搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › Chiral phase transition in hadronic matter the influence of baryon density

Chiral phase transition in hadronic matter the influence of baryon density

Chiral phase transition in hadronic matter the influence of baryon density
Chiral phase transition in hadronic matter the influence of baryon density

a r X i v :h e p -p h /0408238v 2 13 S e p 2004Chiral phase transition in hadronic matter:

the in?uence of baryon density.

B.L.Io?e

Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics,B.Cheremushkinskaya 25,117218Moscow,Russia Abstract A qualitative analysis of the chiral phase transition in QCD with two massless quarks and non–zero baryon density is performed.It is assumed that at zero baryonic density,ρ=0,the temperature phase transition is of the second order and quark condesate η= 0|ˉu u |0 = 0|ˉdd |0 may be taken as order parameter of phase transition.The baryon masses strongly violate chiral symmetry,m B ~ 0|ˉq q |0 1/3.By supposing,that such speci?c dependence of baryon masses on quark condensate takes place up to phase transition point,it is shown,that at ?nite baryon density ρthe phase transition becomes of the ?rst order at the temperature T =T ph (ρ)for ρ>0.At temperatures T cont (ρ)>T >T ph (ρ)there is a mixed phase consisting of the quark phase (stable)and the hadron phase (unstable).At the temperature T =T cont (ρ)the system experiences a continuous transition to the pure chirally symmetric phase.PACS:11.30.Rd,12.38.Aw,25.75.Nq 1Introduction It is well known,that the chiral symmetry is valid in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD)with massless quarks.It is expected also,that the chiral symmetry takes place in full–perturbative and nonperturbative QCD at high temperatures,(T >~200MeV),if heavy quarks (c,b,t )are ignored.The chiral symmetry is strongly violated,however,in hadronic matter,i.e.in QCD at T =0and low density.What is the order of phase transition between two phases of QCD with broken and restored chiral symmetry at variation of temperature and density is not completely clear now.There are di?erent

opinions about this subject (for a detailed review see Ref.[1,2]and references therein).

In this talk I discuss the phase transitions in QCD with two massless quarks,u and d .Many lattice calculations [3,4,5,6]indicate,that at zero chemical potential the phase transition is of the second order.It will be shown below,that the account of baryon density drastically changes the situation and the transition becomes of the ?rst order,and,at high density,the matter is always in the chirally symmetric phase.

The masses of light u,d,s quarks which enter the QCD Lagrangian,especially the masses of u and d quarks,from which the usual (nonstrange)hadrons are built,are very small,m u ,m d <10MeV as compared with characteristic mass scale M ~1GeV.Since in QCD the quark interaction proceeds through the exchange of vector gluonic ?eld,then,if light quark masses are neglected,QCD Lagrangian (its light quark part)is chirally symmetric,i.e.not only vector,but also axial currents are conserved and the left and right chirality quark ?elds are conserving separately.This chiral symmetry is not realized in hadronic matter,in the spectrum of hadrons and their low energy interactions.Indeed,in chirally symmetrical theory the fermion states must be either massless or degenerate in parity.It is evident,that the baryons (particularly,the nucleon)do not possess such properties.This means,that the chiral symmetry of QCD Lagrangian is not realized on the spectrum of physical states and is spontaneously broken.According to Goldstone theorem spontaneous breaking of symmetry leads to appearance of massless particles in the spectrum of physical states –the Goldstone bosons.

Let us ?rst consider a case of the zero baryonic density and suppose that the phase transition from chirality violating phase to the chirality conserving one is of the second order.The second order phase

transition is,generally,characterized by the order parameterη.The order parameter is a thermal average of some operator which may be chosen in various ways.The physical results are independent on the choice of the order parameter.In QCD the quark condensate,η=| 0|ˉu u|0 |=| 0|ˉdd|0 |≥0,may be taken as such parameter.In the phase of broken chiral symmetry(hadronic phase)the quark condensate is non-zero and has the normal hadronic scale, 0|ˉq q|0 =(250MeV)3,in the phase of restored chiral symmetry it is vanishing.

The quark condensate has the desired properties:as it was demonstrated in the chiral e?ective theory[7,8],ηdecreases with the temperature increasing and an extrapolation of the curveη(T)to

the higher temperatures indicates,thatηvanishes at T=T(0)

c≈180MeV.Here the superscript”0”indicates that the critical temperature is taken at zero baryon density.The same conclusion follows from the lattice calculations[3,6,9],where it was also found that the chiral condensateηdecreases with increase of the chemical potential[10,11].

Apply the general theory of the second order phase transitions[12]and consider the thermodynamical

potentialΦ(η)at the temperature T near T(0)

c.Sinceηis small in this domain,Φ(η)may be expanded

inη:

Φ(η)=Φ0+1

4

Bη4,B>0.(1)

For a moment we neglect possible derivative terms in the potential.

The terms,proportional toηandη3vanish for general reasons[12].In QCD with massless quarks the absence ofηandη3terms can be proved for any perturbative Feynman diagrams.At small t=T?T(0)

c the function A(t)is linear in t:A(t)=at,a>0.If t<0the thermodynamical potentialΦ(η)is minimal atη=0,while at t>0the chiral condensate vanishesη=0.At small t the t-dependence of the coe?cient B(t)is inessential an

d may b

e neglected.The minimum,ˉη,o

f the thermodynamical potential can be found from the condition,?Φ/?η=0:

ˉη=

Figure1.The bare loop diagram,contributing to chirality conserving function f1(p2):solid lines correspond to quark propagators,crosses mean the interaction with external currents.Figure2.The diagram,corresponding to chi-rality violating dimension3operator(quark con-densate).The dots,surrounded by circle mean quarks in the condensate phase.All other nota-tion is the same as on Fig.1.

