this remarkable trend is a handful of smart approaches to

43 . Here are two of them.

1.Teach people to speak up—and to listen

A common error during airplane accidents used to be the 44 of first officers to question the captain’s poor decisions. When the captain was flying the airplane, he was hard to challenge, and his mistakes went 45 .

All this began to change in the late 1970s with a training program known as Crew Resource Management (CRM). The program revolutionized the 46 not just of the cockpit (机舱) but also of the whole industry. It reframed safety as a 47 issue and put all crew members on more equal footing.

It was no longer 48 to question the decisions of a superior; it was required. And CRM taught crew members the language of disagreement.

The lesson isn’t simply that people lower down in the 49 should speak up and higher-ups should listen. What CRM has shown is that people can be taught to speak up and to listen. The ability to express and embrace 50 isn’t hardwired in our personality or cultural background; it’s a skill we can learn.

2.Learn from small failures and close calls

In 1976, the US Federal Aviation Administration created an industry-wide system to collect safety reports. The Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) collects thousands of reports each month. Beyond receiving immunity ( 豁免权) for a mistake, it’s a point of 51 for pilots to submit ASRS reports. They know the reports make air travel safer. The reports are stored in a searchable database that anyone can 52 , and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) highlights safety trends in its monthly newsletter, Callback.

Here, too, there is a 53 lesson. Small mistakes and near misses can be a rich source of data about what might 54 in our system. Mistakes shouldn’t be 55 . By openly sharing stories of failures and near failures, we can treat errors as an opportunity to learn.

41. A. similar B. steady C. long-term D. downward

42. A. example B. exception C. symbol D. alternative

43. A. assessment B. management C. competition D. contribution

44. A. failure B. effort C. pressure D. convenience

45. A. predictable B. imaginary C. unchecked D. unforgiven

46. A. performance B. structure C. culture D. standard

47. A. team B. state C. side D. policy

48. A. immoral B. unrewarding C. disrespectful D. inconvenient

49. A. age B. position C. salary D. attractiveness

50. A. excitement B. discomfort C. respect D. disagreement

51. A. pride B. sacrifice C. entertainment D. literacy

52. A. create B. afford C. analyze D. access

53. A. broader B. clearer C. more bitter D. more costly

54. A. break out B. go wrong C. take shape D. slow down

55. A. obstacles B. failures C. experiments D. secrets

Four【徐汇一模】

A trending new addition to travel destinations around the world is freezing-yet-beautiful Alaska. The poles, the dancing lights, and the winter wonderlands have always attracted extreme travelers --- but this time, there is more than the magical draw of the (41) that is inviting people up towards the corners of the globe: climate change.

There’s a strange form of climate anxiety, which is driving more people to places and sights that may (42) to exist in the coming years or decades. Alaska (43) the list of climate- tempted travel destinations. The northern and otherwise-serene Alaskan village of Kaktovik (44)

a major boom in tourism last year, as over 2,000 people appeared on its lightly (45)

gravel（砂砾）and snowy streets. Until earlier in the decade, local news reports say, the village had fewer than 50 annual visitors. The main (46) now are polar bears, which are being forced into towns by a warming planet and the shrinking Arctic sea ice. All the heating is making it far easier for wildlife (47) and effortless bear selfies. Most visitors are reportedly from China, Europe, or the USA, often arriving on fuel-consuming chartered planes.

Around the mid-1990s, researchers began (48) more female bears denning（筑巢）on land instead of in the ice. And seasons of tourism match up with changing bear behavior. It peaks in autumn (which is also far warmer and breezier than the forthcoming winter - and climate change is making things more pleasant in general) when sea ice is far from the shore, and bears can become (49) on the land until the sea freezes again in winter.

A report in the Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment found, “Alaska has warmed more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the United States.” This year, alarming temperatures were reported from Alaska. Every day since April 25 saw above (50) temperatures, the longest streak in a century.

While bears have their charm, melting glaciers are a landscape in their own right. With (51)

like the recent one that glaciers could be melting at 100 times faster than (52) thought, the number of tourists on ice seems to be going up consistently. Alaska’s tour companies have reported an extraordinary increase --- and the number of polar cruises reportedly went up 33 percent in the last decade. Some glaciers have been marked by the rate of melt for tourists to watch and imagine the (53)

from where they stand, much like visitors to the Berlin wall picture the past. As the landscape changes, tour companies have had to (54) their regular routes and hikes too - some glaciers that had (55) by foot only a decade ago can now only be reached by helicopter.

41. A. east B. west C. north D. south

42. A. cease B. continue C. stick D. try

43. A. releases B. reviews C. tops D. creates

44. A. saw B. indicated C. developed D. predicted

45. A. located B. populated C. upgraded D. occupied

46. A. species B. attractions C. destinations D. identifications

47. A. protecting B. evaluating C. dismissing D. spotting

48. A. training B. tempting C. feeding D. noticing

49. A. initiated B. inhabited C. stranded D. hunted

50. A. average B. comfortable C. humiliated D. global

51. A. evaluations B. predictions C. regulations D. generalizations

52. A. carefully B. beneficially C. previously D. specially

53. A. future B. currency C. temporary D. history

54. A. identify B. stabilize C. eliminate D. modify

55. A. view B. access C. network D. coast

Five【虹口一模】

If you’re chained to your phone and unhappy about it, you might consider receiving smartphone notifications (通知) at set (41) throughout the day rather than as they come. Researchers at Duke University and Georgetown University found that study participants who received notifications set to arrive only three times a day reported better moods, higher (42) , and greater feelings of control over their phones. In comparison with participants who received notifications as usual and another group of participants who received no notifications at all, study participants also (43) their phones less often.

