高中英语语法讲解与练习之主谓一致

高中英语语法之主谓一致

一．概述：1) 语法形式上要一致,即用作主语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致

2) 意义上要一致,即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义.

1 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数

注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词. The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C..本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B.

2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

总的来说，在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be 句型中，谓语动词的单复数按就近原则处理，即按与谓语动词最靠近的那个主语来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：Not only John but also I am going to Shanghai next week.Either you or she is to go.

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致（就远原则）

当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致. The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.

4 谓语需用单数

1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数.

Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch.

2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.

The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. < The Arabian Night >是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书.

3) 表示金钱,时间.距离.价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.(用复数也可,意思不变.)Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough.

5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1)在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.

All is right. (一切顺利.)All are present. (所有人都到齐了.)

2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee 等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体.

His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭. His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者.

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).vermin等在任何情况下都用复数形式.

Are there any police around

集合名词主谓一致分为三类：1.通常用复数，如people、police 2.通常用单数，如poetry、luggage 3。着重指整体用单数，着重指集体中的成员用复数，如family、audience

3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.

A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词复数+单数动词.

A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.

6 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1）one、each、either、neither、much、little总是单数，both、many、few总是复数，some、all、any、more、most 代替可数名词时是复数，不可数名词时是复数。

One has to do one’s best. Each of boys has got a prize. Any is good enough for me. Give me some if there are any apples.

2) 在一些短语,如many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.

Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书.

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市.

二．主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象

和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下

1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:

More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.

2, "many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如:

Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.

3,"half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:

Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.

4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:

"All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利

5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:What they want to get is the number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.

6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如: No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.

7,当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如:

My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.

8,each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:

They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.

9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:

Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.

10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:

The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.

11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.例如:

Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.

当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics （经济意义）等

12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如:

The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适.还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）.clothes.contents.minites （记录）.remains（遗体）.thanks等

13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.例如:

One and a half apples is left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.

14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如:One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙.

15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如: He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一.

16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如:

One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.

练习

1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.

A. hundreds people

B. hundred people

C. hundreds peoples

D. hundred peoples

2. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.

A. is handing out

B. are to hand out

C. are handing out

D. is to hand out

3. I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.

A. am

B. is

C. are

D. be

4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all.

A. is to hold; is

B. is to be held; was

C. are to hold; is

D. are to be held; is

5. There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.

A. were; it

B. are; them

C. was; it

D. is; them

6. Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.

A. is exploited

B. are exploited

C. had exploited

D. have exploited

7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

8. Mathematics _______ the language of science.

A. are

B. are going to be

C. is

D. is to be

9. Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

10. ________ either of your parents come to see you recently?

A. Have

B. Had

C. Has

D. Is

11. What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.

A. is

B. are

C. have

D. has

12. The whole family _______ TV attentively.

A. are watching

B. is watching

C. is seeing

D. are seeing

13. Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday.

A. was

B. were

C. have been

D. would be

14. At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young

people on their way to the village.

A. were

B. was

C. is

D. sits

15. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.

A. are not preserved

B. is not preserved

C. were preserved

D. have not been preserved

16. There ______ little change in that middle school.

A. have

B. had

C. have been

D. has been

17. What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.

A. going to be

B. /

C. is

D. that

18. Seventy-five percent of the earth’s surface ______ with water.

A. is covered

B. is covering

C. were covered

D. are covered

19. The following ______ some other mental diseases.

A. being

B. are

C. was

D. were

20. Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.

A. are

B. is

C. am

D. Were

21. “ The Kites” ______ us a story of t he kite’s history.

A. have told

B. tells

C. were told

D. was told

22. You and I _____ twin sisters.

A. were

B. are

C. is

D. am

23. A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.

A. are telling

B. is telling

C. are given

D. were given

24. Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.

A. rots away

B. rot away

C. has rotted away

D. are rotted away

25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.

A. is cleaning

B. are cleaning

C. were cleaning

D. have cleaned

26. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.

A. have known

B. Knows

C. is known

D. are known

27. The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.

A. were

B. has been

C. had been

D. was

28. “ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？”

“______ .”