f i(p2)= n C(i)n(p2) 0|O(i)n|0 (5)

where 0|O(i)n|0 are vacuum expectation values(v.e.v)of various operators(vacuum condensates),C(i)n are coe?cient functions calculated in QCD.For the?rst,conserving chirality structure function f i(p2) OPE starts from dimension zero(d=0)unit operator.Its contribution is described by the diagram of Fig.1and

?p f1(p2)=C0?p p4ln[Λ2u/(?p2)]+polynomial,(6) where C0is a constant,Λu is the ultraviolet cuto?.The OPE for chirality violating structure f2(p2) starts from d=3operator,and its contribution is represented by the diagram of Fig.2:

f2(p2)=C1p2 0|0ˉq q|0 ln

Λ2u

π Imf i(s′)

ξ|0 δ(p2?m2)=πλ2N(?p+m)δ(p2?m2),(9) where

0|ξ|p =λN v(p),(10)λN is a constant,v(p)is the proton spinor and m is the proton mass.Still restricting ourselves to this rough approximation,we may take equal the calculated in QCD expression forΠ(p)(Eq.’s(6),(7))to its phenomenological representation Eq.(9).The best way to get rid of unknown polynomial,is to apply to both sides of the equality the Borel(Laplace)transformation,de?ned as

B M2f(s)=lim

n→∞,s→∞,

s/n=M2=Const s n+1

ds

n

f(s)=

1 s n

=

1

Owing to the factor1/(n?1)!in(12)the Borel transformation suppresses the contributions of high order terms in OPE.

Specify now the quark currentξ(x).It is clear from(9)that proton contribution will dominate in some region of the Borel parameter M2~m2only in the case when both calculated in QCD functions f1 and f2are of the same order.This requirement,together with the requirements of absence of derivatives and of renormcovariance?xes the form of current in unique way(for more details see[14,16]):

ξ(x)=εabc(u a Cγμu b)γμγ5d c(13) where C is the charge conjugation matrix.With the currentη(x)(13)the calculations of the diagrams Fig.2can be easily performed,the constants C0and C1are determined and after Borel transformation two equations(sum rules)arise(on the phenomenoloical sides of the sum rules only proton state is accounted)

M6=?λ2N e?m2/M2(14)

?2(2π)2 0|ˉq q|0 M4=m?λ2N e?m2/M2(15)

?λ2

=32π4λ2N

N

It can be shown that this rough approximation is valid at M≈https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e417699196.html,ing this value of M and dividing (15)on(14)we get a simple formula for proton mass[14]:

m=[?2(2π)2 0|ˉq q|0 ]1/3(16) This formula demonstrates the fundamental fact,that the appearance of the proton mass is caused by spontaneous violation of chiral invariance:the presence of quark condensate.(Numerically,(16)gives the experimental value of proton mass with an accuracy better than10%).

A more re?ned treatment of the problem of the proton mass calculation was performed:high order terms of OPE were accounted,as well as excited states in the phenomenological sides of the sum rules and the stability of the Borel mass dependence was checked.In the same way,the hyperons,isobar and some resonances masses were calculated,all in a good agreement with experiment[14,17].I will not dwell on these results.The main conclusion is:the origin of baryon masses is in spontaneous violation of chiral invariance–the existence of quark condensate in QCD.

3The chiral phase transition in the presense of?nite baryon density

I would like to consider here the in?uence of baryon density on the chiral phase transition in hadronic matter.Kogan,Kovner and Tekin[19]have suggested the idea,that baryons may initiate the restoration of chiral symmetry,if their density is high–when roughly half of the volume is occupied by baryons. The physical argument in favour of this idea comes from the hypothesis(supported by calculation in chiral soliton model of nucleon[20]),that inside the baryon the chiral condensate has the sign opposite to that in vacuum.This hypothesis is not proved.Even more,it is doubtful,that the concept of quark condensate inside the nucleon can be formulated in a correct way in quantum theory.But the idea on the strong in?uence of baryon density on the chiral phase transition looks very attractive.For this reason no assumption on the driving mechanism of chiral phase transition at zero baryon density will be done here.The problem,under consideration is:how the phase transition changes in the presence of baryons. The content of my talk closely follows ref.21.

For completeness it must be mentioned,that the variation of quark codensate with temperature is not the only source of baryon e?ective mass shift.At low T the e?ective baryon mass shift arises also due to interaction with pions in thermal bath[22,23].However,this mass shift,which may be called external(unlike the internal,arising from variation of quark condensate)is related to e?ective mass,i.e. to propagation of baryon in the matter and has nothing to do with the properties of the matter as a whole and the phase transition.(A similar phenomenon takes place in case of vector mesons,where because of interaction with pions in the thermal bath the mixing with axial mesons arises[24].)

Consider the case of the ?nite,but small baryon density ρ(by ρwe mean here the sum of baryon and anti–baryon densities).For a moment,consider only one type of baryons,i.e.the nucleon.The temperature of the phase transition,T ph ,is,in general,dependent on the baryon density,T ph =T ph (ρ),with T ph (ρ=0)≡T (0)c At T

to Eρ,where E = p 2+m 2≈p +c 2η2/3/(2p ).At η→0all baryons are accumulating near

zero mass and a summation over all baryons gives us –instead of eq.(1)–the following:

Φ(η,ρ)=Φ0+1

4B η4+Cη2/3ρ,(17)

where C = i c 2i /(2p i ).The term ρ i p i is absorbed into Φ0since it is independent on the chiral

condensate η.The typical momenta are of the order of the temperature,p i ~T .Thus,Eq.(17)is valid in the region η?T 3.In the leading approximation the coe?cient C can be considered as independent on the temperature at T ~T (0)c .