In total, 237 smartphone owners living in India participated in the study. Participants downloaded an Android app developed by the researchers that regulated the (44) of phone notifications. Respondents also were asked to report in a daily d iary (45) measures including: “concentration, distraction, stress, anxiety, mood, productivity, social connectedness, and work enjoyment -- as well as phone-specific (46) : feeling of being interrupted by notifications, sense of missing out on notifications, sense of control over phone, social pressure to (47) others, phone overuse, and intentional phone checking.”Participants were informed that they could always (48) their notifications by opening individual apps. And the authors give their further explanation, “(49), we only controlled the delivery of notifications (e.g., to the lock screen), rather than preventing messages from being accessed at all.”

“Compared to those in the control condition (notifications as usual), participants whose notifications were set three-times-a-day felt more (50) , productive, in a better mood, and in greater control of their phones,” the researchers write, noting that this group also reported lower stress levels. ”In contrast, participants who did not receive notifications at all (51) few of those benefits, but experienced higher levels of anxiety and ‘(52)of missing out’ (FoMO).” They’ve released the app, called Daywise, for personal use through Google Play. But Daywise has been only (53) on the Android platform so far. “Unlike the app Android, iOS (short for Internetwork Operating System) doesn’t allow (54) party developers to control notifications to a degree we’d like for setting to work in a nuanced (细微的) manner,” DayWise creator Ranjan Jagannathan told us. “Till we’re able to do this (55) enough, we will not be able to build a powerful version of Daywise for iOS. We are working for it.”

41. A. spots B. periods C. lengths D. intervals

42. A. standard B. productivity C. pay D. expectation

43. A. exchange B. replace C. unlock D. unfold

44. A. delivery B. transfer C. assignment D. flow

45. A. strict B. distinct C. various D. dramatic

46. A. information B. outcomes C. atmosphere D. motivations

47. A. approve of B. compete with C. make out D. respond to

48. A. operate B. access C. unload D. maintain

49. A. Above all B. In addition C. In other words D. On the other hand

50. A. attentive B. respectful C. distracted D. considerate

51. A. seized B. harvested C. offered D. weighed

52. A. sense B. delight C. intention D. fear

53. A. responsible B. reliable C. available D. reversible

54. A. leading B. related C. major D. third

55. A. flexibly B. rapidly C. formally D. automatically

Six【闵行一模】

For centuries, people have had a strong sense that it is absolutely beneficial to read fairy tales to children. However, the benefits might have been 41 . Some researchers are reassessing this long- established belief and after years of surveys and observations, they are sending out the message: reading too much Cinderella to your daughter may 42 damage her in later life. A paper to be developed at the international congress of cognitive psychotherapy (认知心理疗法) suggests a link between the 43 of women abused (虐待) by their partners and early exposure to the wrong sort of fairy tales. It says girls who 44 Cinderella, Rapunzel and Beauty in Beauty and the Beast were more likely to stay in 45 relationships as adults.

The theory was developed by Susan Darker Smith, a psychotherapist at the University of Derby. She interviewed sixty-seven female abuse survivors and found that sixty-one 46 severe abuse because they believed they could change their partners with patience and love. The same view was 47 by male survivors who had been abused as children. Hardly any of the women and men in a control group, who had not 48 abuse, thought they could change their partners in this way. These women and men said they would 49 a relationship rather than suffer the abuse from a partner. Ms. Darker Smith found that these abused women were much more likely to sympathize with Cinderella and other female characters who tended to obey instead of 50 .

Although most girls heard the stories, damage appeared to be done to those who 51 the characters as role models. “They believe if their love is strong enough they can change their partners’ 52 ,” she said. “53 in children to stories that emphasize the transformational qualities of love may make women believe they can change their partners.” For example, they might never have understood the obvious 54 in the story of Rapunzel, who remained locked in a high tower until rescued by a knight on a white horse, who broke the door down. “The question,” said Ms. Darker Smith, “is why she did not break the door by herself? After all, being 55 is a desirable characteristic that children should learn to possess from the early age and prevail in the life time.”

41. A. enhanced B. overestimated C. highlighted D. justified

42. A. physically B. intellectually C. academically D. emotionally

43. A. attitude B. conflict C. uncertainty D. coincidence

44. A. acted as B. identified with C. turned to D. accounted for

45. A. imaginary B. deceiving C. destructive D. mysterious

46. A. made up for B. had control over C. fell off into D. put up with

47. A. shared B. disclosed C. contrasted D. argued

48. A. exploded B. challenged C. undergone D. blamed

49. A. restore B. leave C. restrict D. survive

50. A. resisting B. enduring C. concealing D. adapting

51. A. excluded B. revealed C. imposed D. adopted

52. A. prejudice B. fate C. behavior D. ignorance

53. A. Overexposure B. Contribution C. Access D. Commitment

54. A. plot B. conclusion C. moral D. weakness

55. A. confident B. independent C. innocent D. optimistic

Seven【普陀一模】

A Female Construction Team Won the 2020 Pritzker Architecture Prize

A famous international club consists of only three members. That’s the number of women architects who have won the Pritzker Architecture Prize since its birth in 1979. Today, that club will (41)

two more: Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara, founders of the Irish studio Grafton Architects. They are known for producing excellent buildings of brick and concrete that (42) surprising light and air within.

