电子信息工程-微处理器[外文翻译]

外文资料

所译外文资料：

1.作者G..Bouwhuis, J.Braat, A.Huijser

2.书名：Principles of Optical Disk Systems

3.出版时间：1991年9月

4.所译章节：Session 2/Chapter9, Session 2/Chapter 11

原文：

Microprocessor

One of the key inventions in the history of electronics, and in fact one of the most important inventions ever period, was the transistor. As time progressed after the invention of LSI integrated circuits, the technology improved and chips became smaller, faster and cheaper. The functions performed by a processor were implemented using several different logic chips. Intel was the first company to incorporate all of these logic components into a single chip, this was the first microprocessor. A microprocessor is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/97574565.html,ing the ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division; 2.A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another; 3.A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions.

There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities. Microprocessor has an address bus that sends an address to memory, a data bus that can send data to memory or receive data from memory, an RD(read) and WR(write) line that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor and a reset line that resets the program counter to zero(or whatever) and restarts execution. And let’s assume that both the address and data buses are 8 bits wide here.

Here are the components of this simple microprocessor:

1. Registers A, B and C are simply latches made out of flip-flops.

2. The address latch is just like registers A, B and C.

3. The program counter is a latch with the extra ability to increment by 1 when

told to do so, and also to reset to zero when told to do so.

4. The ALU could be as simple as an 8-bit adder, or it might be able to add,

subtract, multiply and divide 8-bit values. Let’s assume the latter here.

5. The test register is a special latch that can hold values from comparisons

performed in the ALU. An ALU can normally compare two numbers send determine if they are equal, if one is greater than the other, etc. The test register can also normally hold a carry bit from the last stage of the adder. It stores these values in flip-flops and then the instruction decoder can use the values to make decisions.

6. There are six boxes marked “3-State”.These are tri-state buffers. A tri-state

buffer can pass a 1, a 0 or it can essentially disconnect its output. A tri-state buffer allows multiple outputs to connect to a wire, but only one of then to actually drive a 1or a 0 onto the line.

7. The instruction register and instruction decoder are responsible for controlling

all of the other components.

Although they are not shown in this diagram, there would be control lines from the instruction decoder that would:

1. Tell the A register to latch the value currently on the data bus

2. Tell the B register to latch the value currently on the data bus

3. Tell the C register to latch the value currently on the data bus

4. Tell the program counter register to latch the value currently on the data bus

5. Tell the address register to latch the value currently on the data bus

6. Tell the instruction register to latch the value currently on the data bus

7. Tell the program counter to increment

8. Tell the program counter to reset to zero

9. Activate any of the six tri-state buffers (six separate lines)

10. Tell the ALU what operation to perform

11. Tell the test register to latch the ALU’s test bits

12. Activate the RD line

13. Activate the WR line

Coming into the instruction decoder are the bits from the best register and clock line, as well as the bits from the instruction register.

RAM and ROM The address and data buses, as well as the RD and WR lines connect either to RAM or ROM—generally both. In our sample microprocessor, we have an address bus 8 bits wide and a data bus 8 bits wide. That means that the microprocessor an address (2n) 256 bytes of the memory and it can read or write 8 bits of the memory at a time. Let’s assume that this simple microprocessor has 128 bytes of ROM starting at address 0 and 128 bytes of RAM starting at address 128.

ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes. The address bus tells the ROM chip which byte to get and place on the data bus. When the RD line changes state, the ROM chip presents the selected byte onto the data bus.

RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with today’s RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM.

By the way, nearly all computers contain some amount of ROM (it is possible to create a simple computer that contains no RAM—many microcontrollers do this by placing a handful of RAM bytes on the processor chip itself—but generally impossible to create one that contains no ROM).

On a PC, the ROM is called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS. The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine, and then it goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot sector. This boot sector is another small program, and the BIOS store it in RAM after reading it off the disk. The microprocessor then begins executing the boot sector’s instructions from RAM. The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else from the hard disk into RAM, which the microprocessor then executes, and so on. This is how the microprocessor loads and executes entire operating system.