Due to the last term in Eq.(17)the thermodynamical potential always have a local minimum at η=0since the condensate ηis always non–negative.At small t <0there also exists a local minimum at η>0,which is a solution of the equation:

3Cρη?1/3=0.(18)

Figure 3:(a)Graphical representation of Eq.(18):”I”is the ?rst term and ”II”the second term (with the opposite sign)in the r.h.s.of the equation.(b)The thermodynamic potential (17)vs.the chiral condensate at a ?xed baryon density ρ>0.At low enough temperatures,T =T 1,the system resides in the chirally broken (hadron)phase.The ?rst order phase transition to the quark phase takes place at T ph =T 2>T 1.At somewhat higher temperatures,T 3>T ph the system is in a mixed state.The temperature T 4≡T cont corresponds to a continuous transition to the pure quark phase,in which the thermodynamic potential has the form T 5.

At small enough baryon density ρ,Eq.(18)[visualized in Figure 3(a)]has,in general,two roots,η1<η0and η2>η0,where η0=(?at/3B )1/2is the minimum of the ?rst term in the right-hand side

of Eq.(18).The calculation

of

the second derivative ?2Φ/?η2shows that the second root η2(if exists)corresponds to minimum of Φ(η)and,therefore,is a local minimum of Φ.The point η=η1corresponds to a local maximum of the thermodynamical potential since at this point the second derivative is always non–positive.

The thermodynamical potential Φ(η,ρ)at (?xed)non–zero baryon density ρhas the form plotted in Figure 3(b).At low enough temperatures (curve T 1)the potential has a global minimum at η>0and system resides in the chirally broken (hadron)phase.As temperature increases the minima at η=0and at η=ˉη2>0becomes of equal height (curve T 2≡T ph ).At this point the ?rst order phase transition to the quark phase takes place.At somewhat higher temperatures,T =T 3>T ph ,the η>0minimum of the potential still exist but Φ(η=0)<Φ(ˉη2).This is a mixed phase,in which the bubbles of the hadron phase may still exist.However,as temperature increases further,the second minimum disappears (curve T 4≡T cont ).This temperature corresponds to a continuous transition to the pure quark phase,in which the thermodynamic potential has the form T 5.

Let us calculate the temperature of the phase transition,T ph (ρ),at non–zero baryon density ρ.The transition corresponds to the curve T 2in Figure 3(b),which is de?ned by the equation Φ(ˉη2,ρ)=Φ(η=0,ρ),where ˉη2is the second root of Eq.(18)as discussed above.The solution is

T ph (ρ)=T (0)c ?5

3 3/5 B

a

2C ρ2 2/5,(20)and the value of the chiral condensate,where the second local minimum of the potential disappears is given by ˉη4=[2a (T cont (ρ)?T (0)c )/(5B )]1/2.At temperatures T >T cont (ρ)the potential has only one

minimum and the matter is in the state with the restored chiral symmetry.Thus,in QCD with massless quarks the type of phase transition with the restoration of the chiral symmetry strongly depends on the value of baryonic density ρ.At a ?xed temperature,T

on the temperature,ρph (T )∝[T (0)c ?T ]5/3,the power of which does not depend on the parameters of

the thermodynamic potential,a and B .

The expected phase diagram is shown qualitatively in Figure 4(a).This diagram does not contain an end-point which was found in lattice simulations of the QCD with a ?nite chemical potential [25,26].One may expect that this happens because in our approach a possible in?uence of the con?nement on the order of the chiral restoration transition was ignored.Intuitively,it seems that at low baryon densities such in?uence is absent indeed:the decon?nement phenomenon refers to the large quark–anti-quark separations while the restoration of the of the chiral symmetry appears due to ?uctuations of the gluonic ?elds in the vicinity of the quark.However,the con?nement phenomenon dictates the value of the baryon size which can not be ignored at high baryon densities,when the baryons are overlapping.If the melting of the baryons happens in the hadron phase depicted in Figure 4(a),then at high enough density the nature of the transition could be changed.This may give rise in appearance of the end-point observed in Ref.[25,26].

The domain where the inequality |at |?Cρη2/3,ρ=0is ful?lled,has speci?c features.In this domain the phase transition looks like a smeared second order phase transition:the speci?c heat has (approximately)a discontinuity at the phase transition point,?C p =a 2T c /2B .This statment follows

0c Hadro n

Phase M i x e d P h a s e (chirall y symm etric ph ase)Quark Phase c r o s s o

v e r 1s t o r d e r 0c 1s t o r d e r Hadro n Phase

Quark Phase order c r o s s o v e r 2nd

M i x e d P h

a s e (a)(b)Figure 4:The qualitative phase diagram at ?nite baryon density and temperature based on the analysis (a)without and (b)with indication of the approximate 2-nd order transition domain.

from general theory [12].At |at |?Cρη2/3the last term in (17)may be neglected and we ?nd for the entropy S =??Φ2

?A 2B (T ?T c )(22)

The speci?c heat C p =T (?S/?T )p below the phase transition in the limit T →T c is equal

C p =C p 0+a 2

References

[1]A.V.Smilga,“Hot and Dense QCD”,in Handbook of QCD,Boris Io?e Festschrift,ed.by M.Shifman,

World Scienti?c,Singapore2001,vol.3,p.2033.

[2]K.Rajagopal and F.Wilczek,”The Condensed Matter Physics of QCD”,ibid.,p.2061.

[3]F.Karsch,Phys.Rev.D49,3791(1994).

[4]F.Karsch and https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e417699196.html,ermann,Phys.Rev.D50,6954(1994).

[5]S.Aoki et al.[JLQCD Collaboration],Phys.Rev.D57,3910(1998).

[6]A.Ali Khan et al.[CP-PACS Collaboration],Phys.Rev.D63,034502(2001).

[7]H.Leutwyler,Nucl.Phys.B(Proc.Suppl.)4,248(1988).

[8]P.Gerber and H.Leutwyler,Nucl.Phys.B321,387(1989).

[9]F.Karsch,Nucl.Phys.A590,367C(1995).

[10]J.B.Kogut,D.K.Sinclair,S.J.Hands and S.E.Morrison,Phys.Rev.D64,094505(2001).