“Without grand (43) , they have managed to create monumental buildings,” reads the statement issued by the Pritzker jury, “but even so they are zoned and (44) in such a way as to produce more spaces that create community within.” “To be an architect is an enormous honor,” said Farrell in a stateme nt. “To win this prize is a great (45) of our belief in architecture.”

With their victory, they joined the Design Elite as the 47th and 48th Pritzker Architecture Prize. They have also joined the (46) of the more elegant women who have won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, including the late Iraqi British architect Zaha Hadid (47) Kazuyo Sejima of the Japanese firm SANAA and Carme Pigem of RCR Arquitectes, a studio from Spain.

Farrell and McNamara are, as the judges point out, pioneers in a field that has (48) been and still is a male-dominated profession. For the architects, the Pritzker marks a historic, trans-Atlantic (49) . Last month they were awarded the Royal Gold Medal in architecture by the Royal Institute of British Architects. In the history of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, they are the fourth and fifth female architects to receive the respected (50) and the first all-female team to do so.

Both awards (51) an important moment for women in architecture, but they are also at the top of their profession for architects. In a field known for its well-known men, they are a (52)

low-key combination. Though large (53) , the building they designed offers small corners and courtyards for gardens, and sheltered places to be alone, enjoying the cityscape. Move in close, and you’ll get an exciting sight of flying passageways and leaping staircases.

The architects’ ability to (54) quality with more human spaces, as well as their attention to context, was noted by the Pritzker judges in their statement. The dialogues they create between buildings and surroundings (55) a new appreciation of both their works and place.

41. A. conduct B. admit C. permit D. attract

42. A. harbor B. absorb C. introduce D. engage

43. A. materials B. gestures C. conditions D. events

44. A. detailed B. interested C. motivated D. involved

45. A. satisfaction B. comfort C. support D. challenge

46. A. levels B. posts C. positions D. ranks

47. A. except for B. as well as C. due to D. other than

48. A. extensively B. socially C. traditionally D. individually

49. A. sweep B. jump C. flight D. improvement

50. A. praise B. compliment C. regard D. award

51. A. mark B. refer C. suppose D. show

52. A. decidedly B. terribly C. gradually D. legally

53. A. in nature B. in shape C. in scale D. in force

54. A. exchange B. compare C. equip D. combine

55. A. explore B. demonstrate C. evaluate D. cultivate

Eight【青浦一模】

For students chasing lasting wealth, the best choice of a college major is less obvious than you might think.

The conventional wisdom is that computer science and engineering majors have better employment (41) and higher earnings than their peers who choose liberal arts.

This is true for the first job, but the long-term story is more (42) . The advantage for STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) majors (43) steadily after their first jobs, and by age 40, the earnings of people who majored in fields like social science or history have reached the same level.

This happens for two reasons. First, many of the latest technical skills that are in high (44)

today become out-dated when technology progresses. Older workers must learn these new skills on the fly, (45) younger workers may have learned them in school. Skill undesirability and the increased (46) from younger graduates work together to lower the earnings advantage for STEM degree-holders as they age.

Second, although liberal arts majors start low, they (47) catch up to their peers in STEM fields. This is by design. A liberal arts education (48) valuable “soft skills” like problem-solving, critical thinking and adaptability. Such skills are hard to quantify, and they don’t create clear (49) to high-paying first jobs. But they have (50) in a wide variety of careers in the long run.

According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, computer science and engineering majors between the ages of 23 and 25 earned 37% higher than the average starting salary of those majoring in history or social sciences. (51) , the average salary of those majoring in computer science or engineering by age 40 was $111,870, and social science and history majors earned $131,154, an average that is (52) in part, by high-paying jobs in management, business and law.

Why did that happen? According to a 2018 survey, the three (53) of college graduates that employers considered most important were written communication, problem-solving and the ability to work in a team. In the liberal arts tradition, these skills are built through the (54) between instructors and students, and through close reading and analysis of a broad range of subjects and texts.

I’m not suggesting that students should avoid majoring in STEM fields, but I do think we should be careful of the urge to make college curricula ever more (55) and career-focused. A four-year college degree should prepare students for the next 40 years of working life, and for a future that none of us can imagine.

41. A. perspectives B. processes C. performances D. prospects

42. A. complicated B. unique C. interesting D. believable

43. A. sharpens B. dominates C. fades D. worsens

44. A. spirit B. favour C. esteem D. demand

45. A. otherwise B. while C. since D. therefore

46. A. concern B. caution C. competition D. cooperation

47. A. dramatically B. gradually C. rapidly D. obviously

48. A. fosters B. admires C. describes D. weakens

49. A. exits B. shortcuts C. alternatives D. pathways

50. A. shortage B. hardship C. value D. wisdom

51. A. Still B. However C. Besides D. Instead

52. A. calculated B. stressed C. compared D. lifted

53. A. qualities B. elements C. characters D. majors

54. A. argument B. relationship C. dialogue D. gap

55. A. technical B. liberal C. intellectual D. classical

Nine【长宁一模】

Since Peter Singer published Animal Liberation in 1975, animal rights activists thought animals should be granted the same rights as humans. Referring to scientific studies showing animals 41 “human characteristics”，they argue animals should be protected with the same rights. So why don’t animals have the same legal status (身份）as humans？

The line of reasoning in favor of granting animals equal rights to humans 42 the fact that scientists have found characteristics in animals we normally 43 with humans. A group of scientists showed monkeys demonstrate self-consciousness at the same level as humans. This has usually served as a justification for human rights, so why don’t we grant equal rights to monkeys?

