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实验室常用溶剂的化学位移

实验室常用溶剂的化学位移
实验室常用溶剂的化学位移

NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities Hugo E.Gottlieb,*Vadim Kotlyar,and

Abraham Nudelman*

Department of Chemistry,Bar-Ilan University,

Ramat-Gan52900,Israel

Received June27,1997

In the course of the routine use of NMR as an aid for organic chemistry,a day-to-day problem is the identifica-tion of signals deriving from common contaminants (water,solvents,stabilizers,oils)in less-than-analyti-cally-pure samples.This data may be available in the literature,but the time involved in searching for it may be considerable.Another issue is the concentration dependence of chemical shifts(especially1H);results obtained two or three decades ago usually refer to much more concentrated samples,and run at lower magnetic fields,than today’s practice.

We therefore decided to collect1H and13C chemical shifts of what are,in our experience,the most popular “extra peaks”in a variety of commonly used NMR solvents,in the hope that this will be of assistance to the practicing chemist.

Experimental Section

NMR spectra were taken in a Bruker DPX-300instrument (300.1and75.5MHz for1H and13C,respectively).Unless otherwise indicated,all were run at room temperature(24(1°C).For the experiments in the last section of this paper,probe temperatures were measured with a calibrated Eurotherm840/T digital thermometer,connected to a thermocouple which was introduced into an NMR tube filled with mineral oil to ap-proximately the same level as a typical sample.At each temperature,the D2O samples were left to equilibrate for at least 10min before the data were collected.

In order to avoid having to obtain hundreds of spectra,we prepared seven stock solutions containing approximately equal amounts of several of our entries,chosen in such a way as to prevent intermolecular interactions and possible ambiguities in assignment.Solution1:acetone,tert-butyl methyl ether,di-methylformamide,ethanol,toluene.Solution2:benzene,di-methyl sulfoxide,ethyl acetate,methanol.Solution3:acetic acid,chloroform,diethyl ether,2-propanol,tetrahydrofuran. Solution4:acetonitrile,dichloromethane,dioxane,n-hexane, HMPA.Solution5:1,2-dichloroethane,ethyl methyl ketone, n-pentane,pyridine.Solution6:tert-butyl alcohol,BHT,cyclo-hexane,1,2-dimethoxyethane,nitromethane,silicone grease, triethylamine.Solution7:diglyme,dimethylacetamide,ethyl-ene glycol,“grease”(engine oil).For D2O.Solution1:acetone, tert-butyl methyl ether,dimethylformamide,ethanol,2-propanol. Solution2:dimethyl sulfoxide,ethyl acetate,ethylene glycol, methanol.Solution3:acetonitrile,diglyme,dioxane,HMPA, pyridine.Solution4:1,2-dimethoxyethane,dimethylacetamide, ethyl methyl ketone,triethylamine.Solution5:acetic acid,tert-butyl alcohol,diethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran.In D2O and CD3OD nitromethane was run separately,as the protons exchanged with deuterium in presence of triethylamine.

Results

Proton Spectra(Table1).A sample of0.6mL of the solvent,containing1μL of TMS,1was first run on its own.From this spectrum we determined the chemical shifts of the solvent residual peak2and the water peak. It should be noted that the latter is quite temperature-dependent(vide infra).Also,any potential hydrogen-bond acceptor will tend to shift the water signal down-field;this is particularly true for nonpolar solvents.In contrast,in e.g.DMSO the water is already strongly hydrogen-bonded to the solvent,and solutes have only a negligible effect on its chemical shift.This is also true for D2O;the chemical shift of the residual HDO is very temperature-dependent(vide infra)but,maybe counter-intuitively,remarkably solute(and pH)independent. We then added3μL of one of our stock solutions to the NMR tube.The chemical shifts were read and are presented in Table 1.Except where indicated,the coupling constants,and therefore the peak shapes,are essentially solvent-independent and are presented only once.

For D2O as a solvent,the accepted reference peak(δ)0)is the methyl signal of the sodium salt of3-(trimeth-ylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid;one crystal of this was added to each NMR tube.This material has several disadvan-tages,however:it is not volatile,so it cannot be readily eliminated if the sample has to be recovered.In addition, unless one purchases it in the relatively expensive deuterated form,it adds three more signals to the spectrum(methylenes1,2,and3appear at2.91,1.76, and0.63ppm,respectively).We suggest that the re-sidual HDO peak be used as a secondary reference;we find that if the effects of temperature are taken into account(vide infra),this is very reproducible.For D2O, we used a different set of stock solutions,since many of the less polar substrates are not significantly water-soluble(see Table1).We also ran sodium acetate and sodium formate(chemical shifts: 1.90and8.44ppm, respectively).

Carbon Spectra(Table2).To each tube,50μL of the stock solution and3μL of TMS1were added.The solvent chemical shifts3were obtained from the spectra containing the solutes,and the ranges of chemical shifts

(1)For recommendations on the publication of NMR data,see: IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy.Pure Appl.Chem.1972,29,627;1976,45,217.

(2)I.e.,the signal of the proton for the isotopomer with one less deuterium than the perdeuterated material,e.g.,C H Cl3in CDCl3or C6D5H in C6D6.Except for CHCl3,the splitting due to J HD is typically observed(to a good approximation,it is1/6.5of the value of the corresponding J HH).For CHD2groups(deuterated acetone,DMSO, acetonitrile),this signal is a1:2:3:2:1quintet with a splitting of ca.2 Hz.