[11]J.B.Kogut,D.Toublan and D.K.Sinclair,Nucl.Phys.B642,181(2002).

[12]https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e417699196.html,ndau and E.Lifshitz,Statistical Physics,part1,Pergamon Press,Oxford,3-d edition,1977.

[13]M.A.Shifman,A.I.Vainshtein and V.I.Zakharov,Nucl.Phys.B147,385,448(1979).

[14]B.L.Io?e,Nucl.Phys.B188,317(1981),E191,591(1981).

[15]Y.Chung,H.G.Dosch,M.Kremer,and D.Schall,Nucl.Phys.B197,55(1982).

[16]B.L.Io?e,Zs.Phys.C18,67(1983).

[17]V.M.Belyaev and B.L.Io?e,ZhETF83,876(1982),84,1236(1983).

[18]Vacuum Structure and QCD Sum Rules(Current Physics–Sources and Comments,Vol.10),ed.by

M.A.Shifman,Amsterdam,North Holland,1992.

[19]I.I.Kogan,A.Kovner and B.Tekin,Phys.Rev.D63,116007(2001).

[20]D.Diakonov and V.Petrov,in Handbook of QCD,Boris Io?e Festschrift,ed.by M.Shifman,World

Scienti?c,2001,v.1,p.359.

[21]M.N.Chernodub and B.L.Io?e,Pis’ma v ZhETF79,742(2004),hep-ph/0405042.

[22]H.Leutwyler and A.V.Smilga,Nucl.Phys.B342,302(1990).

[23]V.L.Eletsky and B.L.Io?e,Phys.Lett.,B401,327(1997).

[24]V.L.Eletsky and B.L.Io?e,Phys.Rev.,D47,3083(1993).

[25]Z.Fodor and S.D.Katz,JHEP0203,014(2002).

[26]Z.Fodor and S.D.Katz,hep-lat/0402006.

九年级课文翻译 Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】

人教版初中英语九年级U n i t3课文翻译 SectionA2d 何伟:这是欢乐时光公园——我所在城市最大的游乐园! 艾丽斯:要尝试一些乘骑项目,我好兴奋呀! 何伟:我们应该从哪里开始玩呢?有太空世界、水上世界、动物世界…… 艾丽斯:哦,你能先告诉我哪儿有洗手间吗? 何伟:什么休息室你想要休息吗但是我们还没有开始玩呢! 艾丽斯:哦,不是,我的意思不是休息间。我的意思是……你知道的,卫生间或盥洗室。何伟:嗯……那么你是指……厕所? 艾丽斯:正是!对不起,也许“洗手间”一词在中国不常用。 何伟:对,我们通常说“厕所”或“卫生间”。就在那边。 艾丽斯:好的,我会很快的!我想知道公园今天何时关门。 何伟:九点三十,你不必着急! SectionA3a 欢乐时光公园——永远快乐的时光 [艾丽斯和何伟在太空世界。] 艾丽斯:我想知道我们接下来应该去哪里? 何伟:那边那个新项目怎么样? 艾丽斯:好吧……看起来蛮吓人的。 何伟:快来吧!我保证它将激动人心!如果你害怕,只要大叫或者抓住我的手。 [云霄飞车之后……] 艾丽斯:你是对的!太有趣了!起初我好害怕,但大声喊叫还蛮管用的。 何伟:瞧,那玩意并不糟糕,对吧?某些东西你不去尝试,就绝不会知道。 艾丽斯:对,我很高兴我试过了! 何伟:你现在想去水上世界么? 艾丽斯:好,但我很饿。你知道我们在哪里能吃到好的快餐? 何伟:当然!我建议在水上世界的水城餐馆,那里有美味可口的食物。 艾丽斯:好极了!我们走! [在前往水城餐馆途中,艾丽斯和何伟经过鲍勃叔叔餐馆。] 艾丽斯:看!这家餐馆看起来蛮有趣的。这招牌上说这儿每晚有摇滚乐队演出。

旅游与文化I Part I 1.charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather 秋高气爽,秋色宜人 2.the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织第15届全体大会3.to travel ten thousand li and read ten thousand books 读万卷书,行万里路 4.enriching themselves mentally and physically 承天地之灵气,接山水之精华 5.tourist arrival 旅游人数 6.foreign currency receipts 外汇收入 7.outbound tourists 出境旅游人数 8.unique, rich and varied tourism resources 得天独厚的旅游资源 9.World Cultural and Natural Heritages sites 世界文化遗产地和世界自然遗产地 10.t o add radiance and charm to each other 交相辉映 11.a thriving modern metropolis 繁华的现代化大都市 12.a patchwork of cottages 村舍星罗棋布 13.t o exist side by side 鳞次栉比 14.I nternational Architecture Exhibition 万国建筑博览会 15.c lock towers and turrets , marble pillars 钟塔、角楼和大理石柱 16.e ach representing a distinctively individual appearance 风格迥异,各领风骚 17.t he rainy season 梅雨季节 18.t o linger longer 留连忘返 19.e xcellence, elegance and the best quality 卓越超群,富丽堂皇,一流质量 20.e mbroidery, inlaid lacquer 刺绣,金漆镶嵌 21.g old and silver jewelleries, water-color woodblock prints 金银首饰,木刻水印 22.c arvings in jade, ivory, bamboo and woven bamboo baskets 玉雕、牙雕,竹雕,竹编筐篮 23.b ird cages, lanterns 鸟笼灯笼 24.d ouble-sided embroidery and sandal wood fans from Suzhou 双面绣和苏州的檀香扇 25.t erracotta teapots from Yixing, and clay figures from Wuxi 宜兴的陶制茶壶和无锡的泥人 26.t he Peach Blossom Fair 桃花节 27.t he Daci Temple Fair 大慈寺庙会 28.t he Chengdu Tourism Festival 成都旅游节 29.a place blessed with favorite climate, fertile land, rich resources and outstanding talents 物华天宝,人杰地灵30.s uperb artistic style of aiming at catching the sprit of the landscape 写意山水 31.a rtistic gems 艺术瑰宝 32.U NESCO Heritage Committee 联合国教科文组织遗产委员会 33.t he list of World cultural heritage 世界文化遗产名录 34.b ronzeware 青铜器 35.b amboo, wood and lacquer ware 竹木漆器 36.i nscribed bones and tortoise shells 甲骨 37.s eals 玺印 38.a rchaeology 39.r estoration room 文物修复馆 旅游与文化II Part II景点描述常用语 Match work: 雄伟壮丽imposing 灯火辉煌glittering