The truth is, 44 convincing scientific evidence, the argument for granting at least some animals the same rights as humans can’t be justified philosophically. An adequate argument for animal rights would require further philosophical inquiry and not just descriptive 45 . We can feel pity for animals being treated badly and strive to protect them from such treatment. This, 46 , doesn’t mean animals should enjoy the same legal status as humans.

There is a strong reason for 47 that rights only apply to humans. While fundamental rights surely are valuable in their nature, they would be worthless without a system to 48 them. That is why we expect other people to respect our rights.

The system that defends our rights is the fact that other people are obliged by 49 in their behaviors towards us. In our daily life, we experience numerous situations in which bad guys could

50 from violating ( 侵犯) our rights. Nevertheless, we see, of course, with some exceptions, that individuals cooperate and respect other people’s rights. Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin, and one cannot 51 to have certain rights without having to observe the duties

If it is my claim to live freely on my property without being bothered, my n eighbor’s duty prevents him from violating my right to property and life. Suppose, however, he breaks in and damages my property. He will then be held responsible in a court of law, for he has 52 his duty to respect my rights. This is completely reasonable, but we will certainly face 53 if my property was violated by an elephant.

If we assume that animals are granted the same legal status as humans, 54 requires that we now drag the elephant into court. Remember, if an animal were to have such rights, it would logically also have social duties. Therefore, it is now 55 to the same legal procedures as humans. This raises practical questions: Who will defend the animal in court? And will the animal be able to comprehend what is going on?

41. A. acquiring B. desiring C. displaying D. respecting

42. A. explores B. challenges C. overlooks D. emphasizes

43. A. treat B. associate C. deal D. bear

44. A. considering B. despite C. instead of D. according to

45. A. conclusions B. performances C. experiments D. messages

46. A. in return B. for instance C. therefore D. however

47. A. denying B. maintaining C. recognizing D. suggesting

48. A. approve B. demand C. ensure D. reserve

49. A. contracts B. possession C. faith D. duties

50. A. profit B. keep C. learn D. result

51. A. afford B. claim C. pretend D. determine

52. A. assigned B. declared C. failed D. fulfilled

53. A. dangers B. questions C. charges D. obstacles

54. A. agreement B. justice C. criticism D. frustration

55. A. open B. addicted C. subject D. relevant

Ten【金山一模】

Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source of tourists. It is broadly defined as low (41) travel to endangered and often undisturbed locations. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas. And it often provides funds for conservation and (42) the economic development of places that are frequently poverty-stricken.

Ecotourism and other forms of sustainable travel have their (43) with the environmental movement of the 1970s. Ecotourism itself did not become prevalent (流行的) as a travel concept until the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness and a desire to travel to natural locations as (44) to built-up tourist locations made ecotourism desirable.

Since then, several different organizations specializing in ecotourism have developed and many different people have become experts on it. Martha D. Honey, PhD, a co-founder of the Center for Responsible Tourism, (45) , is just one of many ecotourism experts.

Opportunities for ecotourism exist in many different locations worldwide and its activities can vary (46) .

Madagascar, for instance, is famous for its ecotourist activity as it is a biodiversity hotspot, but also has a high priority for environmental conservation and is devoted to reducing poverty. Conservation International says that 80% of the country's animals and 90% of its plants are (47) to the island. Madagascar's lemurs (马达加斯加狐猴) are just one of many (48) that people visit the island to see.

Because the island's government is (49) to conservation, ecotourism is allowed in small numbers because education and funds from the travel will make it easier in the future. (50) , this tourist revenue also aids in reducing the country's poverty.

Despite the popularity of ecotourism in the above-mentioned examples, there are several (51) of ecotourism as well. The first of these is that there is no one definition of the term so it is difficult to know which trips are (52) considered ecotourism.

Critics of ecotourism also cite that increased tourism to (53) areas or ecosystems without proper planning and management can actually harm the ecosystem and its species because the infrastructure needed to sustain tourism such as roads can contribute to environmental degradation ( 恶化).

Ecotourism is also said by critics to have a negative impact on (54) communities because the arrival of foreign visitors and wealth can shift political and economic conditions and sometimes make the area (55) tourism instead of the domestic economic practices.

Regardless of these criticisms though, ecotourism and tourism, in general, are increasing in popularity all over the globe and tourism plays a large role in many worldwide economies.

41. A. impact B. frequency C. standard D. profit

42. A. undergoes B. supervises C. benefits D. ignores

43. A. agencies B. impacts C. obstacles D. origins

44. A. addicted B. opposed C. reduced D. attached

45. A. in particular B. in a sense C. as a result D. for example

46. A. widely B. accordingly C. respectively D. naturally

47. A. subject B. fatal C. peculiar D. close

48. A. residents B. species C. properties D. locations

49. A. restricted B. accustomed C. connected D. committed

50. A. After all B. On occasion C. By contrast D. In addition

51. A. perspectives B. consequences C. criticisms D. methods

52. A. briefly B. truly C. luckily D. carefully

53. A. sensitive B. inaccessible C. cultivated D. vast

54. A. agricultural B. remote C. local D. divided

55. A. depend on B. differ from C. deal with D. dig into

Eleven【奉贤一模】

Why liars lie: What science tells us about deception

We all do it sometimes, even though we know it’s wrong. But here’s the problem with lying: research shows that the more you lie, the easier it gets, and the more likely you are to do it again. “The dangerous thing about lying is that people don’t understand how the act changes us,” said Dan Ariely, a behavioral psychologist at Duke.