A. Nobody of us has

B. Nobody of us have

C. None of us has

D. None of us did

29. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.

A. were advancing

B. were advanced

C. was advancing

D. advancing

30. Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.

A. is enjoy

B. were enjoying

C. enjoys

D. enjoy

1.解析：选B. hundred一词前面有具体数词修饰时不加-s

2. 解析：选D. 当either …or 连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词在人称和数上和后一个主语保持一致。“be+不定式”表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。

3. 解析：选A. who 为引导定语从句的关系代词，其先行词是I , 所以谓语动词要用am.

4. 解析：选D. 主语the Olympic Games 意为：奥运会，谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式；后半部分为which引导的非限制情定语从句，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

5.解析：选C. there be句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语，a lot of rubbish(不可数名词)，因此后面谓语动词要用单数。

6. 解析：选A. 主语为coal, 是不可数名词。根据题意，此处要用被动语态。

7. 解析：选A. 主语Stories of the Long March 是书名，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。

8. 解析：选C. 此处mathematics 为学科名词，作主语时谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。

9. 解析：选B. both----and---连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式。

10.解析：选C. either 是主语部分的中心词，助动词要与either要数上保持一致。

11.解析：选B. what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据后面的名词的数来决定，此处要用非第三人称单数形式。

12.解析：选A. 此处指：家里的各个成员，所以谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式。

13. 解析：选A. 此处nothing句子的主语，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。

14. 解析：选A. 此句为倒装句，句子的主语是a soldier and two young people.

15. 解析：选B. 此处主语law and order 指的是同一个概念，所以谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式.

16. 解析：选D. 此处there be结构中的主语little change是不可数名词。

17. 解析：选C. 本句是主语从句，缺谓语，所以要用第三人称单数形式。

18. 解析：选A. 本句缺谓语，主语percent后面是不可数名词，所以要用第三人称单数形式。

19. 解析：选B. 本句的表语是复数形式，所以谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形。

20.解析：选C. 根据就近一致性原则，谓语用am.

主谓一致的其他情况

1．名词作主语

1）this kind of book =a book of this kind（这种书），其谓语动词用单数；短语this kind of men =men of this kind =these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语动词用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

This kind of men is dangerous.

Men of this kind are dangerous.

2）复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致原则，作用单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有：means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese，Japanese等。如：

The (This) glass works was set up in 1980. (这家玻璃厂建于1980年。)

The（These）glass works are near the railway station. （这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。）

当它们前面有a, such a , this, that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数，但means, no means, the means等词前没有以上修饰词时，可用作单数，也可用作复数。

3)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

Between the two windows hangs a picture.

2．代词作主语

1）名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Ours (Our Party) is a great party.

Your shoes are black, and mine(=my shoes) are brown.

2）such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：

Such is our plan. Such are his words.

3．分数、量词作主语

1）“a lot of, lots of , plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of, a heap of, heaps of, +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，后接复数可数名词最主语，谓语动词用复数；后接不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数,例如：Lots of damage was caused by fire.

About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Three-fifths of the workers here are women.

注意：(large)quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数，例如：

Quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.

短语in quantity, in large quantities意为“大量”；in small quantities意为“少量”。

2）a great deal of , a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；

注意：large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，例如：

A large amount of(A great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.

Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.

3）表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如：One and a half bananas is left on the table.

4）half of, (a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。

5）在数学运算中，通常把数词短语看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数，例如：

Three plus six is nine. Two and three is/are five.

4．从句作主语

1）由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如：

What we need is more time.

What we need are doctors.

2）在“one of+复数名词++who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。如：

This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told.

但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如：

She was the only one of the girls who was late.

以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题

英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。

（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题

以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.

（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题

以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：

Darts is basically a easy game.

但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。

例如：Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw.

（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题

某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。例如：

The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.

In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.

但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。例如：

The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.

（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题

某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：

The third world economics is promising. Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.

做学科、课程意义的时候用单数，做学科以外其他意义时用复数。

The Olympics was (be) started again in the 19th century.