四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基) 应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章) 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。

九年级英语u n i t课文 翻译 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】

unit3 Could you please tell me where the restroom are ? sectionA 2d 何伟:这就是欢乐时代公园——我们这座城市最大的游乐园。 爱丽丝:就要玩各种游乐项目了,我好兴奋呀! 何伟:我们先玩那样呢?有太空世界、水世界、动物世界…. 爱丽丝:在我们决定前,麻烦你先告诉我哪儿有洗手间吗? 何伟:什么?休息室?你想要休息了?我们可还没有开始玩呢! 爱丽丝:不是的,我不是指休息的地方。我是说…..你知 道,一间洗手间或卫生间。 何伟:嗯….那么你是指….卫生间吗? 爱丽丝:对啦!不好意思,也许中国人说英语不常用 restroom这个词。 何伟:就是的,我们常说toilets 或washroom 。不过,厕所在哪里。 爱丽丝:知道了,我一会儿就好! 何伟:没问题,你不必赶的。 Section A 3a 欢乐时代公园————总是欢乐时光 [ 爱丽丝和何伟在太空世界] 爱丽丝:我不知道我们接下来该去哪里。

何伟:去玩玩那边那个新项目怎样? 爱丽丝:啊…..看上去挺吓人的。 何伟:勇敢些!我保证会很好玩!如果害怕就喊出来或抓住我的手。 【乘坐后…..】 爱丽丝:你是对的,这真好玩!我起先有些害怕,但喊叫真管用。何伟:瞧:这并不糟糕,对吧?你需要去尝试,否则永远不会知道你能行。 爱丽丝:是这样的,我真高兴自己尝试了这个项目。 何伟:现在你想去水世界吗? 爱丽丝:当然,但我饿了。你知道哪里有又好吃又快的地方? 何伟:当然知道!我建议去水世界的水城餐馆他们做得很好吃。爱丽丝:太好了,我们去吧! 何伟:[在去水城餐馆的路上,爱丽丝与何伟路过鲍勃叔叔的餐厅]爱丽丝:你瞧!这间餐厅看上去很有意思。牌子上写着有个摇滚乐队每晚在演奏。 何伟:我们为何不回头过来在这吃晚饭?咱们去问一下乐队演出几点开始。 【爱丽丝和何伟向门口的员工走去】 爱丽丝:劳驾,请问你们乐队今天晚上何时开始演奏? 何伟:八点。那时人总是很多,所以得来早一点才有桌子。 爱丽丝:好的,谢谢!

《论语十则》——《中国文化经典研读》(整理) 1 子曰:“君子食无求饱,居无求安,敏于事而慎于言,就(1)有道(2)而正(3)焉,可谓好学也已。” 【注释】 (1)就:靠近、看齐。 (2)有道:指有道德的人。 (3)正:匡正、端正。 【译文】 孔子说:“君子,饮食不求饱足,居住不要求舒适,对工作勤劳敏捷,说话却小心谨慎,到有道的人那里去匡正自己,这样可以说是好学了。” 2 2?4 子曰:“吾十有(1)五而志于学,三十而立(2),四十而不惑(3),五十而知天命(4),六十而耳顺(5),七十而从心所欲不逾矩(6)。” 【注释】 (1)有:同“又”。 (2)立:站得住的意思。 (3)不惑:掌握了知识,不被外界事物所迷惑。 (4)天命:指不能为人力所支配的事情。 (5)耳顺:对此有多种解释。一般而言,指对那些于己不利的意见也能正确对待。 (6)从心所欲不逾矩:从,遵从的意思;逾,越过;矩,规矩。 【译文】 孔子说:“我十五岁立志于学习;三十岁能够自立;四十岁能不被外界事物所迷惑;五十岁懂得了天命;六十岁能正确对待各种言论,不觉得不顺;七十岁能随心所

欲而不越出规矩。” 3 子曰:“由(1),诲女(2),知之乎,知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。” 【注释】 (1)由:姓仲名由,字子路。生于公元前542年,孔子的学生,长期追随孔子。 (2)女:同汝,你。 【译文】 孔子说:“由,我教给你怎样做的话,你明白了吗,知道的就是知道,不知道就是不知道,这就是智慧啊~” 4.颜渊、季路侍(1)。子曰:“盍(2)各言尔志。”子路曰:“原车马,衣轻裘,与朋友共,敝之而无憾。”颜渊曰:“愿无伐(3)善,无施劳(4)。”子路曰:“愿闻子之志。”子曰:“老者安之,朋友信之,少者怀之(5)。” 【注释】 (1)侍:服侍,站在旁边陪着尊贵者叫侍。 (2)盍:何不。 (3)伐:夸耀。 (4)施劳:施,表白。劳,功劳。 (5)少者怀之:让少者得到关怀。 【译文】 颜渊、子路两人侍立在孔子身边。孔子说:“你们何不各自说说自己的志向,”子路说:“愿意拿出自己的车马、衣服、皮袍,同我的朋友共同使用,用坏了也不抱怨。”颜渊说:“我愿意不夸耀自己的长处,不表白自己的功劳。”子路向孔子说:“愿意听听您的志向。”孔子说:“(我的志向是)让年老的安心,让朋友们信任我,让年轻的子弟们得到关怀。” 5 子曰:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。” 【译文】