Psychologists have documented children lying as early as age 2. Some experts even consider lying a (41) milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires complex planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s (42) to effectively control them. But for most people, lying gets (43) as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.

A 2010 study on the frequency of lying in America found that in a given 24-hour period, most adults reported not telling any lies. Almost half the lies recorded in the study could be (44) just 5 percent of participants. And most people (45) lying when they could, turning to deception only when the truth was troublesome.

Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, (46) , for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he presented study subjects with a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI(核磁共振) machine, which (47) blood flow to active parts of the brain.

Some people told the truth instinctively. But o thers (48) opted to lie, and they showed (49) activity in their frontal parietal (额顶叶) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and (50) – and ultimately opting for the latter.

For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars – suggesting that lying may have to do with the (51) to resist temptation.

Scientists don’t really know what prevents all of us from lying all the tim e. Some believe truth- telling is a social norm we internalize, or a result of conflict in our brains between the things we want and the (52) image of ourselves we strive to maintain. But the curious thing about this (53) mechanism is that it comes from within.

However, external conditions also matter (54) when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we are able to justify it, when we are (55) and exhausted, or when we see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching.

41. A. historical B. developmental C. mental D. psychological

42. A. perspective B. imagination C. experience D. evaluation

43. A. dominated B. preferred C. accepted D. limited

44. A. attributed to B. applied to C. reduced to D. distributed to

45. A. regretted B. avoided C. recognized D. denied

46. A. anyhow B. instead C. indeed D. likewise

47. A. stimulates B. maps C. guides D. assesses

48. A. reasonably B. randomly C. passively D. deliberately

49. A. restored B. failed C. regulated D. increased

50. A. morality B. fantasy C. dishonesty D. reality

51. A. inability B. impulse C. determination D. possibility

52. A. unique B. objective C. positive D. typical

53. A. preventive B. persuasive C. interactive D. decisive

54. A. regardless of B. by means of C. in response to D. in terms of

55. A. delighted B. motivated C. encouraged D. stressed

Twelve【嘉定一模】

In a recent meeting we attended, the word “culture” came up 27 times in 90 minutes. Business leaders all believe a strong organizational culture is (41) to success, yet culture tends to feel like some magic force that few know how to control. In our study, we find that answering the following three questions can help transform culture from a mystery to a(n) (42) :

?How does culture drive performance?

After analyzing 50 major companies, we came to one conclusion: (43) we work determines how well we work. The companies most famous for their cultures maximize the positive motives (动机), while minimizing the negative ones.

The six main reasons for which people work are “play, purpose, potential, emotional pressure, economic pressure, and inertia (惯性)”. The latter three motives tend to (44) performance. That is

because those people are no longer thinking about work. They’re thinking about the disappointment, or the (45), or why they’re bothering to do it at all. They don’t (46) the quality of the work itself. By contrast, a high-performing (47) always maximizes the play, purpose, and potential, which is known as creating total m otivation.

?What is culture worth?

While it is (48) to measure whether someone is being creative, it’s relatively easy to calculate total motivation of an organization. Take for example the airline industry. All airline companies share the same terminals and use the same planes, but customer satisfaction (49) widely across airlines. When we measured the total motivation of employees of four major airlines, and compared the result with customer satisfaction, we saw that an airline’s culture closely (50) customer satisfaction. (51) , cultures that inspired more play, purpose, and potential produced better customer outcomes, and in turn generated more profits.

?What elements in an organization (52) motivation?

By surveying thousands of workers, we found the most sensitive element is whether an organization can allow an employee to (53) with its mission and behavioral code. For example, Medtronic enables its engineers to see how the medical devices they’ve designed are used in hospitals, so that they can see the purpose of their work. An executive of Walmart, the well-known supermarket, told us that in monthly meetings he always emphasized how much Walmart had saved for the (54) —rather than how much money Walmart had made.

A great culture is not easy to build. Leaders have to treat culture building as an engineering project, not

a (55) one.

41. A. resistant B. critical C. inferior D. subject

42. A. science B. restriction C. tradition D. instinct

43. A. how B. when C. why D. whether

44. A. encourage B. assess C. distinguish D. hurt

45. A. display B. reward C. mystery D. wit

46. A. care about B. make out C. set aside D. put up

47. A. potential B. technique C. culture D. reform

48. A. essential B. difficult C. bold D. valid

49. A. functions B. differs C. revolves D. pioneers

50. A. resembled B. justified C. predicted D. exploited

51. A. By contrast B. In the end C. As usual D. In other words

52. A. protest B. affect C. lose D. substitute

53. A. identify B. coincide C. tremble D. interact

54. A. customers B. employers C. engineers D. spectators

55. A. mutual B. delicate C. magical D. precise Thirteen【浦东一模】

Racial Discrimination in Science

You might expect that science, particularly American science, would be colour-blind. Once someone from the country’s ethnic minorities has got bench space in a laboratory, he might reasonably (41) to be treated on merit (功绩) and nothing else.

(42) , a study just published in Science by Donna Ginther of the University of Kansas suggests that is not true. Dr. Ginther, who was working (43) America’s National Institutes of Health (NIH), found that (44) matters a lot. Moreover, it is not just a question of white supremacy. Asian and Hispanic scientists do just as well as white ones. Black scientists, (45) , do badly.