(3)In contrast to what was said in note2,in the13C spectra the solvent signal is due to the perdeuterated isotopomer,and the one-bond couplings to deuterium are always observable(ca.20-30Hz). Figure1.Chemical shift of H DO as a function of tempera-ture.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2a8684852.html,.Chem.1997,62,7512-7515

S0022-3263(97)01176-6CCC:$14.00?1997American Chemical Society

show their degree of variability.Occasionally,in order to distinguish between peaks whose assignment was ambiguous,a further1-2μL of a specific substrate were added and the spectra run again.

Table1.1H NMR Data

proton mult CDCl3(CD3)2CO(CD3)2SO C6D6CD3CN CD3OD D2O solvent residual peak7.26 2.05 2.507.16 1.94 3.31 4.79 H2O s 1.56 2.84a 3.33a0.40 2.13 4.87

acetic acid CH3s 2.10 1.96 1.91 1.55 1.96 1.99 2.08 acetone CH3s 2.17 2.09 2.09 1.55 2.08 2.15 2.22 acetonitrile CH3s 2.10 2.05 2.07 1.55 1.96 2.03 2.06 benzene CH s7.367.367.377.157.377.33

tert-butyl alcohol CH3s 1.28 1.18 1.11 1.05 1.16 1.40 1.24 OH c s 4.19 1.55 2.18

tert-butyl methyl ether CCH3s 1.19 1.13 1.11 1.07 1.14 1.15 1.21 OCH3s 3.22 3.13 3.08 3.04 3.13 3.20 3.22 BHT b ArH s 6.98 6.96 6.877.05 6.97 6.92

OH c s 5.01 6.65 4.79 5.20

ArCH3s 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.24 2.22 2.21

ArC(CH3)3s 1.43 1.41 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.40

chloroform CH s7.268.028.32 6.157.587.90 cyclohexane CH2s 1.43 1.43 1.40 1.40 1.44 1.45

1,2-dichloroethane CH2s 3.73 3.87 3.90 2.90 3.81 3.78 dichloromethane CH2s 5.30 5.63 5.76 4.27 5.44 5.49

diethyl ether CH3t,7 1.21 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.18 1.17 CH2q,7 3.48 3.41 3.38 3.26 3.42 3.49 3.56 diglyme CH2m 3.65 3.56 3.51 3.46 3.53 3.61 3.67 CH2m 3.57 3.47 3.38 3.34 3.45 3.58 3.61

OCH3s 3.39 3.28 3.24 3.11 3.29 3.35 3.37 1,2-dimethoxyethane CH3s 3.40 3.28 3.24 3.12 3.28 3.35 3.37 CH2s 3.55 3.46 3.43 3.33 3.45 3.52 3.60 dimethylacetamide CH3CO s 2.09 1.97 1.96 1.60 1.97 2.07 2.08 NCH3s 3.02 3.00 2.94 2.57 2.96 3.31 3.06

NCH3s 2.94 2.83 2.78 2.05 2.83 2.92 2.90 dimethylformamide CH s8.027.967.957.637.927.977.92 CH3s 2.96 2.94 2.89 2.36 2.89 2.99 3.01

CH3s 2.88 2.78 2.73 1.86 2.77 2.86 2.85 dimethyl sulfoxide CH3s 2.62 2.52 2.54 1.68 2.50 2.65 2.71 dioxane CH2s 3.71 3.59 3.57 3.35 3.60 3.66 3.75 ethanol CH3t,7 1.25 1.12 1.060.96 1.12 1.19 1.17 CH2q,7d 3.72 3.57 3.44 3.34 3.54 3.60 3.65

OH s c,d 1.32 3.39 4.63 2.47

ethyl acetate CH3CO s 2.05 1.97 1.99 1.65 1.97 2.01 2.07

C H2CH3q,7 4.12 4.05 4.03 3.89 4.06 4.09 4.14

CH2C H3t,7 1.26 1.20 1.170.92 1.20 1.24 1.24 ethyl methyl ketone CH3CO s 2.14 2.07 2.07 1.58 2.06 2.12 2.19

C H2CH3q,7 2.46 2.45 2.43 1.81 2.43 2.50 3.18

CH2C H3t,7 1.060.960.910.850.96 1.01 1.26 ethylene glycol CH s e 3.76 3.28 3.34 3.41 3.51 3.59 3.65“grease”f CH3m0.860.870.920.860.88

CH2br s 1.26 1.29 1.36 1.27 1.29

n-hexane CH3t0.880.880.860.890.890.90

CH2m 1.26 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.28 1.29

HMPA g CH3d,9.5 2.65 2.59 2.53 2.40 2.57 2.64 2.61 methanol CH3s h 3.49 3.31 3.16 3.07 3.28 3.34 3.34 OH s c,h 1.09 3.12 4.01 2.16

nitromethane CH3s 4.33 4.43 4.42 2.94 4.31 4.34 4.40 n-pentane CH3t,70.880.880.860.870.890.90

CH2m 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.23 1.29 1.29

2-propanol CH3d,6 1.22 1.10 1.040.95 1.09 1.50 1.17 CH sep,6 4.04 3.90 3.78 3.67 3.87 3.92 4.02 pyridine CH(2)m8.628.588.588.538.578.538.52 CH(3)m7.297.357.39 6.667.337.447.45