Microprocessor Instructions Even the incredibly simple microprocessor shown here will have a fairly large set of instructions that it can perform. The collection of instructions is implemented as bit patterns, each one of which has a different meaning when loaded into the instruction register. Humans are not particularly good at remembering bit patterns, so a set of short words are defined to represent the different bit patterns. This collection of words is called the assembly languages of the processor. An assembler can translate the words into their bit patterns very easily, and then the output of assembler is placed in memory for the microprocessor to execute. If you use C language programming, a C compiler will translate the C code

into assembly language.

So now the question is, “How do all of these instructions look in ROM?” Each of these assembly language instructions must be represented by a binary number. These numbers all know as recodes. The instruction decoder needs to turn each of recodes into a set of signals that drive the different components inside the microprocessor. Let’s take the ADD instruction as an example and look at what it needs to do.

During the first clock cycle, we need to actually load the instruction. Therefore the instruction decoder needs to: activate the tri-state buffer for the program counter; activate the RD line; activate the data-in tri-state buffer; latch the instruction into the instruction register.

During the second clock cycle, the ADD instruction is decoded. It needs to do very little: set the operation of ALU to addition; latch the output of the ALU into the C register.

During the third clock cycle, the program counter is incremented (in theory this could be overlapped into the second clock cycle).

Every instruction can be broken down as a set of sequenced operations like these that manipulate the components of microprocessor in the proper order. Some instructions, like this ADD instruction, might take two or three clock cycles. Others might take five or six clock cycles.

Microprocessor Performance The number of transistors available has a huge effect on the performance of a processor. As seen earlier, a typical instruction in a processor like an 8088 took 15 clock cycles to execute. Because of the design of the multiplier, it took approximately 80 cycles just to do one 16-bit multiplication on the 8088. With more transistors, much more powerful multipliers capable of single-cycle speeds become possible.

More transistors also allow for a technology called pipelining. In a pipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps. So even though it might take five clock cycles to execute each instruction, there can be five instructions in various stages of execution simultaneously. That way it looks like one instruction completes every clock cycle.

Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with own pipeline. This allows for multiple instruction streams, which means that more than one instruction can complete during each clock cycle. This technique can be quite complex to implement, so it can be lots of transistors.

The trend in processor design has been toward full 32-bit ALU with fast floating point processors built in and pipelined execution with multiple instruction streams.

There has also been a tendency toward special instructions that make certain operations particularly efficient. There has also been the addition of hardware virtual memory support and L1 caching on the processor chip. All of these trends push up the transistor count, leading to the multi-million transistor powerhouses available today. These processors can execute about one billion instructions per second!

The Operational Amplifier will continue to be a vital component of analog design because it is a fundamental component. Each generation of electronic equipment integrates more functions on silicon and takes more of the analog circuitry inside the IC. As digital applications increase, analog applications also increase because the predominant supply of data and interface applications are in the real world, and the real world is an analog world.

The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200.The inputs are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 mill watts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.

A Crystal is a basic piezoelectric quartz crystal. On its own, it cannot generate electrical clocks. It has to be connected to a clock oscillator to get a clock waveform. There are two kinds of crystals: Series Resonant, which can be modeled as a high Q series LC circuit, and Parallel Resonant, which can be modeled as a high Q parallel LC circuit. A Crystal Oscillator is an oscillator with the crystal as the feedback element. There are other kinds of oscillators with active or passive feedback components, but the crystal oscillator provides the most accurate and stable output frequency. Crystal oscillators are the preferred clock source in most high-speed digital systems requiring clocks. A chip is a small piece of conducting material on which an integrated circuit is embedded. A microprocessor is a silicon chip that contains a CPU. In operation, a computer is both hardware and software. One is useless without another. The hardware design specifies the commands it can follow, and the instructions tell it what to do. With the infiltration in the social field of the computer in recent years, the application of the one-chip computer is moving towards deepening constantly, drive tradition is it measure crescent benefit to upgrade day to control at the same time. In measuring in real time and automatically controlled one-chip computer application system, the one-chip computer often uses as a key part, only one-chip computer respect knowledge is not enough, should also follow the structure of the concrete

hardware , and direct against and use the software of target's characteristic to combine concretely, in order to do perfectly.

