高中英语作文写作指导
写作
考纲扫描
一、测试要求
写作是四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要部分，更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式。该部分要求考生根据提示进行书面表达。考生应能：
1. 准确使用语法和词汇
语言的准确性是写作中不可忽视的一个重要方面，因为它直接或间接地影响到信息的准确传输。应用语法结构和词汇的准确程度是写作部分评分标准中的一项重要内容。
2. 使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。
任何一篇文章都需要一个主题，作者应该围绕该主题，借助一些句型、词汇等的支持，清楚、连贯地表达自己的思想。
二、试题形式
要求考生根据题目的提示（包括情景、图画、图表、提纲等）和要求，用英语写一篇120~150个单词的短文，满分30分。
三、答题要求
写作部分的答题要求是，在考试进行时，考生直接把作文写在二卷上。
体验高考
【高考真题】
假设你是李华，曾在美国学习半年，现已回国。你想联系你的美国老师Mr. Smith,但没有其联系方式。请根据以下要点给你的美国同学Tom 写一封信：
1．感谢Tom对你英语学习的帮助；
2．询问Mr., smith 的近况并索要其联系方式；
3．邀请Tom在春节期间来中国感受中国文化。
注意：1. 词数120-150；
2．可适当增加细节。
【2009山东】【答案】
Dear Tom,
I am now back China and sound. In this letter I would like to convey my heartfelt appreciation to you for your kind assistance in my English learning when I was in New York. Additionally, your generous help and tender care made me feel warmly welcomed and transformed my first American trip into a unforgettable memory.
I have been missing our English professor, Mr. Smith whose unusual cast of mind, wide and varied knowledge, together with a singular personal charm, combined to exert a strong influence on me. What about him recently? I desire to contact him for some suggestions on improving my listening ability. However, his email address is not available. So would you mind delivering it to me via the online mailbox?
I am more than delighted to invite you to join us to celebrate the Spring Festival -Chinese Lunar New Year so that I can repay your friendship. You can partner with me to have a try in lion dances, which is extremely exciting. And the grand lantern festival parade will be bound to
impress you. I assure you that you would enjoy visiting here as I did at you home.
With my best regards!
Yours cordially,
Li Hua 【解析】
一、题材贴近学生生活实际，有时代气息。
学生在实际生活中会经常遇到这样的问题――忘记某人的联系方式，因此学生会感到有话可说，并且书信又是学生在平时练习中做的比较多的应用文之一，写起来比较容易上手。
二、要点提示得当，难度适中。
今年一改前两年的开放作文，而用提纲作文的形式，恐怕也是大部分师生所始料不及的。作为提纲式作文，要点提示简洁，全面，即使大部分考生有话可说，又能给学生一定的自由发挥的空间，能够考查学生的语言综合运用能力，并从客观上保证了学生正常水平的发挥。
三、试题难度不大，但想得高分也并非易事。
学生要想得高分并不是很容易，因为内容大都一样，要想得高分，就必须要有很强的驾驭语言的能力，合理使用一些高级词汇和复杂句式，力争少犯错误，做到书写美观，卷面整洁。
【高考真题】
假设你是新华中学的学生张华，班里从外地转来一名同学李明，他一时无法融入新的班集体中，感到很苦恼。请根据下列要点用英语给他写封信：
●帮他分析原因
●给他提出建议
●陈述你帮助他的具体打算
注意：词数120~150。
【2008山东】
【答案】
Dear Li Ming,
I’m very glad to become your classmate. I know you are worried about your study and don’t know how to adapt yourself to the new environment. There are some suggestions about it and I hope they can help you.
You know we always become puzzled when we go to a new environment because we don’t know anything about people around us and even don’t know what to do. I think you should make friends with the students in our class. Then, if you have any problem you can ask us or our teachers for help. We’ll try our best to help you.
After class, I’ll show you around our school and tell you something about it. If you have any problem, please tell me and I will give you my advice not only on study but also on your life here.
All in all, I hope you can adapt yourself to the new environment and we can become good friends.
Best regards.