CH(4)m7.687.767.79 6.987.737.857.87 silicone grease i CH3s0.070.130.290.080.10 tetrahydrofuran CH2m 1.85 1.79 1.76 1.40 1.80 1.87 1.88 CH2O m 3.76 3.63 3.60 3.57 3.64 3.71 3.74 toluene CH3s 2.36 2.32 2.30 2.11 2.33 2.32

CH(o/p)m7.177.1-7.27.187.027.1-7.37.16

CH(m)m7.257.1-7.27.257.137.1-7.37.16 triethylamine CH3t,7 1.030.960.930.960.96 1.050.99 CH2q,7 2.53 2.45 2.43 2.40 2.45 2.58 2.57

a In these solvents the intermolecular rate of exchange is slow enough that a peak due to HDO is usually also observed;it appears at

2.81and

3.30ppm in acetone and DMSO,respectively.In the former solvent,it is often seen as a1:1:1triplet,with2J H,D)1Hz. b2,6-Dimethyl-4-tert-butylphenol.c The signals from exchangeable protons were not always identified.d In some cases(see note a),the coupling interaction between the CH2and the OH protons may be observed(J)5Hz).e In CD3CN,the OH proton was seen as a multiplet atδ2.69,and extra coupling was also apparent on the methylene peak.f Long-chain,linear aliphatic hydrocarbons.Their solubility in DMSO was too low to give visible peaks.g Hexamethylphosphoramide.h In some cases(see notes a,d),the coupling interaction between the CH3and the OH protons may be observed(J)5.5Hz).i Poly(dimethylsiloxane).Its solubility in DMSO was too low to give visible peaks.

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https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2a8684852.html,.Chem.,Vol.62,No.21,1997Notes

Table2.13C NMR Data a

CDCl3(CD3)2CO(CD3)2SO C6D6CD3CN CD3OD D2O solvent signals77.16(0.0629.84(0.0139.52(0.06128.06(0.02 1.32(0.0249.00(0.01

206.26(0.13118.26(0.02

acetic acid CO175.99172.31171.93175.82173.21175.11177.21 CH320.8120.5120.9520.3720.7320.5621.03 acetone CO207.07205.87206.31204.43207.43209.67215.94 CH330.9230.6030.5630.1430.9130.6730.89 acetonitrile CN116.43117.60117.91116.02118.26118.06119.68 CH3 1.89 1.12 1.030.20 1.790.85 1.47 benzene CH128.37129.15128.30128.62129.32129.34

tert-butyl alcohol C69.1568.1366.8868.1968.7469.4070.36 CH331.2530.7230.3830.4730.6830.9130.29 tert-butyl methyl ether OCH349.4549.3548.7049.1949.5249.6649.37 C72.8772.8172.0472.4073.1774.3275.62

C C H326.9927.2426.7927.0927.2827.2226.60 BHT C(1)151.55152.51151.47152.05152.42152.85

C(2)135.87138.19139.12136.08138.13139.09

CH(3)125.55129.05127.97128.52129.61129.49

C(4)128.27126.03124.85125.83126.38126.11

CH3Ar21.2021.3120.9721.4021.2321.38

C H3C30.3331.6131.2531.3431.5031.15

C34.2535.0034.3334.3535.0535.36

chloroform CH77.3679.1979.1677.7979.1779.44

cyclohexane CH226.9427.5126.3327.2327.6327.96

1,2-dichloroethane CH243.5045.2545.0243.5945.5445.11 dichloromethane CH253.5254.9554.8453.4655.3254.78

diethyl ether CH315.2015.7815.1215.4615.6315.4614.77 CH265.9166.1262.0565.9466.3266.8866.42 diglyme CH359.0158.7757.9858.6658.9059.0658.67 CH270.5171.0369.5470.8770.9971.3370.05

CH271.9072.6371.2572.3572.6372.9271.63 1,2-dimethoxyethane CH359.0858.4558.0158.6858.8959.0658.67 CH271.8472.4717.0772.2172.4772.7271.49 dimethylacetamide CH321.5321.5121.2921.1621.7621.3221.09 CO171.07170.61169.54169.95171.31173.32174.57

NCH335.2834.8937.3834.6735.1735.5035.03

NCH338.1337.9234.4237.0338.2638.4338.76 dimethylformamide CH162.62162.79162.29162.13163.31164.73165.53 CH336.5036.1535.7335.2536.5736.8937.54

CH331.4531.0330.7330.7231.3231.6132.03 dimethyl sulfoxide CH340.7641.2340.4540.0341.3140.4539.39 dioxane CH267.1467.6066.3667.1667.7268.1167.19 ethanol CH318.4118.8918.5118.7218.8018.4017.47 CH258.2857.7256.0757.8657.9658.2658.05 ethyl acetate C H3CO21.0420.8320.6820.5621.1620.8821.15 CO171.36170.96170.31170.44171.68172.89175.26

CH260.4960.5659.7460.2160.9861.5062.32

CH314.1914.5014.4014.1914.5414.4913.92 ethyl methyl ketone C H3CO29.4929.3029.2628.5629.6029.3929.49 CO209.56208.30208.72206.55209.88212.16218.43