译文：

微处理器

晶体管是电子学发展史上的关键发明之一，它实际上也是人类历史上最重要的发明之一。集成技术随着时间的推移而提高，芯片也更小，更快，更便宜。处理器完成的功能最早是由几个不同的逻辑芯片实现的，英特尔公司率先将所有这些部件集成到单个芯片中，这就是最早的微处理器，它是在单芯片上制造的完整的运算引擎。

微处理器执行一组机器指令，这些指令告诉微处理器去做什么，根据这些指令，微处理器能够完成如下三项基本任务。1.微处理器使用其ALU（算术/逻辑单元）可以完成加、减、乘、除等数学运算。2.微处理器可将数据从存储器的一个位置搬移到另一个位置。3.微处理器可做出判断，并根据这些判断跳转到一组新的指令。

一个微处理器可以做非常复杂的工作，但上述三项是最基本的。微处理器有一套地址总线（向存储器发送地址），一套数据总线（向存储器发送数据或者接收存储器数据），一条读信号线RD和一条写信号线WR（用于通知存储器是从寻址地址读取数据还是写入数据），一条时钟信号线（为处理器安排时序的时钟脉冲）和一条复位信号线（将程序计数器置零和重新开始执行）。这里假定数据总线和地址总线的宽度都是８位。

构成这个简易处理器的组件如下:

１．寄存器A,寄存器B和寄存器C：它们是由触发器构成的简易锁存器。

２．地址锁存器：和寄存器A，Ｂ，Ｃ一样。

３．程序计数器：一种具备“加一”功能和“置零”功能的锁存器。

４．算术逻辑单元：可以简单到只是一个８位加法器，也可以是能够完成８位加、减、乘、除的单元（此处我们假定为后者）。

５．测试寄存器：一种保存ALU比较结果的专用锁存器。通常，ALU能够将两个数进行比较，并判断出二者是否相等或者一个比另一个更大。测试寄存器也可以保存加法运算最后一步的进位。这些数值保存在触发器当中，指令译码器利用这些数值做出判决。

６．“３－State”是三态缓冲器。它可以传送逻辑１，逻辑０，或者和输出断开。三态缓冲器允许在一条信号线上连接多个输出信号，但只有一个信号输出。

７．指令寄存器和指令译码器负责控制所有其他组件。

从指令译码器引出完成如下功能的控制信号线：

１．通知寄存器Ａ锁定当下出现在数据总线上的数值

２．通知寄存器Ｂ锁定当下出现在数据总线上的数值。

３．通知寄存器Ｃ锁定当下出现在数据总线上的数值

４．通知程序计数器锁定当下出现在数据总线上的数值

５．通知地址寄存器锁定当下出现在数据总线上的数值

６．通知指令寄存器锁定当下出现在数据总线上的数值

７．通知程序计数器增加

８．通知程序计数器复位置零

９．激活任何一个三态缓冲器

１０．通知ALU需要完成的操作

１１．通知测试寄存器锁定ALU的测试位

１２．激活RD信号线

１３．激活WR信号线

指令译码器的数据位不仅来自指令寄存器，而且来自测试寄存器和时钟信号线。

只读存储器和随机存取存储器数据总线、地址总线、读写信号线都连接到ROM 上或者连接到RAM上（通常两者都有）。在这个微处理器例子中，有一套８位地址总线和一套８位数据总线。这意味着微处理器可寻址256字节的存储器，一次可以读／写８位数据。假定该微处理器有128字节（地址从０开始）的RAM和128字节（地址从128开始）的RAM。

ROM是只读存储器。ROM芯片是用一组永久的预设字节进行编程得到的。地址总线告知ROM芯片要将哪个字节取出并置于数据总线上。当RD信号线改变状态时，ROM 芯片将选中的字节输出到数据总线上。

ROM是随机存取存储器。ROM中包含着以字节为单位的信息，微处理器能够依据RD/WR信号哪个有效来决定字节的读／写。当前RAM芯片的一个问题是：掉电后，所有保存在RAM上的内容全部丢失。这就是计算机需要ROM的原因。