One possible explanation is that review panels are inferring applicants’ ethnic (46) from their names, or the institutions they attended as students. Consciously or not, the reviewers may then be awarding less merit to those from people with “black-sounding” names, or who were educated at universities whose students are predominantly black. Indeed, a(n) (47) bias has been found in those recruiting for jobs in the commercial world. One well-known study, published in 2003 by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago, found that fictitious CVs (简历) with stereo typically white names elicited 50% more (48) of interviews than did CVs with black names, even when the applicants’ stated (49) were identical.

Another possible explanation is social (50) : It is in the nature of groups of experts (which is precisely what peer-review panels are) to know both each other and each other’s most promising acolytes. Applicants outside this charmed circle might have less chance of (51) consideration. If the charmed circle itself were racially unrepresentative, those (52) from the network because their racial group was under-represented in the first place would find it harder to break in.

Though Dr. Ginther’s results are (53) , it is to the NIH’s credit that it has published her findings. The agency is also starting a programme intended to alter the (54) of the review panels to see whether excising potential racial cues from applications changes outcomes. Other agencies, and not just in America, should pay strict attention to all this, and ask themselves if they, too, are (55) people of particular races. Such discrimination is not only disgraceful, but also a stupid waste of talent!

41. A. expect B. cooperate C. decide D. challenge

42. A. Similarly B. Evidently C. Unfortunately D. Undoubtedly

43. A. in favour of B. on behalf of C. in honor of D. in the name of

44. A. health B. nationality C. gender D. race

45. A. however B. otherwise C. therefore D. meanwhile

46. A. divisions B. customs C. origins D. designs

47. A. unknown B. similar C. Obvious D. strong

48. A. feedback B. types C. elements D. offers

49. A. qualifications B. interviews C. names D. researches

50. A. security B. status C. networking D. order

51. A. moral B. favourable C. casual D. minor

52. A. excluded B. installed C. downloaded D. restored

53. A. positive B. conclusive C. troubling D. encouraging

54. A. position B. subject C. prospect D. composition

55. A. reminding B. employing C. informing D. failing

Fourteen【松江一模】

Fitness apps such as Strava can be useful tools for motivating you to start and stick to an exercise plan. But, according to a study at the National University of Ireland, Galway, these apps can make people become 41 to exercise. The study, which observed 272 cyclists who use Strava, found that people who mainly use the tool to show off, 42 , posting their exercise to receive praise, are more likely to develop an unhealthy desire and high stress levels.

It seems obvious that being able to track and share the tiniest details of your exercise may not always be a(n) 43 thing. I had an eating disorder as a teenager and, for a very unhappy time, 44 dominated my life. I weighed myself several times a day. I calculated everything from how many calories were in one bite of an apple to how many extra calories I would 45 by exercising in cold weather.

I used in-brain calculating technology to track all this. Had I had access to the health apps available now, it would have taken me much longer to 46 –not only because these kinds of tools enable obsessive (强迫性的) behaviour, but because they 47 and even glorify it.

We live in an age when you can never be too rich or too 48 . Calorie-counting is now celebrated as a data-driven route to self-improvement. It is 49 to spot the symptoms associated with eating disorders when everyone seems to get hooked on their fitness statistics. Also, because eating and exercise disorders are still associated with women, it is particularly easy for problematic behaviour among men to fly under the radar.

The negative connection between these technologies and wellbeing has received 50 attention. Only a handful of studies hint at the dark side of these devices. A 2019 study of female Fitbit users by CNN, for instance, found that 59% felt as if their routines were 51 by their device, while 30% said their Fitbit made them feel guilty. A 2015 study at Duke University found that tracking can reduce 52in the activity being quantified and make people do less of that activity when they are not measuring it. Going for a long bike ride can cease to be an enjoyment in itself but an achievement to 53about online.

Fitness apps themselves are not a bad thing. 54 , as health-tracking technology becomes increasingly common –even kids use fitness apps –it is important to be aware that 55 every aspect of our lives is not necessarily healthy.

41. A. accustomed B. addicted C. blind D. grateful

42. A. in practice B. above all C. for example D. in brief

43. A. annoying B. positive C. strange D. original

44. A. fantasy B. doubt C. exercise D. data

45. A. count B. drain C. burn D. exhaust

46. A. recover B. suffer C. adapt D. explore

47. A. advertise B. realize C. criticize D. normalize

48. A. strong B. fit C. young D. energetic

49. A. harder B. smarter C. more likely D. more beneficial

50. A. little B. special C. considerable D. immediate

51. A. guaranteed B. revealed C. damaged D. controlled

52. A. anxiety B. benefit C. pleasure D. significance

53. A. bring B. boast C. inquire D. hesitate

54. A. However B. Therefore C. Additionally D. Contrarily

55. A. assessing B. adjusting C. quantifying D. inspecting

Fifteen【杨浦一模】

Bad Dreams Are Good!

Most of us dream, whether we remember them or not. What are dreams for? A handful of (41) dominate. Sigmund Freud famously maintained that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent research suggests that they may help us process intense emotions, or perhaps sort through and strengthen memories, or (42) random neuron（神经元）activity, or prepare responses to threatening situations. Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function, but simply (43) personal concerns.

Despite being largely unsupported by (44) , Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to accept better (45) theories. In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more (46) than an official warning about a terrorist attack. Even if dreams can't foretell the future, they seem to (47) our shared fascinations. The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep（深度睡眠）cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night.