C H2CH336.8936.7535.8336.3637.0937.3437.27

CH2C H37.868.037.617.918.148.097.87 ethylene glycol CH263.7964.2662.7664.3464.2264.3063.17“grease”CH229.7630.7329.2030.2130.8631.29

n-hexane CH314.1414.3413.8814.3214.4314.45

CH2(2)22.7023.2822.0523.0423.4023.68

CH2(3)31.6432.3030.9531.9632.3632.73

HMPA b CH336.8737.0436.4236.8837.1037.0036.46 methanol CH350.4149.7748.5949.9749.9049.8649.50c nitromethane CH362.5063.2163.2861.1663.6663.0863.22 n-pentane CH314.0814.2913.2814.2514.3714.39

CH2(2)22.3822.9821.7022.7223.0823.38

CH2(3)34.1634.8333.4834.4534.8935.30

2-propanol CH325.1425.6725.4325.1825.5525.2724.38 CH64.5063.8564.9264.2364.3064.7164.88 pyridine CH(2)149.90150.67149.58150.27150.76150.07149.18 CH(3)123.75124.57123.84123.58127.76125.53125.12

CH(4)135.96136.56136.05135.28136.89138.35138.27 silicone grease CH3 1.04 1.40 1.38 2.10 tetrahydrofuran CH225.6226.1525.1425.7226.2726.4825.67 CH2O67.9768.0767.0367.8068.3368.8368.68 toluene CH321.4621.4620.9921.1021.5021.50

C(i)137.89138.48137.35137.91138.90138.85

CH(o)129.07129.76128.88129.33129.94129.91

CH(m)128.26129.03128.18128.56129.23129.20

CH(p)125.33126.12125.29125.68126.28126.29

triethylamine CH311.6112.4911.7412.3512.3811.099.07 CH246.2547.0745.7446.7747.1046.9647.19

a See footnotes for Table1.b2J PC)3Hz.c Reference material;see text.

For D2O solutions there is no accepted reference for carbon chemical shifts.We suggest the addition of a drop of methanol,and the position of its signal to be defined as49.50ppm;on this basis,the entries in Table2were recorded.The chemical shifts thus obtained are,on the whole,very similar to those for the other solvents. Alternatively,we suggest the use of dioxane when the methanol peak is expected to fall in a crowded area of the spectrum.We also report the chemical shifts of sodium formate(171.67ppm),sodium acetate(182.02and 23.97ppm),sodium carbonate(168.88ppm),sodium bicarbonate(161.08ppm),and sodium3-(trimethylsilyl)-propanesulfonate[54.90,19.66,15.56(methylenes1,2, and3,respectively),and-2.04ppm(methyls)],in D2O. Temperature Dependence of HDO Chemical Shifts.We recorded the1H spectrum of a sample of D2O, containing a crystal of sodium3-(trimethylsilyl)propane-sulfonate as reference,as a function of temperature.The data are shown in Figure1.The solid line connecting the experimental points corresponds to the equation which reproduces the measured values to better than1 ppb.For the0-50o C range,the simpler

gives values correct to10ppb.For both equations,T is the temperature in°C.

Acknowledgment.Generous support for this work by the Minerva Foundation and the Otto Mayerhoff Center for the Study of Drug-Receptor Interactions at Bar-Ilan University is gratefully acknowledged.

JO971176V

δ)5.060-0.0122T+(2.11×10-5)T2(1)

δ)5.051-0.0111T(2)

Notes https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2a8684852.html,.Chem.,Vol.62,No.21,19977515

nmr常见溶剂峰和水峰()

注:JHD为溶剂本身的其他1H对与之相对应的1H之间的耦合常数,JCD为溶剂本身1H对13C的耦合常数,H2O和交换了D的HOD上的1H产生的即水峰的化学位移 氯仿:小、中小、中等极性 DMSO:芳香系统(日光下自然显色、紫外荧光)。对于酚羟基能够出峰。芳香化合物还是芳香甙,都为首选。 吡啶:极性大的,特别是皂甙 对低、中极性的样品,最常采用氘代氯仿作溶剂,因其价格远低于其它氘代试剂。极性大的化合物可采用氘代丙酮、重水等。 ??? 针对一些特殊的样品,可采用相应的氘代试剂:如氘代苯(用于芳香化合物、芳香高聚物)、氘代二甲基亚砜(用于某些在一般溶剂中难溶的物质)、氘代吡啶(用于难溶的酸性或芳香化合物)等。 丙酮:中等极性 甲醇:极性大 氯仿—甲醇: 石:乙 5;1小极性 石:丙 2:1——1:1中等极性 氯仿:甲醇6:1极性以上含有一个糖 2:1 含有两个糖 含有糖的三萜皂甙:一般用吡啶

常见溶剂的化学位移 常见溶剂的1H在不同氘代溶剂中的化学位移值 常见溶剂的化学位移 常见溶剂的13C在不同氘代溶剂中的化学位移值

核磁知识(NMR) 一:样品量的选择 氢谱,氟谱,碳谱至少需要5mg. 1H-1H COSY, 1H-1H NOESY, 1H-13C HMBC, 1H-13C HSQC需要10-15mg. 碳谱需要30mg. 二:如何选择氘代溶剂 常用氘代溶剂: CDCl3, DMSO, D2O, CD3OD.特殊氘代溶剂: CD3COCD3, C6D6, CD3CN。 极性较大的化合物可以选择用D2O或CD3OD,如果想要观察活泼氢切记不能选择D2O和CD3OD。CDCl3为人民币2-3元,D2O为人民币6元,DMSO为人民币10元,CD3OD为人民币30元。Solvent 化学位移(ppm) 水峰位移(ppm) CDCl3 7.26 1.56 DMSO 2.50 3.33 CD3OD 3.31 4.87 D2O 4.79 CD3COCD3 2.05 2.84