顺便提一下，几乎所有计算机都有一定数量的ROM（可以建造一种简单的不含RAM的计算机——许多微控制器在片内集成了一定数量的RAM——但是一般不可能建造出一种不含ROM的计算机）。在PC机中，ROM被称作BIOS基本输入／输出系统）。当计算机启动时，它就执行在BIOS中找到的指令。这些BIOS指令完成对机内硬件的测试，然后从硬盘中读取引导扇区。引导扇区也是一个小程序，BIOS将其从硬盘中读出来之后，这个小程序就存储在RAM中。然后，微处理器开始从RAM执行引导扇区的指令。这个程序将告知微处理器从硬盘其他位置读取信息到RAM中，然后微处理器执行相应的指令等。这就是微处理器装载和执行整个操作系统的过程。

微处理器指令甚至这里给出的简单得难以置信的微处理器也拥有一套相当大的指令集。指令的集合是以比特组合的方式实现的；每一条指令在装载到指令寄存器的时候，

都有不同的涵义。人类不善于记忆比特组合，因此定义了一组短字来代表不同的比特组合。这些短字的集合就称为处理器汇编语言。汇编器可以很容易地将这些短字翻译成与其对应的比特组合，汇编器的输出被放置到存储器中以便微处理器执行。假如使用C语言进行编程，那么编译器会将C代码翻译为汇编语言。

微处理器性能可用晶体管数量对于微处理器性能有很大的影响。正如先前看到的那样，像8088这样的处理器执行一条典型指令需要１５个时钟周期。由于要设计乘法器，在8088上完成一次16位乘法需要约80个时钟周期。晶体管越多，具备单周期乘法能力的乘法器就会越多。

更多的晶体管允许使用流水线技术。在流水线结构中，指令的执行是重叠的。这样的话，尽管执行每条指令可能需要５个周期，却可以在不同阶段同时执行５条指令。这样看上去好像每个周期都能完成一条指令。

许多现代处理器有多个指令译码器，而每个指令译码器都有各自的流水线。这样，就可以实现多指令流——即在一个周期内可以完成多条指令。该技术实现起来相当复杂，所以使用大量的晶体管。

处理器设计的趋势已经是全32位ALU、内置快速浮点处理器和多指令流水线。还有一个趋势是采用能使特定操作高效执行的特殊指令。此外，还有一种趋势是在处理器芯片附加上硬件虚拟存储器和L1高速缓存。所有这些趋势都需要增加晶体管，这导致了今天集成度高达几百万晶体管芯片的出现。这些处理器在１秒内可以执行约10亿条指令。

运放是一种基础的部件，它将作为模拟设计达到的关键部件，每一代电子设备在硅片上集成了更多的功能，将更多的模拟电路置于集成电路内部，随着数字应用的增加，模拟应用也会增加，因为大量的数据应用和接口应用都在现实世界中，而现实世界是一个模拟的世界。

晶体是一种基本的压电石英晶体，它本身是不能产生时钟信号的，必须和时钟振荡器连接在一起才能得到时钟波形。晶体有两种：串联谐振晶体（可视做高品质因数的串联LC电路）和并联谐振晶体（可视做高品质因数的并联LC电路）。晶体振荡器是一种用晶体做反馈元件的振荡器。而其他类型的振荡器采用有源，无源元件作为反馈元件，但晶体振荡器的输出频率最为精确和稳定。晶体振荡器是多数高速数字系统时钟源的首先。

LM386是美国国家半导体公司生产的音频功率放大器,主要应用于低电压消费类产品。为使外围元件最少,电压增益内置为20。但在1脚和8脚之间增加一只外接电阻和电容,便可将电压增益调为任意值,直至200。输入端以地为参考,同时输出端被自动偏置到电源电压的一半,在6V电源电压下,它的静态功耗仅为24mW,使得LM386特别适用于电池供电的场合。

芯片是嵌入了集成电路的一小片半导体材料，微处理器是包含CPU的一片硅片。一部计算机在运转上既有硬件又有软件，没有对方，哪个也没有用。硬件设计指定了计

算机能够遵循的命令，而指令告诉计算机该做什么。近年来随着计算机在社会领域的渗透, 单片机的应用正在不断地走向深入，同时带动传统控制检测，日新月益更新。在实时检测和自动控制的单片机应用系统中，单片机往往是作为一个核心部件来使用，仅单片机方面知识是不够的，还应根据具体硬件结构，以及针对具体应用对象特点的软件结合，以作完善。