A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics include school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. For all the commonalities d reams (48) , they vary across time and culture — people who grew up watching black-and-white TV are more likely to dream in black and white. A 1958 study (49) that compared with Japanese people, Americans dreamed more about being locked up, losing a loved one, finding money, being (50) dressed or encountering a mad person. Japanese people were more likely to dream about school, trying repeatedly to do something, being paralyzed with fear, or “wild,violent beasts.”If human dreams sound (51) , bear in mind that even negative ones can have positive effects.

In a study of students taking a French medical school entrance exam, 60 percent of the dreams they

had beforehand (52)

But those who reported (53) a problem with the exam, such as being late or leaving an answer blank.

about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who

didn’t. So the next time you dream about an education related experience in which you are unable to answer the questions or solve a problem, don’t (54) . It’s probably totally meaningless. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you'll be (55) if such an event ever comes to pass.

41. A. symptoms B. reviews C. conflicts D. theories

42. A. take place of B. make peace with C. make sense of D. come up with

43. A. exemplify B. dramatize C. horrify D. recognize

44. A. evidence B. information C. qualification D. inquiry

45. A. assumed B. connected C. confirmed D. realized

46. A. curiosity B. anxiety C. fancy D. reluctance

47. A. expect B. endure C. expose D. employ

48. A. exhibit B. explain C. supply D. identify

49. A. diagnosed B. dismissed C. denied D. determined

50. A. unnecessarily B. independently C. inappropriately D. impersonally

51. A. puzzling B. exciting C. depressing D. amusing

52. A. revealed B. guaranteed C. traced D. involved

53. A. grades B. concerns C. dreams D. memories

54. A. hesitate B. worry C. pause D. laugh

55. A. ready B. eager C. nervous D. curious

Sixteen【静安一模】

The universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the (41) in which it is written. According to many, it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures.

In human history, there are (42) definitions of “language.” Whichever definition is used, a language contains the same components. There must be a vocabulary of words or symbols. Meanings must be (43) the words or symbols. A language employs grammar, which is a set of rules that (44) how words are organized.

Mathematics meets all the standards. The vocabulary of math draws from many different alphabets and includes symbols (45) to math. A mathematical equation（等式）maybe stated in words to form a sentence that has a noun and a verb Just like a sentence in a spoken language.

Mathematics grammar and syntax（句法），like vocabulary, are (46) . No matter what country you're from or what language you speak, the stricture of the mathematical language is the same. Formulas （公式）are always read from left to right.

Understanding how mathematical sentences work is (47) when you learn math. Students often find numbers and symbols frightening, so putting an equation into a familiar language makes the subject (48) . Basically, it's like translating a foreign language into a known one. A formula has

the same meaning, regardless of any different language that (49) it. In this way, math helps people learn and communicate, even if other communication obstacles exist.

Of course, not everyone agrees that mathematics is a language. Some definitions describe “language” as a spoken form of communication. Therefore, some p eople (50) mathematics as it is definitely a written form of expression.

Sign language, (51) , would be invalid based on this standard. In fact most linguists accept sign language as a true language. Also, there are a handful of dead languages that no one alive knows how to even (52) anymore.

A strong (53) for mathematics as a language is that modern elementary-high school curricula use (54) from language education for teaching mathematics. Educational psychologist Paul Ricco-mini wrote that students learning mathematics required a robust vocabulary knowledge base; fluency and proficiency with numbers, symbols, words, and diagrams; and comprehension skills, which in a way proves the real (55) of the subject as a special language after all.

41. A. characters B. signals C. items D. portions

42. A. formal B. historical C. multiple D. civilian

43. A. invisible to B. switched to C. attached to D. divided into

44. A. imitate B. outline C. enclose D. diagnose

45. A. foreign B. inferior C. unique D. temporary

46. A. competitive B. international C. sufficient D. fluent

47. A. additional B. traditional C. subjective D. necessary

48. A. approachable B. functional C. fundamental D. influential

49. A. accompanies B. subscribes C. tracks D. arouses

50. A. disqualify B. evaluate C. reform D. erase

51. A. in short B. more specifically C. in particular D. however

52. A. rescue B. pronounce C. substitute D. explore

53. A. evolution B. case C. preview D. crisis

54. A. staff B. techniques C. statistics D. inventions

55. A. origin B. nature C. resolution D. reminder

上海市虹口区2019届高三英语一模

状元考前提醒 拿到试卷：熟悉试卷 刚拿到试卷一般心情比较紧张，建议拿到卷子以后看看考卷一共几页， 有多少道题，了解试卷结构，通览全卷是克服“前面难题做不出，后面易 题没时间做”的有效措施，也从根本上防止了“漏做题”。 答题策略 答题策略一共有三点： 1. 先易后难、先熟后生。先做简单的、熟悉的题，再做综合题、难题。 2. 先小后大。先做容易拿分的小题，再做耗时又 复杂的大题。3. 先局部后整体。把疑难问题划分成一系列的步骤，一步一 步的解决，每解决一步就能得到一步的分数。 立足中下题目，力争高水平 考试时，因为时间和个别题目的难度，多数学生很难做完、做对全部题目，所以在答卷中要立足中下题目。中下题目通常占全卷的80%以上，是试题的主要构成，学生能拿下这些题目，实际上就是有了胜利在握的心理，对攻克高档题会更放得开。 确保运算正确，立足一次性成功 在答卷时，要在以快为上的前提下，稳扎稳打，步步准确，尽量一次 性成功。不能为追求速度而丢掉准确度，甚至丢掉重要的得分步骤。试题 做完后要认真做好解后检查，看是否有空题，答卷是否准确，格式是否规 范。 要学会“挤”分 考试试题大多分步给分，所以理科要把主要方程式和计算结果写在显要位置，文科尽量把要点写清晰，作文尤其要注意开头和结尾。考试时，每一道题都认真思考，能做几步就做几步，对于考生来说就是能做几分是几分，这是考试中最好的策略。 检查后的涂改方式要讲究 发现错误后要划掉重新写，忌原地用涂黑的方式改，这会使阅卷老师看不清。如果对现有的题解不满意想重新写，要先写出正确的，再划去错误的。有的同学先把原来写的题解涂抹了，写新题解的时间又不够，本来可能得的分数被自己涂掉了。考试期间遇到这些事，莫慌乱！