实验室常用溶剂共沸体系

实验室常用溶剂共沸体系 18、00、960浓盐酸1、19 12、 10、372浓硝酸1、42 15、 90、704磷酸1、70 14、 80、855冰醋酸1、05 17、4 50、998浓氨水0、90 14、5 30、566浓氢氧化钠1、54 19、 40、505注:表中数据录自John A、 Dean、Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry、13th ed、1985常见的共沸混合物1)与水形成的二元共沸物(水沸点100℃)溶剂沸点/℃共沸点/℃含水量/%溶剂沸点/℃共沸点/℃含水量/%氯仿 61、2 56、 12、5甲苯1

85、020四氯化碳77、0 66、04、0正丙醇97、2 87、7 28、8苯 80、4 69、 28、8异丁醇108、4 89、9 88、2丙稀腈 78、0 70、0 13、0二甲苯137- 40、5 92、0 37、5二氯乙烷 83、7 72、0 19、5正丁醇1 17、7

37、5乙睛82、0 76、0 16、0吡啶1 15、5 94、042乙醇78、3 78、 14、4异戊醇1 31、0 95、1 49、6乙酸乙酯77、1 70、 48、0正戊醇1 38、3 95、4 44、7异丙醇82、4 80、4 12、1氯乙醇1

97、8 59、0乙醚353 41、0二硫化碳464 42、0甲酸101107262)常见有机溶剂间的共沸混合物共沸混合物组分的沸点/℃共沸物的组成(质量)/%共沸物的沸点/℃乙醇-乙酸乙酯 78、3, 78、030:70 72、0乙醇-苯 78、3, 80、632:68 68、2乙醇-氯仿 78、3, 61、27:93 59、4乙醇-四氯化碳 78、3, 77、016:84 64、9乙酸乙酯-四氯化碳 78、0, 77、043:57 75、0甲醇-四氯化碳

【精品】常用试剂的溶解性

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些金属盐。低毒,麻醉性 18 . 乙醇:与水、乙醚、氯仿、酯、烃类衍生物等有机溶剂混溶。微毒类,麻 醉性 19 . 丁酮:与丙酮相似,与醇、醚、苯等大多数有机溶剂混溶。低毒,毒性强 于丙酮 20 . 苯:难溶于水,与甘油、乙二醇、乙醇、氯仿、乙醚、四氯化碳、二硫化碳、丙酮、甲苯、二甲苯、冰醋酸、脂肪烃等大多有机物混溶。强烈毒性 21 . 乙睛:与水、甲醇、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、醚、氯仿、四氯化碳、 氯乙烯及各种不饱和烃混溶,但是不与饱和烃混溶。中等毒性,大量吸入蒸气, 引起急性中毒 22 . 异丙醇:与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、水混溶。微毒,类似乙醇 23 . 甲苯:不溶于水,与甲醇、乙醇、氯仿、丙酮、乙醚、冰醋酸、苯等有机 溶剂混溶。低毒类,麻醉作用。 24 .乙二胺:溶于水、乙醇、苯和乙醚,微溶于庚烷。刺激皮肤、眼睛 25 . 丁醇:与醇、醚、苯混溶。低毒,大于乙醇3倍。 26 . 乙酸:与水、乙醇、乙醚、四氯化碳混溶,不溶于二硫化碳及C12以上高级脂肪烃。低毒,浓溶液毒性强 27 .吡啶:与水、醇、醚、石油醚、苯、油类混溶。能溶多种有机物和无机物。 低毒,皮肤黏膜刺激性 28 . 乙酸丁酯:优良有机溶剂,广泛应用于医药行业,还可以用做萃取剂。一 般条件毒性不大 29 . N,N-二甲基甲酰胺:与水、醇、醚、酮、不饱和烃、芳香烃烃等混溶, 溶解能力强。低毒。 30 . N,N-二甲基乙酰胺:溶解不饱和脂肪烃,与水、醚、酯、酮、芳香族化 合物混溶。微毒类 31 . 二甲亚砜:与水、甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、甘油、乙醛、丙酮乙酸乙酯吡啶、 芳烃混溶。微毒,对眼有刺激性 32 . 甲酰胺:与水、醇、乙二醇、丙酮、乙酸、二氧六环、甘油、苯酚混溶, 几乎不溶于脂肪烃、芳香烃、醚、卤代烃、氯苯、硝基苯等。皮肤、黏膜刺激性、