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电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 （2009级培养计划）

实践环节翻译

高等数学Advanced Mathematics 大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论 和“三个代表”重要思想 概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 （就业指导） Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave

英文翻译 机械自动化类

Mechatronics Electrical machinery and electronics, also known as the integration of science, English as Mechatronics, it is by English mechanics of the first half of Mechanics and Electronics of the latter part of a combination of Electronics. Mechatronics 1971, first appeared in Japanese magazine, "Machine Design" on the supplement, with the mechanical-electrical integration of the rapid development of technology, electromechanical integration, the concept was widely accepted and we have universal application. With the rapid development of computer technology and extensive application of mechatronics technology unprecedented development. Mechatronics present technology, mechanical and micro-electronics technology is closely a set of technologies, the development of his machine has been cold humane, intelligent. Specific mechanical and electrical integration technologies, including the following: (1) mechanical engineering machinery and technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology, focused on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, the realization of the structure, materials, the performance changes to meet the needs to reduce weight, reduce the size and improve accuracy, increase the stiffness and improving the performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology of mechanical computer-aided technology should help, while the use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Which information exchange, access, computing, judge and decision-making, artificial intelligence techniques, expert system technology, neural networks are computer information processing technology. (3) System Technology System technology that is the concept of the overall application of related technology organizations, from the perspective of the overall objectives and systems will be interconnected into the overall number of functional units, system interface technology is an important aspect of technology, it is an organic part of the realization of system guarantee connectivity.

电子信息工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献微处理器

外文资料 所译外文资料： 1. 作者G..Bouwhuis, J.Braat, A.Huijser 2. 书名:Principles of Optical Disk Systems 3. 出版时间：1991年9月 4. 所译章节：Session 2/Chapter9, Session 2/Chapter 11 原文： Microprocessor One of the key inventions in the history of electronics, and in fact one of the most important inventions ever period, was the transistor. As time progressed after the inven ti on of LSI in tegrated circuits, the tech no logy improved and chips became smaller, faster and cheaper. The functions performed by a processor were impleme nted using several differe nt logic chips. In tel was the first compa ny to in corporate all of these logic comp onents into a si ngle chip, this was the first microprocessor. A microprocessor is a complete computati on engine that is fabricated on a sin gle chip. A microprocessor executes a collecti on of machi ne in struct ions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the in struct ions, a microprocessor does three basic things: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/97574565.html,ing the ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operatio ns like additi on, subtract ion, multiplicatio n and divisi on; 2.A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another; 3.A microprocessor can make decisi ons and jump to a new set of in struct ions based on those decisi ons. There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities. Microprocessor has an address bus that sends an address to memory, a data bus that can send data to memory or receive data from memory, an RD(read) and WR(write) line that lets a clock pulse sequenee the processor and a reset li ne that resets the program coun ter to zero(or whatever) and restarts executi on. And let ' s assume that both the address and data buses are 8 bits wide here. Here are the comp onents of this simple microprocessor: 1. Registers A, B and C are simply latches made out of flip-flops. 2. The address latch is just like registers A, B and C. 3. The program coun ter is a latch with the extra ability to in creme nt by 1 whe n told to do so, and also to reset to zero whe n told to do so. 4. The ALU could be as simple as an 8-bit adder, or it might be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide 8- bit values. Let ' s assume the latter here. 5. The test register is a special latch that can hold values from comparisons performed in the ALU. An ALU can normally compare two numbers send determine if they are equal, if one is greater

自动化外文翻译

景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明

1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日

TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter

电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面

1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit

外文翻译(生产线分析和改善)

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻 译 学院：经济管理学院 专业：工业工程 姓名：赵翀翀 学号： 080203215 外文出处： (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 所选文献与论文关系密切，译文用词较准确，语句通顺，反映出原文的基本内容。 所选文献也符合要求 签名：李学亮 2012年 4 月 15 日