历届高考英语完形填空全国卷

高考完形填空专项训练步步高 抓好三方面●跨好三大步●做好三结合 ------谈完形填空解题技巧中学生在做完形填空题时存在的问题，概括起来有以下三方面： 1.不善于抓文章的主旨大意，并以此为中心展开对整篇文章的推理、判断，导致理解上出现偏差，甚至和文章的中心相悻。 2.容易受定势思维的影响，对文意分析不透，忽视特定语境中知识的运用。 3.对完形填空题怀有厌倦、畏惧心理，以至做题时处于应付状态，做题能力得不到提高。 那么，怎样才能提高做完形填空题的能力呢？我们应从以下三方面入手训练思维能力和解题技巧：抓准主旨、透析文意、理清逻辑。并在做题过程中把这三方面与做完形填空的三大步骤“通读、精读、复读”有机结合，明确每步的思维主攻方向。即抓好三方面，跨好三大步，做好三结合。 一、通读短文抓主旨 一般情况下，完形填空短文都不给标题，不容易把握文章的主题和大意。但短文首句通常不设空格，这就为我们窥视文章全貌提供了一个窗口，而尾句往往是文章的总结、结论或点睛之笔，所以抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性的尾句是必要的。借助于首尾句给予的启示，克服不良心理的影响，满怀信心，全神贯注，目光越过空格，注意能体现文章大意的关键词句，尽力从整体上理解短文大意，这是逐空填词的重要依据和基础。如果一开始就忙于见空填空，势必无法从整体上把握全文概要，无法形成连贯的思路，只见树木不见森林，理解偏离文章的中心，造成顾，此失彼的错误，甚至影响做题速度。 抓住了文章的主旨大意后，我们围绕主旨大意去阅读、预测、推理、判断，往往会收到事半功倍的效果。尤其是一些干扰性强，容易使人犯想当然错误的选项就会迎刃而解。 二、精读短文析文意 在基本抓住文章的主旨后，应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境做深人的理解，克服“定势思维”，根据全文大意和词不离句，句不离文的原则，逐项填空。切不可以单纯的词汇辨析或语法角度去做题，而应以能否恰如其分地表达文意作为选择最佳答案的唯一标准。要吃透文意，理解到位，我们应做到以下几点： 1.从上下文的角度考虑，注意其内在联系。就题论题，断章取义，忽视上下文的信息提示是我们常犯的错误。因此我们在做题时要注重暗含的信息提示，找准突破口，确保文意畅通。 2.从词汇意义及用法、惯用法和搭配的角度去考虑，准确判断。NMET完形填空题中考查词汇意义及用法、惯用法和搭配的题目逐年增多，必须结合上下文把握文意，研读

2019-2020学年高三英语一模汇编--summary

2019--2020学年高三英语一模概要写作汇编 One【虹口区】 The Zeigarnik Effect Have you ever found yourself thinking about a partially finished project for school or work when you were trying to focus on other things? Or perhaps you wondered what would happen next in your favorite TV show or film series. If you have, you’ve experienced the Zeigarnik effect. You tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished tasks. Knowledge of the Zeigarnik effect can be put into use in everyday life. The effect is especially well suited for helping overcome procrastination or delaying an action to a later time. We often put off big tasks that seem overwhelming. However, the Zeigarnik effect suggests that the key to overcoming procrastination is to just get started. The first step could be something small and seemingly insignificant. In fact, it’s probably best if it’s something fairly easy. The Zeigarnik effect can be useful for students who are studying for an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up study periods can actually improve recall. So instead of cramming for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will cause intrusive(侵入的) thoughts, enabling students to rehearse and consolidate the information that must be remembered, leading to better recall when they take the exam. The Zeigarnik effect also points to reasons why people may experience mental health problems. If an individual leaves important tasks incomplete, the intrusive thoughts that result can lead to stress, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and emotional distress. Conversely, completing a task can give an individual a sense of accomplishment and lead to a feeling of closure that can improve psychological well-being. The Zeigarnik effect can actually be used to positively impact your work productivity. 【答案】 The Zeiguvnik Effect is that you always remember unfinished matter, which can be well used. The effect helps you overcome procrastination and have a good start. The effect is effective for students to improve recall and remember things better. It also encourage people to finish work and improve psychological well-being. It can influence us positively in all aspect. 【解析】 要点中需要包括：1.The Zeigarnik Effect的定义2.三个好处 容易出现的问题：主旨句不清晰；语言不够精炼。

2018届上海各区高三英语一模——summary汇编

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