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We therefore decided to collect1H and13C chemical shifts of what are,in our experience,the most popular “extra peaks”in a variety of commonly used NMR solvents,in the hope that this will be of assistance to the practicing chemist. Experimental Section NMR spectra were taken in a Bruker DPX-300instrument (300.1and75.5MHz for1H and13C,respectively).Unless otherwise indicated,all were run at room temperature(24(1°C).For the experiments in the last section of this paper,probe temperatures were measured with a calibrated Eurotherm840/T digital thermometer,connected to a thermocouple which was introduced into an NMR tube filled with mineral oil to ap-proximately the same level as a typical sample.At each temperature,the D2O samples were left to equilibrate for at least 10min before the data were collected. In order to avoid having to obtain hundreds of spectra,we prepared seven stock solutions containing approximately equal amounts of several of our entries,chosen in such a way as to prevent intermolecular interactions and possible ambiguities in assignment.Solution1:acetone,tert-butyl methyl ether,di-methylformamide,ethanol,toluene.Solution2:benzene,di-methyl sulfoxide,ethyl acetate,methanol.Solution3:acetic acid,chloroform,diethyl ether,2-propanol,tetrahydrofuran. Solution4:acetonitrile,dichloromethane,dioxane,n-hexane, HMPA.Solution5:1,2-dichloroethane,ethyl methyl ketone, n-pentane,pyridine.Solution6:tert-butyl alcohol,BHT,cyclo-hexane,1,2-dimethoxyethane,nitromethane,silicone grease, triethylamine.Solution7:diglyme,dimethylacetamide,ethyl-ene glycol,“grease”(engine oil).For D2O.Solution1:acetone, tert-butyl methyl ether,dimethylformamide,ethanol,2-propanol. Solution2:dimethyl sulfoxide,ethyl acetate,ethylene glycol, methanol.Solution3:acetonitrile,diglyme,dioxane,HMPA, pyridine.Solution4:1,2-dimethoxyethane,dimethylacetamide, ethyl methyl ketone,triethylamine.Solution5:acetic acid,tert-butyl alcohol,diethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran.In D2O and CD3OD nitromethane was run separately,as the protons exchanged with deuterium in presence of triethylamine. Results Proton Spectra(Table1).A sample of0.6mL of the solvent,containing1μL of TMS,1was first run on its own.From this spectrum we determined the chemical shifts of the solvent residual peak2and the water peak. It should be noted that the latter is quite temperature-dependent(vide infra).Also,any potential hydrogen-bond acceptor will tend to shift the water signal down-field;this is particularly true for nonpolar solvents.In contrast,in e.g.DMSO the water is already strongly hydrogen-bonded to the solvent,and solutes have only a negligible effect on its chemical shift.This is also true for D2O;the chemical shift of the residual HDO is very temperature-dependent(vide infra)but,maybe counter-intuitively,remarkably solute(and pH)independent. We then added3μL of one of our stock solutions to the NMR tube.The chemical shifts were read and are presented in Table 1.Except where indicated,the coupling constants,and therefore the peak shapes,are essentially solvent-independent and are presented only once. For D2O as a solvent,the accepted reference peak(δ)0)is the methyl signal of the sodium salt of3-(trimeth-ylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid;one crystal of this was added to each NMR tube.This material has several disadvan-tages,however:it is not volatile,so it cannot be readily eliminated if the sample has to be recovered.In addition, unless one purchases it in the relatively expensive deuterated form,it adds three more signals to the spectrum(methylenes1,2,and3appear at2.91,1.76, and0.63ppm,respectively).We suggest that the re-sidual HDO peak be used as a secondary reference;we find that if the effects of temperature are taken into account(vide infra),this is very reproducible.For D2O, we used a different set of stock solutions,since many of the less polar substrates are not significantly water-soluble(see Table1).We also ran sodium acetate and sodium formate(chemical shifts: 1.90and8.44ppm, respectively). Carbon Spectra(Table2).To each tube,50μL of the stock solution and3μL of TMS1were added.The solvent chemical shifts3were obtained from the spectra containing the solutes,and the ranges of chemical shifts (1)For recommendations on the publication of NMR data,see: IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy.Pure Appl.Chem.1972,29,627;1976,45,217. (2)I.e.,the signal of the proton for the isotopomer with one less deuterium than the perdeuterated material,e.g.,C H Cl3in CDCl3or C6D5H in C6D6.Except for CHCl3,the splitting due to J HD is typically observed(to a good approximation,it is1/6.5of the value of the corresponding J HH).For CHD2groups(deuterated acetone,DMSO, acetonitrile),this signal is a1:2:3:2:1quintet with a splitting of ca.2 Hz. (3)In contrast to what was said in note2,in the13C spectra the solvent signal is due to the perdeuterated isotopomer,and the one-bond couplings to deuterium are always observable(ca.20-30Hz). Figure1.Chemical shift of H DO as a function of tempera-ture. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2a8684852.html,.Chem.1997,62,7512-7515 S0022-3263(97)01176-6CCC:$14.00?1997American Chemical Society

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常用溶剂极性大小 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】

