研究生 英语阅读教程 第三版 课文 Lesson 2

Lesson 2

Humbled by Nature,Humeble by Culture

Susanna Jones

[1]The scale of the 11March Japanese earthquake and tsunami is a profound reminder of just how small we human beings are.But it also carries a message of hope about Japan’s long struggle with t he natural world.

[2] News reports describe the scenes from northern Japan as being from a horror film. Watching television footage of the events and discussing it with friends, I find the same phrase comes to mind. It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare, but when something is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of reference we have. In Britain, where such vast natural disaster is unknown, perhaps this is the only connection we can make when we see whole communities ripped away by a tsunami, helicopters hovering over raging fires that go on for miles. Warner Brothers has pulled screenings of Clint Eastwood's film Hereafter from cinemas in Japan because of its "inappropriate" tsunami scenes. The horror has become reality and it is hard to comprehend the scale of it.

[3] No one could prepare for an earthquake of this magnitude, yet no one was better prepared than the Japanese. The earthquake and tsunami are crucial to understanding Japan's relationship with nature. Throughout history, the Japanese have had to work the land and sea hard to survive and enable communities to thrive.

[4] It is unforgiving, mountainous country. Nature brings frequent quakes and typhoons. Lest you should ever forget the smallness of being human, the iconic Mount Fuji, instantly recognisable yet somehow different on every viewing, is an extinct volcano.

[5] This relationship with nature is not all about hardship and fear, as I discovered when I lived in the country for long periods during the Eighties and Nineties. There is celebration, too, tempered with respect. My Japanese teacher used to take out a different set of plates each season, with colours that matched the season's mood: dishes with bands of red and gold in autumn, pink flowers in spring. A meal

contained not only the flavours of a season, but its very atmosphere and the memories that it evoked. In the cities, people wait for and celebrate the cherry blossoms and autumn leaves that spring up from the earth as though to remind us that the concrete and neon are a mere overlay.

[6] The Japanese have always lived with the knowledge that natural disaster can occur at any moment and, for the past couple of decades, with the knowledge that an earthquake, "the big one", was due. Small tremors, most of which are harmless, have provided frequent reminders. To be teaching a class, paying a bill at the bank, fast asleep in bed, and then brought to attention because the ground beneath you is shaking, leaves you suspended momentarily. It's a state of uncertainty, humility. Even if you never experience one that pulls the building down around you, the earthquake occupies a part of your imagination, your consciousness.

[7] I was living in Japan in 1995 at the time of the Kobe earthquake. More than 6,000 people were killed in the quake and subsequent fires. Just two months later, Aum Shinrikyo, a bizarre religious cult led by Shoko Asahara, left packages containing sarin gas on the Tokyo subway. Twelve people died from the effects of the gas and many more were injured. It surprised me, over the following months that the gas attack seemed to dominate the national media coverage, whereas Kobe, after the initial weeks of horrifying footage, slipped somewhat into the background. The Japanese attitude of being stoical in adversity because shiyou ga nai ("nothing can be done", or "it can't be helped") perhaps goes some way towards explaining this.However, the sarin attack was a new, unexpected kind of terror but it was also something that could be investigated and dissected. and there were people to blame. There were names and photographs. Even though the emergency services in Kobe were criticised for being underprepared and slow to respond to the earthquake, the event itself was inevitable.

[8] Kobe was a horror story that people did not want to keep reliving. In the UK we have the luxury of being able to consider, for example, the consequences of global warming through apocalyptic visions of the future in film and theatre, knowing that we'll be all right today and for the near future. In Japan the catastrophe is in the past

and the present and will be in the future. All practical considerations relating to earthquakes---quake-proof buildings, emergency drills-are handled with matter-of-fact efficiency, but the event, when it happens, is often kept at some distance.

[9] It will take generations for the north-eastern communities to recover. What will be the effect on Japan as a whole? Rather than immersing ourselves in the language of horror films and the end of the world, when the time is right to try to glimpse this new territory, we might for thought reach for a book by Japan's most popular contemporary novelist. Haruki Murakami's slim collection of short stories After the Quake, published in English in 2002, was written in response to, but not directly about, the Kobe earthquake. From the painful to the surreal to the gently touching, the anthology presents a series of psychological aftershocks.