高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1.高中英语翻译题:Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性?(motivate) 2.网上支付方便了客户,但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3.让我的父母非常满意的是,从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园,从起居室也可以。(so) 4.博物馆疏于管理,展品积灰,门厅冷落,急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1.What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2.Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3.To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4.This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1.motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事,on earth究竟,major in 以…为专业,enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性,故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2.online payment网上支付,brings convenience to给…带来方便,at the cost of以…为代价,privacy隐私,故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3.To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是,后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视,opposite the street街对面,living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4.not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理,be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖,few visitors游客稀少,be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits

英语新课标九年级课文翻译Unit9-14 Unit9 I like music that I can dance to. SectionA 2d 吉尔:斯科特,周末你打算干什么呢? 斯科特:没什么事,我估计就是听听我新买的激光唱片吧. 吉尔:哦?是什么激光唱片? 斯科特:嗯,全是音乐的,没有歌曲。我喜欢听舒缓的音乐来放松自己,尤其是在工作了漫长的一周以后。 吉尔:听起来不错啊。嗯,如果你有空,愿意和我一起去看部电影吗?(电影的)导演很有名。 斯科特:嗯,那要看什么电影。我只喜欢有趣的电影,我只想笑一笑不想费脑筋,你懂我的意思吧? 吉尔:哦,那样的话,我还是去邀请喜欢看严肃电影的人吧. 斯科特:(你说的)电影是关于什么的? 吉尔:是关于第二次世界大战的。我喜欢能让我思考的电影。 section A, 3a 今天你想看什么(电影)呢? 虽然一些人坚持只看一种电影,但是我喜欢看不同种类的电影,(具体)由当时盼心情决定。 当我情绪低落或感到疲惫的时候,我更喜欢能让我开心的影片。比如,像《黑衣人》那样的喜剧片或像《功夫熊猫》这类的动画片,通常都有滑稽的对话和一个愉快的结局。影片中的人物不一定完美,但是他们都会尽力去解决问题,看了这样的电影,我所面对的许多问题突然间会显得不那么严重,我也会感觉好多了。两个小时的欢笑是一种很好的放松方式。 当我伤心或劳累的时候,我不看剧情片或纪录片。像《泰坦尼克号》这样的剧情片只会让我更伤心。像《帝企鹅日记》这样的纪录片,(通常)会针对某个特定话题提供丰富的信息,(内容)也很有趣,但是当我累的时候,我不想思考太多。当我太累不想思考时,我不介意看像《蜘蛛侠》这样的动作电影。我只想屏蔽我的大脑,坐在那里观看一个令人兴奋的超级英雄,他总是能在关键时刻挽救世界。 偶尔我会喜欢看恐怖片。虽然它们很有意思,但是我会因为太害怕而不敢独自一人看,我总会带上一位不怕这些类型的电影的朋友(一起看),这样就觉得没那么可怕了。 Secton B 2b 凄美 昨晚我的一个中国朋友带我去听了一场中国民间音乐会。其中有一首二胡曲令我特别感动。音乐出奇的美,但是在那美的背后,我感受到悲伤和痛苦。这首曲子有个简单的名字,《二泉映月》,但它是我听到过的最感人的曲子之一。二胡(的声音)听起来那么悲伤,以至于我在听的时候也几乎随着它哭了。后来我查阅了《二泉映月》的历史,开始理解音乐中蕴含的伤感。 这首曲子由一位民间音乐家阿炳写成,他于1893年出生在无锡市。在他还很小的时候,他的母亲就去世了。阿炳的父亲教他弹奏各种乐器,如鼓、笛子和二胡。到了十七岁,阿炳就以他的音乐天赋闻名。然而,他的父亲去世后,阿炳的生活变得更糟糕。他很穷,还得了很严重的疾病,眼睛瞎了。好些年他都没有家,他住在大街上,以弹奏音乐来谋生。即使在他结了婚有了家以后,他还是继续在街道上唱歌、弹曲,他以这种方式表演了好多年。 阿炳惊人的音乐技能让他在有生之年就非常出名。到他临终前,他已会弹六百多首曲子,大部分是他自己写的。遗憾的是,一共只有六首曲子被录了下来得以传世,但时至今日,他(的作品)依旧颇受人们喜爱。今天,阿炳的《二泉映月》成 了所有伟大的二胡演奏家弹奏和赞赏的曲子。它已成了中国文化魁宝之一。它的凄美不仅描绘出阿炳自己的生活,而且也让人们回想起自身的悲苦体验和最深的的痛。

翻译(一)、中国文化和历史 1、狮舞(Lion Dance)是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首,在中国传统中,狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物(mascot)。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身,能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载,狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此,舞狮成为元宵节(the Lantern Festival)和其他节日的习俗,人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。 The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. 2、端午节,又叫龙舟节,是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣(minister),他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤(vilify)而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方,抛下粽子,希望鱼儿吃粽子,不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来,端午节的特色在于吃粽子(glutinous dumplings)和赛龙舟,尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 ? The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 3、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系,通常被成为“本帮菜”,有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样,“本帮菜”具有“色,香,味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用,食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅,个小味美,皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮,形如松鼠,外皮脆而内肉嫩,汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后,我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状,觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。 Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste”as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,