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表三混合酸碱指示剂 表四容量分析基准物质的干燥

表五缓冲溶液的配制

实验室常用试验方法2 九、柠檬酸(C6H8O7·H2O) 称取试样1.5g(精确到0.0002g)于三角瓶内,加入水50ml溶解,加酚酞指示剂3滴,用1mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定至粉红色为终点,同时做空白试验。 计算:X%(一水)= (V1-V0)×C×0.06404x m×(1-0.08566)×100 X%(无水)= (V1-V0)×C×0.06404x m×100 V1-----消耗氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积,ml; V0-----空白所消耗氢氧化钠标准溶液的体积,ml; C------氢氧化钠标准溶液浓度,mol/L; m---样品质量。 十、钙含量测定(磷酸氢钙CaHPO4、磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O、钙粉等) 称取2g(精确到0.0002g)样品,用10ml盐酸(1+1)溶解,转移至100ml容量瓶中定溶,用移液管吸取10ml于250ml锥形瓶中,加50ml水,5ml蔗糖溶液(25g/L),2ml三乙酸胺(1+1),1ml乙二胺(1+1),1滴孔雀绿指示液(1g/L),滴加氢氧化钾溶液(200g/L)至无色,再过量10ml,加0.1g盐酸羟胺(每加一种试剂都要摇匀),加钙黄绿素少许,在黑色背景下用0.05mol/L的EDTA标准溶液滴定至绿色荧光消失呈现紫红色为滴定终点。 Ca%= C×V×0.4008x m ×100 C------EDTA标准溶液的浓度,mol/L; V-----消耗EDTA标准溶液的体积,ml; m----样品质量。 (二)氟(Fˉ)含量的测定: 1、标准曲线的绘制; 2、试样含量的测定: 称取0.5g(精确到0.0002g)置于50ml纳氏比色管中,加1mol/L盐酸10ml,密闭提取1h (不时摇动),避免粘于管壁,提取后加总离子强度缓冲液25ml,加水至刻度,以滤纸过滤。以氟电极测平衡电位值。 结果计算:X= C×50×1000 x m×1000 = 50C x m X-----试样中氟含量, m---试样质量,g; C-----据电位值查得的浓度, 总离子强度缓冲液:现配现用,3mol/L乙酸钠;0.75mol/L柠檬酸钠,配成(1+1)。 测定时,用蒸馏水洗电极装置至值为-370以后。 (三)磷(P)的测定 磷标准曲线的绘制:准确移取磷标准溶液(分析纯的磷酸二氢钾,在105℃干燥1h,冷却后称取0.2195g,溶于1L的容量瓶中,加硝酸3ml,用水稀释至刻度,得到50ug/ml溶液),分别吸取0.0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0、15.0ml于50ml容量瓶中,各加入磷显色液(钒-钼酸铵显色液:偏钒酸铵1.25g,加250ml硝酸于1000ml容量瓶中;钼酸铵25g 于烧杯中,加400ml水溶解,冷却下,将此液倒入容量瓶中,定容)10ml,用蒸馏水定容,

常用溶剂极性表

常用溶剂极性表

二:常用溶剂的沸点、溶解性和毒性 溶剂名称沸点℃(101.3kPa) 溶解性毒性 液氨-33.35 特殊溶解性:能溶解碱金属和碱土金属剧毒性、腐蚀性 液态二氧化硫-10.08 溶解胺、醚、醇苯酚、有机酸、芳香烃、溴、二硫化碳,多数饱和烃不溶剧毒 甲胺-6.3 是多数有机物和无机物的优良溶剂,液态甲胺与水、醚、苯、丙酮、低级醇混溶,其盐酸盐易溶于水,不溶于醇、醚、酮、氯仿、乙酸乙酯中等毒性,易燃 二甲胺7.4 是有机物和无机物的优良溶剂,溶于水、低级醇、醚、低极性溶剂强烈刺激性 石油醚不溶于水,与丙酮、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、苯、氯仿及甲醇以上高级醇混溶与低级烷相似 乙醚34.6 微溶于水,易溶与盐酸.与醇、醚、石油醚、苯、氯仿等多数有机溶剂混溶麻醉性 戊烷36.1 与乙醇、乙醚等多数有机溶剂混溶低毒性 二氯甲烷39.75 与醇、醚、氯仿、苯、二硫化碳等有机溶剂混溶低毒,

麻醉性强 二硫化碳46.23 微溶与水,与多种有机溶剂混溶麻醉,强刺激性 丙酮56.12 与水、醇、醚、烃混溶低毒,类乙醇,但较大 1,1-二氯乙烷57.28 与醇、醚等大多数有机溶剂混溶低毒、局部刺激性氯仿61.15 与乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、卤代烃、四氯化碳、二硫化碳等混溶中等毒性,强麻醉性 甲醇64.5 与水、乙醚、醇、酯、卤代烃、苯、酮混溶中等毒性,麻醉性四氢呋喃66 优良溶剂,与水混溶,很好的溶解乙醇、乙醚、脂肪烃、芳香烃、氯化烃吸入微毒,经口低毒 己烷68.7 甲醇部分溶解,比乙醇高的醇、醚丙酮、氯仿混溶低毒,麻醉性,刺激性 三氟代乙酸71.78 与水,乙醇,乙醚,丙酮,苯,四氯化碳,己烷混溶,溶解多种脂肪族,芳香族化合物 1,1,1-三氯乙烷74.0 与丙酮、甲醇、乙醚、苯、四氯化碳等有机溶剂混溶低毒 四氯化碳76.75 与醇、醚、石油醚、石油脑、冰醋酸、二硫化碳、氯代烃混溶氯代甲烷中,毒性最强 乙酸乙酯77.112 与醇、醚、氯仿、丙酮、苯等大多数有机溶剂溶解,能溶解某些金属盐低毒,麻醉性 乙醇78.3 与水、乙醚、氯仿、酯、烃类衍生物等有机溶剂混溶微毒类,麻醉性 丁酮79.64 与丙酮相似,与醇、醚、苯等大多数有机溶剂混溶低毒,毒性强于丙酮 苯80.10 难溶于水,与甘油、乙二醇、乙醇、氯仿、乙醚、、四氯化碳、二硫化碳、丙酮、甲苯、二甲苯、冰醋酸、脂肪烃等大多有机物混溶强烈毒性 环己烷80.72 与乙醇、高级醇、醚、丙酮、烃、氯代烃、高级脂肪酸、胺类混溶低毒,中枢抑制作用 乙睛81.60 与水、甲醇、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、醚、氯仿、四氯化碳、氯乙烯及各种不饱和烃混溶,但是不与饱和烃混溶中等毒性,大量吸入蒸气,引起急性中毒 异丙醇82.40 与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、水混溶微毒,类似乙醇 1,2-二氯乙烷83.48 与乙醇、乙醚、氯仿、四氯化碳等多种有机溶剂混溶高毒性、致癌 乙二醇二甲醚85.2 溶于水,与醇、醚、酮、酯、烃、氯代烃等多种有机溶剂混溶, 能溶解各种树脂,还是二氧化硫、氯代甲烷、乙烯等气体的优良溶剂吸入和经口低毒 三氯乙烯87.19 不溶于水,与乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、苯、乙酸乙酯、脂肪族氯代烃、汽油混溶有机有毒品 三乙胺89.6 水:18.7以下混溶,以上微溶, 易溶于氯仿、丙酮,溶于乙醇、乙醚易爆,皮肤黏膜刺激性强 丙睛97.35 溶解醇、醚、DMF、乙二胺等有机物,与多种金属盐形成加成有机物高毒性,与氢氰酸相似 庚烷98.4 与己烷类似低毒,刺激性、麻醉性 水100 略略

