研究生综合英语翻译答案

Unit 1

1. Through language we can share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture.

1. 通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识和传承文化。

2. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common.

2. 暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些共同之处的事物联系在一起。

3. In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.

3. 实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。

4. To be more effective, though, the examples you cite for your speech should be vivid and richly textured.

4. 为了使表达更加富有效果，你演说中的举例应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。

5. Extended examples — often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes — are longer and more detailed.

5. 扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。

6. Hypothetical examples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.

6. 虚拟性的例子描述想像中的情形，能够十分有效地将演说者的思想传达给听众。

7. Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience.

7. 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。

8. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible.

8. 引用那些权威的观点对于增加演说者观点的可信度来说是一种好方法。

9. Words are the tools of a speaker's craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession.

9. 语言是演说者展示才能的工具。对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样，语言也有特殊的功用。

10. There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously or impromptu.

10. 演说的表达方式基本上有四种：通读手稿中的段落，复述背诵过的一段文章，幻灯片辅助的演说，即兴发挥的演说。

Unit 2

1. The costs of energy — including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts —detract from human well-being.

1. 人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不但包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。

2. Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth.

2. 能源资源不足或者（更经常）开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术与机构不足，会影响能源给人类带来利益，并意味着能源生产增长遭到干扰、损害或限制。

3. One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms.

3. 回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来前所未有的人口增长所带来的对能源需求的激增以及相同规模的人均工业能源需求的增长。

4. But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society's needs.

4. 但这些资源转化成电力或液体燃料，以满足社会需求，均需经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。

5. In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emissions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved impossible.

5. 以矿物燃料造成的空气污染为例，一般认为其对大众健康的主要危害是由排放的二氧化硫形成的微粒，但接触这种污染空气究竟会导致多少人死亡，却无法取得一致意见。

6. For both resources, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.

6. 无论是核电还是火电，其对人类的危害都无法确定，这本身就是一大憾事。

7. Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being.

7. 然而，根据已有认识足以判断这种威胁对人类利益造成的损失将会更大。

8. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity.

8. 无论是工业形式还是传统家庭的能源利用，在人类活动破坏环境的过程中均占有很大比重。

9. Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change.

9. 在诸多环境问题中，对人类威胁最大、在许多情况下却又最让人类无计可施的是全球气候变化。

10. The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating large-scale military conflict.

10. 其他唯一能够同全球气候变化所造成的灾难性影响相提并论的外化成本是日益恶化的大规模军事冲突。

Unit 3

1. He's the last guy you want to see in your rear-view mirror when you're speeding down the highway.

1. 他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。

2. The bottom line, according to the research published in the June 28 issue of The Lancet, is that traffic tickets save lives.

2. 根据6月28日发表在《柳叶刀》上的研究，最根本的一点就是交通罚单能救命。

3. Their 1998 study caused a stir when they linked cell phone usage to traffic accidents.

3. 他们俩1998年的研究引起了轰动，当时他们认为打手机与交通事故有关联。

4. The full driving record of every licensed driver there was made available to them, warts and all, giving the researchers a huge database of more than 10 million licensed drivers.

4. 他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录，这样他们就有了一个良莠具存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。

5. "What we found was that there were fewer tickets in the month before a fatal accident than there were a year before, and that suggests there's a protective effect of having a ticket."

5. “我们发现出严重事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少，这说明罚单有保护作用。”

6. They also found that the "relative risk reduction associated with traffic convictions was remarkably consistent among subgroups of licensed drivers," ...

6. 他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故减少率的持续性是显著的，”……

7. The researchers also addressed the commonly held belief that traffic citations cause more accidents than they prevent because so many people are killed during police chases.

7. 研究者们还澄清了一种普遍的看法：交通罚单引起的交通事故比防止的多，因为很多人是在警察追他们时丧生的。

8. The statistics do not include Ontario drivers who may have been involved in a fatal accident somewhere outside that province.

8. 统计数字不包括有可能在省外某地出严重交通事故的安大略省司机。

9. But the statistics suggest a correlation between the number of citations and the number of fatalities.

9. 但是数据显示交通罚单的数量和死亡率之间呈相关性。

10. Most crashes are unintended, unexpected, and could have been prevented by a small difference in driver behavior.

10. 大多数事故是无意的，意料之外的，只要司机在驾驶上稍有不同就能避免。

Unit 4

1. The labeling of "women's language" as "powerless language" reflects the view of women's behavior through the lens of men's.

1. 视“女性的语言”为“低微无能者的语言”反映出男性看女性行为的角度。

2. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which women's ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless.

2. 这种歧义的存在解释了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表达出来的思维方式曲解为无能的表现。

3. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article.

3. 一篇报刊文章里的简评最能清楚地让我们看到这种固有歧义的存在。

4. Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs; what remains constant is that the women's style is negatively valuated — seen as lower in status than the men's.

4. 关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的是女性风格总被人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性。

5. The woman's style is called "covert," a term suggesting negative qualities like being "sneaky" and "underhanded."

5. 女性风格被称为“隐蔽的”，该词含有“鬼祟”和“秘密”等贬义。

6. The explanation for a woman's indirectness could just as well be her seeking connection.

6. 女性偏好间接方式很可能是因为她们想寻找某种关系。

7. You're neither one-up nor one-down by being happily connected to others whose wants are the same as yours.

7. 当你和与你需求相同的人交往时，你既不高人一等，也不低人一等。

8. Calling an indirect communication covert reflects the view of someone for whom the direct style seems "natural" and "logical" — a view more common among men.

8. 称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些视直接沟通方式为“自然的”和“合乎逻辑的”的人的观点，这种观点在男性中更普遍。

9. The mutual indirectness in a Japanese lunch invitation may strike Americans as excessive.

9. 日本人在午餐邀请时双方所做的间接交流在美国人看来是过分了。

10. Only modern Western societies place a priority on direct communication, and even for Americans it is more a value than a practice.

10. 唯有现代西方社会看重直接沟通方式，而且即使对美国人来讲，这种方式更是一种价值观，而不是实践。

Unit 5

1. International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation by government officials.

1. 一些国际金融机构，尤其是世界银行，宣布了多个方案，旨在确保其项目承包的公正和公开性，杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。

2. Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious consequences.

2. 之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高，其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。

3. Gone is the day when some pundits seriously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces.

3. 曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说：腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为，或者说，腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品，它是不可避免的，我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。

4. And the drumbeat of scandals continues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year.

4. 频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏，一直没有消停。过去一年，中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首。

5. Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetoric into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focused and systematic manner.

5. 考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷，只有当我们以更加集中和系统的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时，反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲势头。

6. But their legal, political, and economic systems vary greatly — they are failed or failing, fragile or rising — and so anticorruption initiatives in the developing world will have to be a part of, and dependent on, each country's broad, complex, and often lengthy state-building process.

6. 但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大——它们要么不成功，要么眼看就要失败；要么不堪一击，要么正在兴起——因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分，而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。

7. Tackling this multifaceted problem, and understanding how near-term priorities fit into long-term approaches, requires pursuing four types of measures.

7. 要攻克这个牵涉到多层面的问题，并明确近期的工作重点如何与长期的应对方法相符，我们就该采取四种措施。

8. Second is prevention: the enactment and implementation of legislation and administrative regulations that choke off corrupt practices (such measures should include ombudsman systems, whistleblower protection laws, transparent rules of procurement and accounting, freedom-of-information laws, auditing and internal-control requirements for public and private entities, and anti-money-laundering regimes).

8. 第二是预防，即制定和实施遏制各种腐败行为的法规及行政体例（这些措施必须包含政府检察官巡视制度、举报人保护法、采购和财会透明规章制度、信息自由法、要求对公共和私营实体实施审计和内部监控以及反洗钱制度等）。

9. To make financial discipline operational, international financial institutions must change the perspective of those staff members who, eager to push money out the door, oppose conditioning loans or grants on securing commitments from beneficiaries to fight corruption.

9. 为了使金融纪律得到有效实施，国际金融机构必须改变那些业内人士的观念，这些人一心只想放贷出门，因而反对以承诺打击腐败为前提向贷款受益人提供贷款和补助。

10. Finally, MNCs must overcome short-term economic pressures and old ways of doing business so as to create and sustain an anticorruption culture and effective corporate compliance procedures.

10. 最后跨国公司必须克服短期经济压力，改变老一套经营方式，以便创建和保持一种反腐的理念以及一套有效步骤，使公司上下都自觉遵守这一理念。

Unit 6

1. But before New Yorkers become too full of themselves, it might be worthwhile to glance at dilapidated Kaifeng in central China.

1. 然而趁纽约人还没过度踌躇满志之前，不妨对华夏中原那座破落的开封城回眸一瞥。

2. As expressed in this column's headline — translated from Chinese, a language of the future that more Americans should start learning — "glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds."

2. 以广大的美国人民都应学习的未来的语言表达出来，一如前面的中文标题说所示：“辉煌如过眼烟云。”

3. But if you look back at the sweep of history, it's striking how fleeting supremacy is, particularly for individual cities.

3. 然而当我们对历史的洪流稍作回顾，便会惊觉世界的霸权是多么短暂，尤其是对各个城市而言。

4. An ancient painted scroll, now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, shows the bustle and prosperity of ancient Kaifeng.

4. 目前珍藏在北京故宫博物院的一幅古老卷轴，上面画的是古都开封的热闹与繁荣。

5. Many local people insisted that China is on course to bounce back and recover its historic role as world leader.

5. 许多当地百姓却都强调中国正在复兴，而且很快就能恢复它世界领导者的历史角色。

6. The United States has had the biggest economy in the world for more than a century, but most projections show that China will surpass it in about 15 years, as measured by purchasing power parity.

6. 美国作为全世界最大的经济体已经超过一个世纪了，然而大多数的预测都显示：如果用购买力比率来估计，中国将在大约十五年之内超越美国。

7. But then China came to scorn trade and commerce, and per capita income stagnated for 600 years.

7. 但是后来中国却鄙弃了贸易与商业，国民平均所得因而停滞了六百年。

8. A second lesson is the danger of hubris, for China concluded it had nothing to learn from the rest of the world — and that was the beginning of the end.

8. 第二个教训就是傲慢自大的危险。由于当初中国断定它不可能从别国学到任何东西，它的衰败从此开始了。

9. And Americans' lack of interest in the world contrasts with the restlessness, drive and determination that are again pushing China to the forefront.

9. 而美国人民对外部世界没什么兴趣，这又与凭借着自强不息、冲劲与决心而逐渐向世界舞台中央挺进的中国形成了对比。

10. For if they rest on their laurels, even a city as great as New York may end up as Kaifeng-on-the-Hudson.

10. 因为如果他们只是一味沉醉于既有的成就而裹足不前的话，即使伟大如纽约市也可能有朝一日沦为哈德逊河上的开封城。

Unit 7

1. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers —which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature — the jig was up.

1.当一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中——而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊《科学》与《自然》杂志上时——把戏被戳穿了。

2. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance.

2.科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，而且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律。

3. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats.

3.《科学》杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的办法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的方法，并非旨在抓骗子。

4. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry.

4.但是，《科学》和《自然》是仅有的两家覆盖全部科学学科的主要刊物，学科范围从气象学和动物学到量子物理学和化学等。

5. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.

5.在专业期刊上发表论文赢得学术界的赞誉，也可以满足“不发表就完蛋”的迫切需要。但是，在《科学》和《自然》杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是你发表的论文可能会被《纽约时报》及其他报刊报道。

6. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor", a measure of how often papers are cited by peers.

6.被经常引用会增加科学工作者的“影响因子”，即衡量论文被同行引用次数的一个尺度。

7. It also no doubt reflects the increasing and sometimes excessive emphasis amongst funding agencies and governments on publication measures, such as the typical rates of citation of journals.

7.这同时无疑也反映了资助机构和政府日益强调甚而有时过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的具有代表性的引用率之类。

8. When either magazine is considering a paper for publication, the authors are told not to speak to the press lest they want to risk rejection.

8.无论这两家杂志中的哪一家在考虑发表某篇论文的时候，都会告知作者不要将消息透露给媒体，除非他们不怕退稿。

9. Whether the clamor to appear in these journals has any bearing on their ability to catch fraud is another matter.

9.人们拼命想在这些杂志上露面是否会影响到杂志的打假能力是另一码事。

10. They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but that policy change had already been decided when the scandal struck.

10.他们确实计划对照片进行更加仔细的审查，以便发现造假的情况，而这种制度性变化在丑闻曝光之前就已经决定实施了。

(英语)英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析

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科技英语综合教程课后练习答案及参考译文

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Unit 1 搏弈论 阿维纳什?迪克斯特&巴里?内尔巴夫 搏弈是有关策略的科学。它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。 搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰?冯?诺依曼。在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。 搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。 搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。 对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。每个博弈者应该弄清楚其他博弈者会对他当前的策略行为做出怎样的回应，他自己将如何应对等情况。博弈者要预料到他的最初决定会最终导致何种结果，并且运用对形势的判断来计划好当前的最佳策略。在考虑其他博弈者会如何应对时，博弈者必须能设身处地地换位思考，而不能把自己的主观判断强加与人。 从理论上说，采取固定次序行动的任何连续博弈都可以圆满地完成。我们可以通过预测每个可能的结果来决定各个博弈者的最佳策略。例如象井字棋(tic-tac-toe)这样的简单游戏由于可以以这样的方式完成，因而并不具有挑战性。但诸如象象棋等的其他博弈，即使是借助电脑的帮助，由于其本身的计算过程过于复杂而难以在实践中去实施。因此，博弈者往往会会依据经验提前对形势作出判断并尽可能的评估最终的局面。 与连续策略博弈的线形思维不同的是，采取共发性策略的博弈要求逻辑思维。在忽略其他参与者当前策略的情况下，尽管博弈者们同时采取行动，每一个参与者必须清楚的意识同时还会有其他的参与者在依次关注整个博弈过程。这时的思维模式可描述为：我想他认为我会这样考虑…。因此，博弈者必须从全体博弈者的立场出发并努力判断出最终的博弈结果。每个参与者的个人最佳行为都是全局谋划中不可或缺的一部分。 运用普林斯顿数学家约翰?纳什提出的均衡概念，可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。我们寻求一系列的策略组合，每个博弈者都会有自己的选择，当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时，我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。换句话说，每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。 有时, 无论其他博弈者如何行动，博弈的一方的最佳策略组合始终如一，这被称作这一博弈者的优策略。在其他情况下，如果博弈者的策略始终于己不利，则被称作劣策略，其含义是指无论其他博弈者如何行动，对手的策略总是优于自己。因此，谋求策略均衡应该从寻找优策略和消除劣策略开始。 当我们把博弈的结果表述为一种均衡的时候，并不是基于以下的假设：即博弈的每个参与者的个人最佳策略将会带来共同的最优化结果。确实也存在着一些糟糕的例子，比如囚徒困境(见下文)，由于囚徒们都追求个人私利的最大化而导致了全体参与者的困境。纳什的关于均衡的定义还不能完全解决联立策略博弈中逻辑推理思考的问题，有些博弈包含多种此类的均衡，而有些博弈却并不包含这样的均衡。纳什均衡也还没有清楚地说明关于导致均衡的动态过程。尽管有这样的一些缺陷，纳什均衡的定义已被证明在分析策略性互动时具有重要作用。 以下策略性互动的实例可以说明博弈论的一些基本理论框架: 囚徒困境。两个嫌疑犯分别被审问，每个人都可以招供或保持沉默。如果嫌犯A保持沉默，嫌犯B可以通过招供而获得较轻的发落。如果嫌犯A招供，嫌犯B最好选择招供以免被从重处理。这时招供就是嫌犯B的优策略。同样的情况也适用与B。因此，在均衡的

英语翻译题目和答案

汉译英专项练习 一、倍数增减的表示法 5 1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍). is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考点：倍数+形容词/副词比较级+ than） 2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍). reacts three times as fast as the other one （考点：倍数+ as +形容词/副词+ as） 3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍). is 49 times the size of the moon （考点：倍数+名词） 4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一). wants to raise the rent by a third （考点：动词+ by +数词/百分比/倍数） 5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍). plan to double their investment （考点：double +名词） 二、时态6 1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了). or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考点：将来完成时） 2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了). the children had fallen asleep （考点：过去完成时） 3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _______________(我姐姐将在海边度假). my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考点：将来进行时） 4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历). have been revising my resume all the morning （考点：现在完成进行时） 5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了). No. It has been five years since I went on holiday （考点：It has been…since sb. did sth.表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了） 6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了). He has been in the army for 5 years （考点：1.现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间） 三、被动语态5 1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代). is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考点：被动语态的现在进行时） 2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版). will have been published by the end of this year （考点：被动语态的将来完成时）