Zhang Hua 【解析】
这是一篇命题巧妙的文章，其主题是强调沟通与交流的重要性，这一主题贴近学生生活实际。这篇书面表达的难度不大，但无论从内容还是形式上都可以形成一定的区分度，试题
设计巧妙：既限制话题又开放细节内容，可以引导考生思考涉及学习生活的现实问题，使考生可以有更多的写作空间，做到有感而发，而不是为了写作而写作。这篇文章的写作思路应该紧紧围绕所给话题来写，在全面包括所给话题的基础上可以发散思维，按自己的理解来展开。例如要点一，可以假设李明无法融入新集体的原因是由于性格内向，不善于与人沟通交流，那么要点二的建议就与交流和沟通有关，而要点三的具体做法可以列举诸如和别的同学交流，课堂上积极回答老师的问题，平时学习中遇到的问题多向老师请教等方法，这样，一篇思路清晰、观点明确的文章就出来了。
【高考真题】
阅读下面的文字，用英语写一篇120—150词的短文。
今年，教育部直属师范大学将招收一批免费师范生，学生毕业后回生源地所在省份的中小学任教十年以上，你愿意成为一名免费师范生吗？请陈述理由。
【2007山东】
【答案】
It’s inspiring that a number of students will be admitted to colleges free of charge this year on condition that they must work as a teacher in their own province for more than ten years. I would like to be one of these special students.
In my opinion, receiving an education like that would not only reduce the expenses but also enable us to make contributions to our country’s education career. As we all know, fewer and fewer people are willing to be a teacher because of low pay and hard work, especially in the poor areas. It will be dangerous for the development of the teenagers and children in our country. So it’s necessary that large numbers of graduates of high qualities devote to the education career. On the other hand, teaching will be a valuable experience and make our lives meaningful.
In a word, I really want to become a student in such a school.
【解析】
本试题贴近高三学生生活实际,反映了社会热点问题, 是一份既体现新课标要求, 学生又有话可写的试题。写作开放性较强，重在考查考生的写作能力，该题的难度（难度：0.52；）几乎接近理想中的试题难度，该题的平均分：15.57；及格率：47%；优秀率：6.4%。但好同学也有得28-29分的，差距较大，原因主要表现在审题出错。该题目给出的话题为“免费师范生”，不少同学理解为“工作十年不给工资”导致审题出错。答题要求“如果你遇到这样的情况会怎么做并给出理由”，相当一部分考生阐述会怎么做而没有详情阐述理由，结论没有条理性或者就阐述了一条。而阅卷判分要求应该从2个方面阐述。作文必须表明自己的观点：“是否愿意做免费师范生”一项，考生可以回答愿意，也可以回答不愿意，而有的同学答到最后也没表态，这一个问题就要被扣掉5分，非常可惜。本文可以按照以下层次分段叙述：
第一段引出话题或者说是本文的论点.本文的论点只能有两个：愿意或者不愿意.论点一定要旗帜鲜明,不能模棱两可,含混不清。无论哪一种选择都可以,没有对错之分。
第二段阐述愿意或者不愿意的理由。根据字数和考试大纲要求, 考生至少要列举出两个以上的缘由。关键是言之成理, 表述规范, 符合英语表达习惯。
第三段表达个人决心。如果考生选择愿意的话, 可以加上这么一段。如果选择不愿意, 本段可以省去.
解题指导
一、能力指标
（一）提纲作文
1.提纲作文的写作步骤
中文提纲式写作一般都有较多的文字说明，这样就在一定的程度上限制了考生的写作思路，考生可以从下面几个方面入手进行操作：
①认真研究所给提纲；
考生要仔细领会提纲的含义，不能遗漏提纲要点，更不能错误理解提纲的意思。；
②确定各段的主题句；
考生应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句，合格的主题句应具备以下要点：
☆意义完整
☆表意清晰
☆内容具体
☆用词贴切
主题句一定要用词准确，简明达意，为段落的拓展打好基础。
③逐步展开段落；
段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行，在写作过程中可稍加调整。
④检查与修改。
检查考题所给提纲是否完整且准确地被表达于文章之中，如有偏差，应做出相应的修改。
2.提纲作文常用的模板句型
①开头
With the development of 随着······的发展
I think/feel that 我认为/觉得······
It is often said that ···我们经常这么说······
I’m for the opinion that ···我支持······的观点
It goes without saying that ···不言而喻······
There’s a widespread concern about/that ·········引起广泛关注
There’s no immediate solution to the problem of. . . but . . . might be of help .对······问题没有快速的解决办法，但是······可能会有用。
It can be easily proved that ···很容易证明······
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is ···与以上同样重要的是······
The chief reason why . . . is that ···之所以···的主要原因是······
Take . . . for example (instance) 以······为例
According to a latest study ,it can be predicted ···根据最近的一项研究可预测出······
②连接句
Another special consideration in this case is that . . . 关于这件事还有一点值得考虑，那就是······
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to …这也许对，但关于······我们仍然有一个问题。
Besides, we should not neglect that …另外，我们不应该忽视······
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information …因此，这些发现揭示以下信息······
On account of this we can find that …据此我们可以发现······
Wonderful as A is ,it has its own disadvantages too.尽管A很好，但它也有自身的缺陷。
Among the most convincing reasons ,one should be mentioned .在所有令人信服的理由中有一个值得一提。
All available evidence points to the fact of that…所有的证据证明······事实。
No one can deny the fact that …没人能否定······这个事实。
③结束句
Take all these factors into account, we may safely reach the conclusion that …考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以很有把握得出这样的结论······
【例题】
假设你是某中学新老师李红，请给你的朋友张华写一封信，告诉他你第一天上课的情况，主要内容如下：
1. 描述一件课堂上令你印象深刻的事情；
2. 介绍你处理该事的方式；
3. 谈谈你的感想。
注意：
1. 词数不少于120个；
2. 可适当发挥想象，增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 文中不得出现与本人及学校相关的任何真实信息。
【2009 湖南】【答案】
Dear Zhang Hua,
It’s three months since I heard from you last time. Now I want to tell you an impressive story happened on my first lesson.