实验室常用试剂缓冲液配制方法一览表

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实验室常用溶剂的沸点

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实验室常用生化试剂配方

实验室常用生化试剂配方 1.常用抗生素配制以及使用说明(参考链霉菌室操作手册2019版) 抗生素 英文名称及缩写 抗性基因 贮藏液浓度(mg/ml) 100 25(无水乙醇配) 50 25 50 50 25(DMSO配) 100 50 35 25(0.15M NaOH配) 50(DMSO配) 50 50 MM 使用终浓度(μg/ml)链霉菌 2CM YEME 大肠杆菌 LA或LB 氨苄青霉素氯霉素潮霉素卡那霉素壮观霉素链霉素硫链丝菌素红霉素阿泊拉霉素紫霉素萘锭酮酸 TMP Ampicillin, Amp bla Chloramphenicol, Cml Hygromycin, Hyg Kanamycin, Km Spectinomycin, Spc Streptomycin, Str Thiostrepton, Thio Erythomycin, Ery Apramycin, Am Viomycin,Vio Nalidixic acid Trimethoprim cat hyg aac/aph aadA str tsr ermE aac(3)IV vph -* 10 10 2 5 10 5 100 10 -- 25 25 20 25 10 - 50 ------ 2.5 - 5 50-100 25 - 25 50 25 25 20 10-30

注意事项: (1) –表示无记录或不能使用,贮存液除特别说明外均用无菌水配制,配制过程请 确保抗生素粉末充分溶解混匀后再分装; (2)Km 和Am有交叉抗性,同时具有这两种抗性基因时应适当提高抗生素的量,并 设置阴性对照; (3)Hyg、Vio易见光分解,配制好后应用锡箔纸包好,使用过程中建议避光操作。有些抗生素需要在低盐的环境(如DNA培养基)下筛选效率较高,如Hyg, Km, Vio (4)用无菌水配制的抗生素需在超净工作台内用0.22 μm一次性过滤器过滤除菌并 分装;氯霉素、TMP、硫链丝菌素可以在超净工作台外配制分装,无需过滤除菌,但需确 保配制贮存液所用溶剂(无水乙醇、DMSO)未遭受污染,建议配制氯霉素时使用新的无水 乙醇,不要使用抽提质粒或总DNA时用的无水乙醇,以防止污染;DMSO,即二甲亚砜,易 挥发,有剧毒; (5)长期不用的抗生素请置于-20℃保存,抗生素粉末按照使用说明一般置于4℃保存,经常使用时可以暂置于4℃保存; (6)抗生素的实际使用浓度请结合实验经验进行适当调整; (7)配制抗生素时应尽量一次性称取抗生素粉末,配制过程中建议穿工作服,戴一次 性橡胶手套及口罩,及时清理称量配制抗生素时使用的台面及器具,以避免抗生素及溶剂 对自身的损伤及对工作环境的污染。 注意事项: (1)表中所列酶均可以用无菌水配制,也可以用相应的缓冲液配制,缓冲液配制方法 参考《分子克隆实验指南(第3版)》: 蛋白酶 K缓冲液:50 mM Tris(pH 8.0),1.5 mM 乙酸钙; RNase A缓冲液:TE (pH 7.6):10 mM Tris-HCl,1 mM EDTA;溶菌酶缓冲液:10 mM Tris-HCl(pH 8.0); (2) RNase A配制好后沸水浴处理5 min,取出贮存RNase A后首次使用时也需沸水 浴处理5 min后再使用; (3)制备原生质体时使用的溶菌酶配制时需过滤除菌,其他情况一般无需过滤除菌; (4)所有酶均应在-20℃保存,使用过程中避免反复冻融,配制过程中尽量避免外界 污染。 (1)IPTG用无菌水配制,0.22μm一次性滤膜过滤除菌,分装保存于-20℃;

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