These kind of cars are (be) very expensive.

A lot of machinery is (be) made at home.

A lot of machines are (be ) outdated.

War and peace is (be) a constant theme in history.

Neither of them has (have) come.

Five plus five equals (equal) ten.

To teach and to learn are (be) quite different.

This pair of trousers costs (cost) 50 dollars.

The New York Times is (be) published daily.

All of the fruit looks (look) ripe.

The Alps are (be)the greatest mountain range in Europe.

选择题

1. Neither of them ______ going to the cinema. Both of them _____ going to the cinema.

A. is ; are

B. is ; is

C. are ; was

D. are ; is

2. All but one _____ here just now. All that I want to say ____ this.

A. was; were

B. was; is

C. were; is

D. were; were

3. A number of students ____ gone for an outing. The number of the students ______ increasing year. A. have; has

B. is; have

C. has; have

D. have; is

4. Some of the oranges ______ turned bad. Some of the milk _______ turned sour (酸).

A. have; has

B. have; have

C. has; have

D. have; is

5. Each student -____ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each ______ a dictionary.

A. have; has

B. has; have

C. have; have

D. has; has

6. There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There ________ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.

A. is; are

B. are; are

C. are; is

D. is; is

7. Either the judge or the lawyers ________ wrong. Either you or he _______ to blame.

A. is; are

B. are; is

C. are; are

D. is; is

8. His family ______ all very well. His family _______ a “ five good” one.

A. are; is

B. is; is

C. are; are

D. is; are

9. My blue trousers ______ worn out. One pair of trousers ______ not enough.

A. is; are

B. are; are

C. is; is

D. are; is

10. Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.

A. take; are

B. take; is

C. takes; is

D. takes; are

11. The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s

answer.

A. have; was

B. have; were

C. has; was

D. has; were

12. Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there?

A. are; are

B. are; is

C. is; are

D. is; is

13. Most of the students _____ boys. Most of his money _____ spent on books.

A. are; is

B. is ; is

C. are; are

D. is; are

14. The policeman ______ standing at the street corner. The police _____ searching for him.

A. are; is

B. are; are

C. is; are

D. is; is

15. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.

A. are; is

B. are; are

C. is; are

D. is; is

16. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news _____ to be broadcasted.

A. are; is

B. are; are

C. is; are

D. is; is

17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons ______ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, ____ taking a walk in the park now.

A. are; are

B. is; are

C. is; is

D. are; is

18. No one but Jane ______ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I ___ in the classroom at that time.

A. know; was

B. knows; was

C. know; were

D. knows; were

19. There _______ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _____ something wrong with the machine.

A. was; is

B. was; are

C. were; is

D. were; are

20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.

A. is; are

B. are; are

C. are; is

D. is; is

21. What they have done ______ of great use to us. What he says and what he does ___ agree.

A. is; not

B. is; do not

C. are; does not

D. are; not

22. Every picture except these two _______. Everything around us _____ matter.

A. have been sold; is

B. have been sold; are

C. has been sold; is

D. has been sold; are

23. A woman with two children ______ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved to Paris.

A. is; has

B. is; have

C. are; have

D. are; has

24. one sixth of our classmates _____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.

A. comes; is

B. come; are

C. come; is

D. comes; are

25. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _____ League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent (租金).

A. are; goes

B. are; go

C. is; goes

D. is; go

26. It is this teacher who ______ leaving for London. It is you who ____ next.

A. are; are

B. is; are

C. are; is

D. is; is

27. The population of the earth _____ increasing fast. One third of the population here _____ workers.

A. is; are

B. is; is

C. are; is

D. are; are

28. This kind of snakes _____ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _____ hard to find.

A. is; is

B. are; is

C. is; are

D. are; are

29. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad.

A. is; are

B. is; is

C. are; is

D. are; are

30. Every man worker and every woman worker _____ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _____ given a present.

A. enjoy; is

B. enjoy; are

C.enjoys; is

D. enjoys; are

1—5 ACDAB 6—10ABADD 11—15CCACA 16—20CDBAD

21—25BCACA 26—30BACCC

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