生产线平衡 这项研究的范围是探讨生产线的制造和平衡，生产线平衡的类型，设备平衡和故障分析的理解。当每个工人的任务需要相同的时间来完成的时候，就是一个平衡的流水线。线平衡，是一个制造工程的功能，即在整个生产线的任务都能够得到等分。良好的平衡线，能避免无意义的劳动和提高生产效率。 生产线平衡 线平衡的策略是，使生产线足够灵活，以避免外部和内部的违规行为。有两种类型的生产线平衡，即： 静态平衡：指的是几个小时或更长的时间内能力的长期分歧。静态失衡是工作站，机器和人未能得到充分利用的结果。 动态平衡：指短期能力的差异，最多不超过几分钟或几个小时的时间。动态不平衡源于产品结构的变化和产品结构无关的工作时间的变化。 劳资平衡和分配 生产线的稳定策略的倾向是固定的劳动的平衡分配。劳资的可行性的一个重要特征是战略的灵活性即生产线的个人技能和能力： 当一名工人在执行分配给他的任务是有问题，遇到的延迟，由于技术问题（S），其他工人（S）应转移到帮助。 当一个工序运行出现问题时，熟练的技工应尽快接管其工序。 生产线的所有工人应交互在各个工序熟悉工序操作。 全技能即在一个单一的工作中心一个工人可以处理各种任务（自动化）。 设备平衡 设备平衡应确保每一台设备在工作单元中有相同的工作量。现在每个制造商都试图最大限度地利用所有可用的设备。如此高的利用率往往适得其反，这可能是一个错误的目标，因为利用率高，通常伴随着高库存。 设备故障 设备故障是一项重大而严肃的问题，有可能关闭一条生产线。为了避免这种故障，应确保每个设备不会超载，并且应培训工人进行日常机器检查（预防性维护）和标准作业程序的训练。维护部和工程部的优势不在于在运行后期的变化，因此应计算预防性维修时间，并安排活动。 分析 线平衡的分析一般由主管技术人员进行。分析之前应把流水线分成各个小任务，确定标准的任务时间，任务的排序的规范和约束的分析与生产线的工作分工。如果瓶颈环节的任务是在于寻找良好的平衡的方式，技术过硬的员工应分析的任务，以减少所花费的时间来执行。 生产线平衡领导 生产线工人应致力于生产线平衡而努力，这样他们才能够快速应对当产品和生产率变换导致失衡（静态和动态）时迅速作出反应。

电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译

电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,

物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。

电子信息工程本科毕业中英文翻译

英语原文： Life of LED-Based White Light Sources The interest for using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for display and illumination applications has been growing steadily over the past few years. The potential for long life and reduced energy use are two key attributes of this rapidly evolving technology that have generated so much interest for its use in the above mentioned applications. Traditionally, the lamp life of light sources commonly used in illumination applications is determined by subjecting them to a predetermined on/off cycle until half the number of light sources cease to produce light. Unlike these sources, LEDs rarely fail catastrophically; instead, their light output slowly degrades over time. Even if an LED is technically operating and producing light, at some point the amount of light produced by the LED will be insufficient for the intended application. Therefore, the life of an LED should be based on the amount of time that the device can produce sufficient light for the intended application,rather than complete failure. Based on this argument, a recent publication from an industry group defines the life of an LED device or system for use in general lighting applications as the operating time, in hours, for the light output to reach 70% of its initial value. The most widely used white LEDs incorporate a layer of phosphor over a GaN-based, short-wavelength light emitter. Usually, the phosphor is embedded inside an epoxy resin that surrounds the LED die. Some portion of the short-wavelength radiation emitted by the LED is down-converted by the phosphor, and the combined radiation creates white light.Early white LEDs were packaged similar to the indicator-style colored LEDs, specifically 5 mm and SMD (surface mount devices). Although these products demonstrated the concept of a white light source, they did not produce sufficient light for display and illumination applications. Furthermore, these indicator-style white LEDs had a relatively short life, 5000–10 000h to reach 70% light level under normal operating conditions. To address the higher luminous flux requirements, manufacturers have started to commercialize high-power illuminator LEDs that are presently producing over one hundred times the flux compared to indicator-style white LEDs. The higher light output is

自动化外文翻译

电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料（中文读书报告） 学生姓名：王超杰 专业班级：自动化12-06班 学号：311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日

原文： Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/97574565.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram