高考阅读理解之主旨大意

高考阅读理解之主旨大意

在高考阅读理解中，主旨大意题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是《英语课程标准》和《考试说明》对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。

主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨

大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

一、题型特点与命题方式

【设题类型】

1、概括文章大意；

2、选出最佳题目（标题）；

3、概括人物特点。

【设问形式】

1、标题类常见的标题型题干：

1) The best title / headline for this passage might be_____________.

2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.

3) What is the best title for the passage?

4) Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

2、大意类常见的主题型题干：

1) This passage chiefly deals with ____________.

2) What’s the topic of the article?

3) What is the subject discussed in the text?

4) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?

【命题趋势】

考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题（title）或中心思想（main idea）等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主题思想，是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试，自然也以此作为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。

二、解题思路与应试技巧

做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。

下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。

1、标题类

标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。

文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

所选出的标题还应做到概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合。

1。概括性原则要求标题应在最大限度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨。标题实际上是文章主题的一种确认方式。前面我们提到，通过寻找主题句，往往很容易确定短文的标题。但大多数文章的主题句并不明显，需要我们通过体会字里行间蕴含的意思从整体上把握文章的主旨，从全局的角度概括归纳出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以点代面，以偏概全。

2。针对性原则针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则、针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即标题不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。

3。醒目性原则标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂。标题的好坏往往会影响文章的可读性。读者往往从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，目的是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。所以在标题选择的过程中，在满足概括性和针对性的条件下，还要考虑标题的醒目性。

要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。

【考例】

(2009全国卷I，A篇) 59. What can be the best title for the text?

A. A Mother’s Love

B. A Brave Act

C. A Deadly River

D. A Matter of Life and Death

【解析】A。整篇文章叙述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施来进行保护小牛，

体现了浓浓的母爱。文章最后一段点题：While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love.

(2009天津卷，D篇) 55. What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships

B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation

C. Developing Better Drinking Habits

D. Physical Sensations and Emotions

【解析】D。本文第一段中“The physical sensation（感觉）of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.”就已点明本文的主题思想：身体对温度的感觉与情绪有关。

(2009湖北卷，C篇) 62. Which would be the best title for the passage?

A.Timex or Rolex?

B. My Childhood Timex

C. Watches? Not for Me!

D. Watches — a V aluable Collection

【解析】C。文章通篇讲述在现代许多移动设备都能报时的前提下，还花费很多钱购买名表究竟是否合适，

因此选择C“手表？我不要！”为标题较为形象生动，也很贴切。A“天美时还是劳力士”，B“我的孩童时代的天美时”，D“手表——昂贵的选择”都不符合文章主题。

2、大意类

解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。

通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:

概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。) 。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下几种情况：

1。题句位于句首。主题句出现在文首，开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎写作法。

2. 主题句位于段末。主题句出现在文章结尾是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。这是英语中最常见的归纳写作法。

3. 主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方法也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

4. 主题句位于段落的中间。主题句出现在文章的中间，通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、说明或发展。

5. 主题句隐含在段意之中。全文没有明确的主题句。其中心思想包含在各个句子中，在这种情况下，读者要把所有已知的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出主题句。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

【典例1】The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid(电网). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。

……

Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than ￡65 per year。

Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘车上班族) could save about ￡260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20.1 mpg—assuming the three passengers share the cost of

gas.

This passage is mainly about ________。

A. energy-saving tips

B. fuel-saving tips

C. do-it-yourself tips

D. environment-protecting tips

【解析】本文主要介绍了如何节约能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主题很明显，文章一开始就点明了主题，接下来整篇文章都是围绕如何save energy展开，而save fuel仅仅只是其中的一部分。故选A。针对主旨大意类题目，应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文。在阅读时，应特别注意文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题。

【典例2】Domestic (驯养的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses weren’t tame (驯服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。

Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。

……

The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. The passage is mainly about _______。

A. why humans domesticated horses

B. how humans and horses needed each other

C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes

D. how human societies and horses influenced each other

【解析】本文以时间为顺序，记叙了人类对马的驯化以及马对人类的生活所产生的重要影响。本题考查主旨大意。前四段说明，人类驯养了野马，使得马的种类繁多，这是人类社会对马的影响；最后一段说明，马作为交通工具加速了人类文化传播的进程。故文章的主题应是D所说的内容。此主题句出现在文章的最后一段。如果文章没有明确的主题句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各个段落中，考生可采取提纲挈领的方法，通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来，概括出全文的中心思想。

【考例】

(2009北京卷，D篇) 71. What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Music education deserves more attention.

B. Music should be of top education priority.

C. Music is an effective communication tool.

D. Music education makes students more imaginative.

【解析】A。文章第一段引出话题：When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority（优先）. This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. 表明人们对音乐不重视，然后作者从不同方面来论证自己的观点：音乐应该得到人们更多的关注。

(2009湖北卷，E篇) 70. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Our life is governed by the law of time.

B. How to organize time is not worth debating.

C. New ways of using time change our society.

D. Our time schedule is decided by social customs.

【解析】A。文章通过论述现代社会人们对工作与休息时间的界限比较模糊，旨在说明我们的生活受到时间法则的约束，法律约束着我们对学习、工作与休息时间的安排，因此选择A“我们的生活由时间规律掌控”符合文章主题。B“怎样安排时间不值得讨论”，C“利用时间的新方法改变了我们社会”，D“我们的时间日程由社会习惯决定”都不合文章主题或表达不正确。

(2009山东卷，D篇) 75. What’s the main idea of the text?

A. Universities have received more applications.

B. Economics is attracting an increasing number of students

C. College students benefit a lot from economic uncertainty

D. Parents are concerned wit h children’s subject selection.

【解析】B。通读全文可知，由于全球金融危机的蔓延，不仅选择经济学专业的学生数量增加了，还有很多非经济学专业的学生也参加经济学方面的讲座，并且有多达三分之二的父母也要求学校教授学生经济学方面的知识。因此，整篇文章主要讲的是经济学对学生的吸引力。

(2009四川卷，E篇) 60. What does the author mainly discuss in the text?

A. Technology

B. Sustainability

C. Ethanol energy

D. Environmental protection

【解析】B。文章从玉米制造乙醇的行为入手，说这样的“可持续发展”会引起其他方面的问题，是不实际的。因此文章的话题是Sustainability“可持续性发展”。

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(完整word版)高考英语阅读理解专题三—主旨大意题

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(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。 (4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。 以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。 例如：【真题感悟】中第39题，通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段“Dete rmined to be myself，move forward，free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签)，I can now call myself a ‘marathon winner’．”可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的强大意志力。故选B。

高考复习——阅读理解之主旨大意题

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