On hearing the bell, students ran into the classroom as quickly as they can. But a boy, Li Ming, whose father died a month ago, was late for the class. He stood outside the classroom, silently. I smiled to him and let him came in. After a while, he cried on his desk.
Then I walked to him and asked what had happened .He told me that his mother was ill and he had to take some medicine for her. At the same time, he apologized to me for his lateness.
Moved by his words, I praised him for his deeds and decided to sing a song named “Mother”
for the students. How time flies! Class was over before I realized it.
From the story I felt we should respect our parents and do our best to help them. Do you think so? I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours truly,
Li Hong （二）图画作文。
1. 图画作文解题步骤
图画作文的写作步骤可以概括为：把握主旨，理清顺序；列出要点，选好词句；主次分明，注意取舍；注重联系，适当发挥；连句成篇，认真检查。
2. 图画作文解题说明
图画作文可以分为三类：叙述类、说明类和议论类。文章的时态要根据图画反映的内容而定：介绍人物或叙述某件事的发展过程，通常用一般过去时；揭示或反映某种社会现象则用一般现在时。人称可根据情况灵活选用第一人称或第三人称。此类作文一般都会给出关键词、文章的开头或特定场景，写作时要注意画面体现的主题及各画面之间的联系。
①看图叙述类作文的写作
写作看图叙述类作文，考生要注意写作素材的时间、地点、人物、事件以及从故事中要吸取的教训或受到的教育等。叙述故事可以采用倒叙、插叙、顺序等方式，有时也可以适当使用一些对话，但不宜过多。
②看图议论类作文的写作
写作看图议论类作文时，考生首先要认真看图画，把握图画是内容，有时还要注意其隐的观点和意图，然后再联系实际生活进行思考和阐述。
③看图说明类作文的写作
对于说明文体的看图作文，考生要主要观察图画内容，然后按一定的顺序有条理的阐述。说明顺序一般有三种：时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序（比如按图画反映的数字大小进行叙述）。注意文章开头与结尾的呼应。
【例题】
鼠标是计算机时代最佳的人机交互工具之一。它极大地方便了人们的计算机操作。但是，过分依赖鼠标的习惯也会带来一些不利影响。请你以鼠标为切入点，根据下表所提示的信息，用英语写一篇短文。
鼠标的必要性对多数人来说，操作计算机，上网冲浪……
鼠标的便捷性
点击、移动、插入、拷贝、删除……编辑文本，搜索信息……收发邮件，选购商品……点播音乐，下载电影……
如果过分依赖鼠标…… （请考生结合自身感受，列举两到三点）
【2009江苏】注意：
1．对所给要点逐一陈述，适当发挥，不要简单翻译。
2．词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计人总词数。
3．作文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
The mouse is a most effective device used by people to communicate with a computer．
【答案】
The mouse is a most effective device used by people to communicate with a computer．
For most people, it’s almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let alone surf the Internet. A well-chosen mouse is really handy, flexible and convenient in controlling the screen. With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want. It can even bring us a flood of music, movies and PC games. Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse.
A convenient tool can certainly make our work e asier, but it doesn’t always help in a positive way. Too much ready information on our fingertips leaves little room for knowledge pursuing. Too many ready answers make us less excited in finding truth. Relying too much on mouse clicking makes us lazier and less creative both mentally and physically.
（三）图表作文。
1. 图表作文解题步骤
①认真阅读图表提供的信息以及每一栏上的小标题，弄清设计者想通过图表来反映的信息、问题或现象。对于曲线图，要认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并注意交汇点在坐
标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位；对于流程图，要按流程顺序进行适当的逻辑推理；对于柱形图好饼状图，要通过对宽度相等的助兴的高度的比较好各部分所占的比例来判断事物的动态发展趋势，关注坐标线的刻度单位记图表旁边的提示说明；对于平面图要仔细观察，理解图表的真正含义，按一定的逻辑顺序，有层次的进行表述。
②在掌握了全部信息的基础上，着手分析这些信息或数据，通过分析对比，找出不同点和相似点。此时就可以开始写作了。
2. 图表作文的写作模板
（1）图表作文模板一
As is shown /illustrated by the figures/percentages in the table/pie chart , ------has been on rise/decrease significantly/dramatically from ------in ------to-------in-----
From the sharp rise/decline in the chart ,it goes without saying that -------
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ------.On the one hand ,--------.On the another hand ,-------is due to the fact that -----.In addition ,-------is responsible for -------.Maybe there are some other reasons to show---------.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convicing .
As far as I am concerned ,I hold the point of view that-------.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded
（2）图表作文模板二
The chart gives ua an overall picture of the 图表主题。The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点。This means that as（进一步说明）。
We can see from the statistics given that图表细节一。After 动词-ing细节一中的第一个变化，the动词-ed+幅度+时间（紧跟着的变化）。The figures also tell us that 图表细节二。In the ------column,we can see that ------accounts for --------(进一步描述)。
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that --------(结论)。The reason for this, as for as I am concerned is that -------(给出原因)。/It is high time that we -----(发出倡议)。
【例题】
假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华，为响应绿化祖国的号召，你班四月十二日去郊区植树，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，介绍植树活动的全过程，给某英文杂志的“绿色行动”专栏写一篇以“Green Action in Our Class”为题的英文稿件。
注意：词数不少于60 提示词：郊区suburbs
【写作提示】
一、内容要点：
1、骑车去植树
2、植树
3、安插提示牌
4、照相
二、说明：
内容要点可用不同方式表达
【2009北京】【答案】
Green Action in Our Class
April 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and planting young trees. Others were watering them. After getting the work done, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to protect and beautify our environment.
（四）开放性作文
1.开放性作文解题说明
开放性作文是要求考生根据提供的情景，在短时间内写出一段接续文字。它不仅考查考生的书面语言表达能力、语言组织能力，同时还考查考生的逻辑思维能力、发散思维能力以及多角度的创新思维能力。这种写作形式，既能活跃考生的思维，又能表现出考生灵活运用英语的能力。因此它更能反映出考生的综合素质和真是的写作水平，更符合高考英语改革趋势。
2. 常用的模板句型
From the cartoon /picture ,we can see that…
通过漫画（图画），我们可以看出······
According to the statistics shown in the first/second paragraph …
根据第一（第二）段显示的数据······
The table shows/indicates/reveals that…
表格显示（揭示）出······
It can be seen/concluded from the picture/table/figures that…
通过图画/表格/数字可看出······
Recently…has become the focus of the society.
近来·······以成为社会的焦点。
…has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life .
······在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用。
Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware od the seriousness of…
现在越来越多的人意识到·······的重要性。
There is an old /popular saying/proverb which says /goes …
俗语（谚语）说······
In recent years ,there is a general tendency …
最近几年，有一种······的普遍倾向。
Nowadays … has become a problem we have to face .
现在······以成为我们必须面对的问题。
3. 开放作文的写作思路与步骤
①仔细观察，认真审题
审题对开放作文的写作非常重要，通过审题确定文章的主题、时态和题材。
②直奔主题，突出重点
考生在文章的结构上必须注意“集中火力”，突出重点
③紧扣主题，内容充实
要紧扣图画信息的主题，进行合理的阐释，并表达这、自己的感想。在这一部分，只需用简洁的语言讲出道理即可，没有必要过深的挖掘图画信息，但要保证文章思想是健康的、积极向上的。
④过渡自然，结构紧凑，
一篇好的文章，应该注意段落间的自然过渡。因此，在上下文之间添加一个过渡段是不可缺少的。
⑤全面审核，仔细检查
文章写完后，要注意对照写作要求仔细审核，看写作内容是否符合题意，内容是否充实，句型是否正确，有无拼写作错误等
【例题】
近年来，高考加分制度引起了人们越来越多的关注。究竟是应该取消还是应该完善高考加分制度成为人们议论的焦点。请写一篇120词左右的短文，并就此发表个人的观点。
参考词汇：高考加分政策mark adding policy of the College Entrance Examination
少数民族ethnic minority
【答案】
In recent years, the mark adding policy of the College Entrance Examination has become a hot issue, about which people’s opinions are varied.
Some people think this policy should be perfected because it ensures that ethnic minority students can have an equal opportunity to receive higher education. And the students who have special talents in art and sports but don’t do well in their lessons can go to their ideal universities.
However, others are in favor of canceling this policy because it is unfair to those who cannot get extra scores. Besides, some students with powerful parents can get extra marks so that they can win in the fierce competition.
In conclusion, I think the mark adding policy should be canceled because every student should be given the same chance to compete for their places in college.
二、解题要领
书面表达是高考英语的一项重要的考查内容，注重考查考生的笔头功夫。对于书面表达部分的备考，可以从以下几个方面着手：
（一）审题
明确大范围的要求。高考的书面表达题材多，有的是文字背景资料提供要点，有的看图作文或者图表材料作文，还有两者结合的。各种提示材料都要仔细阅读，审题必须到边到位。准确分析考题信息，把握中心思想。
（二）立题
明确主题是什么，突出要点的主体性地位，做好内容上必要的删减。一篇好文章，引用的每一种材料、写的每一句话都要紧扣中心、为中心服务。因此，考生在写作时一定要牢
记一篇文章只有一个中心，文章的体裁、内容、人称、时态都要围绕主题中心去构思。
（三）解题
就提供的信息进行语言上的组织，做适当的具体的补充，使所要写出来的文章意思连贯，语言畅通，逻辑严密。可以从以下两个个角度入手，
1.遣词造句。
1）尽量用准词汇及短语。用词准确、得体是写作的前提，可以体现作者的语言驾驭能力，有助于在高考中获得高分。
①对于动词或动词词组的恰当使用，在书面表达中，选择恰当的动词（词组）能使文章润色不少，
On the other side stands another 6-storeyed building—our library.
On the other side lies another 6-storeyed building—our library.
比较上面两句可知，第一句使用的stand更能显示6-storeyed building的“高度”，而lie 只具备“位于”概念，而没有“高度”概念。
②巧用形容词。巧用形容词能使句子更好地反映作者丰富的感情，从而使句子更具感染力。
They provided the bird with enough food and water. What puzzled him was that the bird was not happy at all. The next morning on his way home, there was some birds flying in the sky, which reminded him of the lonely bird in the cage. He suddenly realized why the bird was unhappy.
上面这一段中使用了四个形容词enough，happy，lonely和unhappy，生动地描绘了没有自由的鸟儿的感受，更能打动读者。
③适当运用比喻手法。在写作过程中如果我们能恰当地使用比喻，就可能会使阅卷老师的眼睛一亮，从而博得老师的感情分。如
As we all know, the West Lake is compared to a beauty.
As we all know, the West Lake is very beautiful.
比较上面两句可知，第一句使用了比喻，正好与诗句“欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜”吻合，而第二句就显得平淡无奇。
④准确使用替代词、同位语及标点符号。为了表达的需要以及避免重复，要使用替代词或同位语以及适当的标点符号，这样也会使句子升级。如，
So the missing money must be in the other jacket, the one you were wearing yesterday.
I want to have a pen friend, hopefully a girl in her early twenties.
We are thankful to our teachers and respect them. We really want to say, “It is very kind of you—our teachers.”
My suggestions are as follows: …
分析以上四句可知，前两句使用了替代和同位语成分，使句子言简意赅，清楚明了；而后两句使用了破折号和冒号，使句子更地道规范。
2）用词要富于变化。一篇好文章，要能够用不同的词来表示同一个意思或相近的意思。试比较，
More and more people who become more and more rich can buy more and more TV sets.
The growing number of people who have become increasingly rich can now afford more than one TV sets.
通过对比可以看出，第一句用词太单调，读来让人味同嚼蜡，索然无味，而第二句并没有用more and more 这一低级短语，读后给人印象深刻，耳目一新。
3）巧写首句。可以用一个词、一个短语或者一个从句开头，使文章读起来不至于枯燥乏味，如