[10] In "Honey Pie", a small girl has recurring nightmares after watching the disaster footage on television and is soothed by stories from her mother's friend who, in turn, is comforted by his own story. In "Landscape with Flatiron", a man spends his time collecting driftwood for bonfires on the beach. Is this connected with the fires that burned through Kobe? We don't know, but we sense that the earthquake is somewhere underneath it all.

[11] Much of the terror is explored through dreams, as though reality is too much to bear or not enough to help. The stories end with hope. It is in Murakami's nature as

a writer to be upbeat, but these are plausible glimpses of optimism.

[12] There is talk of panic in Tokyo now, but the news I've had from friends there - phone calls, emails, Facebook updates - paints a sombre yet calmer picture. They are worried but not hysterical. At schools around the city, classes continue and students in their final year are having their graduation ceremonies as the academic calendar comes to its end. They are aware of radiation levels from the blasts at the Fukushima nuclear plant and that so far there is no risk to health. They are going about their business, getting on with it.

[13] Perhaps not everyone is so calm, why should they be? But we should resist the temptation to imagine panicking hordes buying up all the food and fleeing the capital as the next part of our horror narrative. On Friday 11 March, when the quake

shook Tokyo, a friend was hosting a reading group in her apartment for a group of Japanese women. It was mid-afternoon and, after learning that the trains were not running, she offered bedding for the night to those who had to travel far. Several hours later, nearer midnight, they telephoned to say that they were only ten minutes away from her apartment. There were still no trains, so could they possibly stay the night after all? This is typical, neighbours helping each other, quietly accepting help where it is needed, and not wanting to impose.

[14] It may be a long time before we see or understand the long-term effects of these events on Japanese culture. In Japan change tends to happen not dramatically or quickly, but quietly and with small shifts. It seems incongruous that, inthe midst of this great catastrophe, the cherry blossoms will soon be out. And one can hardly begin to imagine how these events will shape the future for the survivors when recovery begins.

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Lesson 1 1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。 2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.” 佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。” 3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings. 美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。 4. But retaliation carries the risk of setting off a tightening spiral of violence and counterviolence not unlike the Middle East or Northern Ireland. Unlike countries that have had to learn to live with violence,”We are new at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, who heads a project that has trained trauma teams in Yugoslavia.”My fear is we will overreach and make things worse rather than better by retribution, revenge, racism and marginalizing ethnic groups.” 报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手，”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说，“我所担心的是惩罚、报复、种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。” 5. Fear of terrorism is likely to lead Americans to tolerate more government surveillance—such as overhead video cameras at sporting events—than they have to date. “It’s very likely in the wake of today’s events that we’re going to see a greater acceptance on the public’s part—and on the court’s part—to approve certain kinds of police tactics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard Low School professor. 对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯?斯汤资说，“经过目前前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众，还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。” Lesson 5 戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。

必修二英语课文及翻译 word整理版

必修二 Unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀厅Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. 弗雷德里克?威廉?我,普鲁士国王,从未想像过这恩赐与俄罗斯人会令人惊喜的历史。这个礼物,琥珀屋的,赐给这个名字,因为好几吨的琥珀被用来制造它。琥珀被选有一个美丽的黄棕色的颜色就像蜂蜜。房间的设计是别致的流行的日子。这也是一种珍惜用金子来装饰和珠宝,将国家的最好的艺术家们大约10年了。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 事实上,这个房间没有是作为礼物送人的。它是设计出用于弗雷德里克的宫殿。然而,普鲁士的下一任国王弗雷德里克威廉?我、就是琥珀属于,决定不去保持它。在1716他给了彼得最重要的东西。作为回报,沙皇送给他一群他最好的士兵。所以琥珀房成了沙皇的一部分在圣彼得堡冬宫。大约四米长,房间作为一个小接待大厅为重要的游客。 Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. 后来,凯瑟琳二世琥珀屋的搬到一座宫殿外面圣彼得堡她在她的夏天。她告

《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族