文言文翻译技巧和方法 一、基本方法:直译和意译文言文翻译的基本方法有直译和意译两种。所谓直译,是指用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译,做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。直译的好处是字字落实;其不足之处是有时译句文意难懂,语言也不够通顺。所谓意译,则是根据语句的意思进行翻译,做到尽量符合原文意思,语句尽可能照顾原文词义。意译有一定的灵活性,文字可增可减,词语的位置可以变化,句式也可以变化。意译的好处是文意连贯,译文符合现代语言的表达习惯,比较通顺、流畅、好懂。其不足之处是有时原文不能字字落实。这两种翻译方法当以直译为主,意译为辅。 二、具体方法:留、删、补、换、调、变。 “留”:就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词,以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等,翻译时可保留不变。例如:《晏子使楚》中的“楚王”、“晏婴”、“晏子”等不用翻译。 “删”,就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。例如:“寡人反取病焉”的“焉”是语气助词,可不译,本句的意思就是“我反而自讨没趣。”(《晏子使楚》)又如:“子猷、子敬俱病笃,而子敬先亡”中的“而”是连词,可不译,整句意思是“子猷与子敬都病重,子敬先死去。” “补”,就是增补。(1)变单音词为双音词,如《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人来此绝境”,“妻子”一词是“妻子、儿女”的意思;(2)补出省略句中的省略成分,如《人琴俱亡》中“语时了不悲”,翻译为:(子猷)说话时候完全不悲伤。 “换”,就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”,把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。“调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。例如《人琴俱亡》中“何以都不闻消息”,“何以”是“以何”的倒装,宾语前置句,意思是“为什么”。“变”,就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上,活译有关文字。“子猷问左右”(人琴俱亡))中的“左右”指的是“手下的人”,“左右对曰”(《晏子使楚》中的“左右”指的是“近臣”。 古文翻译口诀古文翻译,自有顺序,首览全篇,掌握大意;先明主题,搜集信息,由段到句,从句到词,全都理解,连贯一起,对待难句,则需心细,照顾前文,联系后句,

7楼 迪士尼乐园是个娱乐的公园,但我们也可以叫它“主题公园”。它拥有你在其他公园可以找到的所有的娱乐设施,但是它有一个主题。当然,这个主题就是迪士尼电影和迪士尼人物。比如说,在其他一些公园你可以看到到摩天轮,但是在迪士尼乐园,摩天轮就有了“迪士尼人物”的主题。这意味着你可以在摩天轮的任何地方看到迪士尼人物。同样,你也可以看有关迪士尼的电影,在迪士尼餐厅就餐,买迪士尼礼物。你还随时可以看到迪士尼乐园里来回走动的迪士尼人物! 你听说过“迪士尼航行”吗?那是同样有迪士尼主题的巨大的船。你可以在船上航行几天,还可以在甲板上吃东西睡觉。和迪士尼乐园一样,甲板上也有许多吸引人的地方。你可以购物,参加迪士尼的聚会,和米老鼠一起吃晚餐。这些船有几条不同的航线,但最终都会抵达同样的地方。那就是属于迪士尼乐园的小岛。 在迪士尼乐园的乐趣简直太多了! 9. p72 UNIT 9 3a: Come to the Hilltop Language School and change your life. 来到Hilltop语言学校,改变你的人生! 第一篇:这里是两名同学讲述关于我校的事情 当我还是个小女孩,我就梦想着去旅行,因而我选择了个最佳的方式—从事空中乘务员.我做这个行业已有两年了,它的确是份有趣的工作,我能游遍世界各地,但也我发现说好英语对我来说是件多么重要的事,正因如此早在当空乘之前我就在Hilltop语言学校学习五年了,我以一口流利的口语赢得了这份工作,谢谢, Hilltop语言学校! Mei Shan 第二篇: 我渴望当一名导游,事实上,这是我一直都很想要从事的事业.我渴望旅行,特别是英语国家,像是美国,澳大利亚.不论如何我知道我必须提高我的英语能力,于是我来到Hilltop语言学校进行口语学习, Hilltop语言学校对我的学习有很大的帮助,我已经在这里学满一年了,非常热爱这个地方.或许当我要离开这个学校的时候,我开始想做一名英语教师的热情会大过于想做一名导游! David Feng 9. p74 UNIT 9 3a: Have you ever been to Singapore?翻译! 你去过新加坡吗? 对于很多中国旅游者来说,这个位于东南亚的小岛是个度假的好去处。一方面,超过四分之

Cast P earls before swine.牛一猪) 7)落汤鸡/落水狗:Like a drow ned mouse .鸡/狗一鼠) 8)热锅上的蚂蚁: Like a cat o n hot bricks.蚂蚁一猫) 9)宁为鸡头,毋为牛后: Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lio n.鸡 —狗,牛一狮) 由此可见,中国成语中的动物在英语成语中已不属于同一动物了。 2. 与颜色有关的成语或谚语英汉也不尽相同 在颜色的作用上,有相同点。比如,红色(red ),无论是在英语国家,还是在 中国,往往都与庆祝活动和喜庆日子有关。如中国有 开门红”代表着好运气。 英语有“redletter days 纪念日,喜庆日)等。但更多的还是有不同点,而且两种 语言在颜色 的意义上也有区别。如 黄色”(yellow )在西方黄色表示懦弱,胆小, 不敢面对现实。而在中国,黄色是帝王的象征。只有皇帝才配着黄色。再如 蓝 色” (blue )在英语中通常表示不快活,心情不好。如: 1) He is blue today 文化与翻译 英汉成语、谚语中的语言文化差异 其语言也必然会有很大的差别。语言 来谈 由于中西方的社会文化存在着很大的差异, 离不开文化,文化也离不开语言。本文就英汉成语或谚语对译的几个实例, 谈两种语言在成语或谚语中所存在的文化差异。 1.与动物有关的成语或谚语英汉不尽相同 1)他壮得像头牛。 He is as stro ng as a horse 牛一马) 2)她胆小如 鼠。 She is as timid as a hare (鼠一兔) 3)养虎遗 患: Warm a sn ake in on e's bosom 虎—蛇) 4)瓮中之鳖: Like a rat in a hole.(鳖一鼠) 5)害群之 马: Black shee p.马一羊) 6)对牛弹琴:

人教版九年级英语课文翻译 一单元 SECTION A 1a 我通过制作抽认卡来学习。通过和朋友一起学习。通过听磁带。通过做抽认卡。通过向老师求助。通过读课本。通过制作单词本。 1c A:你怎么为考试而学习。B:我通过参加学习小组来学习。 2a 1、你是通过看英文录像学英语的吗? 2、你曾和朋友们练习过对话吗? 3、听磁带怎么样? 4、大声朗读以练习发音怎么样?5、我曾经通过参加学习小组的方式学习过吗? 2b A是的,我通过那种学习方式学到了很多。B、哦,是的,它提高了我说英语的能力。C、有时那样做。我觉得他有用。D、不。(通过看英语录像学习)太难了,无法理解录像中的人所说的话。 2c A你曾经通过参加学习小组来学习吗?B、是的,我参加赤字,通过那种方式我学到了很多。 Grammer Focus 你怎么为准备一场考试而学习?我靠听磁带。你怎样学习英语?我通过参加学习小组来学习。你通过大声朗读来学习英语吗?是的,我是。你曾和朋友们练习过对话吗?哦,是的,他提高了我说英语的能力。你曾经通过参加学习?小组来学习吗?是的,我参加过。通过那种方式我学习到了很多。 3a如何才能学得最好 这星期我们询问了新星高中的同学关于学习更多英语的最佳方法的问题。许多同学说他们通过使用英语为学习它,一些还有很特别的建议。比如,李莉莲说学习新单词的最好的方法是阅读英语杂志。她说记忆浒音乐的歌词也有一些作用。当我们问及学习语法的问题时,她说:“我从不学习语法。它太枯燥了。” 魏明有不同的看法。他学习英语已经6年了,并且确实喜欢英语。他认为学习语法是学习一门语言的一种好方法。他还认为观看英语电影也不错,国灰他可以看到演员说话的情形。但是,有时候他发现看英语电影是件很头痛的事情,因为那些演员说话太快了。 刘畅说加入学校英语俱乐部是提高英语最好的方法。学生有很多练习的机会并且他们也有很多乐趣。她补充说和朋友练习会话一点用处也没有。“我们会因为某件事变得很激动,最后用汉语来讲,”她说。 3b A:我正在作一个关于学习英语的调查。我能问你一些问题吗?B:当然。A:太好了!你叫什么名字?B:魏明。A:那么你是怎样学习英语的,魏明?B:…… 4 A:你列词汇表吗?B:噢,是的。我常那样做。 SECTION B 1a我不会发其中一些单词的音。我不会拼写一些英语单词。我听不懂英语口语。我在语法上犯错误。我读得很慢。1b我不知道怎么使用逗号。 2a 1、不能正确发音。 2、忘记很多生词。 3、人们和我说话时我不能每次都听懂。 4、不能理解杂志中的单词。 5、没有获得很多写作训练。 2B A、你可以一直将生词写在你的笔记本里,并在家学习它们。B、你应该找一个笔友。C、听力能起作用。D、为什么不加入一个英语俱乐部来练习说英语呢? 2C A:我没有搭档来练习英语。B、也许我应该加入一个英语俱乐部。 3a我是怎样学习英语的 去年英语课对我来说很难。首先,对我来说听懂老师说话很难。开始,她说的太快,我不能听懂每个单词,后来,我意识到如果你听不懂每个单词并没有关系。而且我害怕在班上说话,因为我认为同学们可能会嘲笑我。我也不是总能造出完整的句子。然后我开始看英文电视。那很有用。我认为做大量听力练习是成为一个好的语言学习者的秘决之一。另一件我觉得很难的事是英语语法。所以我决定在每节课上记大量语法要点。然后我开始用我正在学的语法自己写新句子。这样作用处之大令人惊奇。现在我很喜欢学英语并且这学期我得了个A。我的老师对我印象很深。作者觉学英语很难是因为……1、老师发音差。2、她说话时人们总是嘲笑她。3、她在造完整的句子方面有困难。4、英语语法很难。当她开始…她的英语提高了。5、和说英语的朋友一起出去。6、大量的听力练习。7、在自己组织的句子里使用语法。 3b 亲爱的,我知道学英语不容易,但我有一些想法可能有用。你说你不能理解说话太快的人。那么,你可以尽量听最重要的单词,而不是每个单词。 4 1、关于学英语什么不容易。2、就这一点你作了什么?3、你最喜欢的学习更多英语的方式是什么?韩文说如果人

英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外,翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践,使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此,在平日的翻译练习和测试中,我们在弄清原文句子结构后,务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义,以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择: 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如:Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. [译文]:审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 [注释]:本句中like作介词,意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用,则意为"喜欢;想要"。例如:He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如:Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外,like还可以作形容词用,意为"相同的",如:Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥,异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. [译文]:新学派的科学家们认为,技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 [注释]:school一词常被误译为"学校",其实,school还有一个词义"学派"。可见,正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响,而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. [译文]:既然对智力的评估是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 [注释]:许多人把scale译为"范围",和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。

九年级上册文言文翻译 陈涉世家 陈胜是阳城县人,表字叫涉。吴广是阳夏县人,表字叫叔。陈胜年轻的时候,曾经同别人一道被雇佣耕地,(有一天,)他停止耕作走到田畔高地上(休息),因失望而叹恨了好久,对同伴们说:“如果有朝一日谁富贵了,可别忘记咱穷哥儿们。”同伴们笑着回答他:“你给人家耕地当牛马,哪里谈得上富贵,陈胜长叹一声,说:“燕雀怎么能知道鸿鹄的志向呢!” 秦二世元年7月.征发贫苦人民九百人去驻守渔阳,停驻在大泽乡。陈胜、吴广都被编入谪戍的队伍,并担任戍守队伍的小头目。恰巧遇到天下大雨,道路不通,估计已经误期。误期,按秦王朝的军法都要杀头。陈胜、吴广就商量说:“如今逃走(抓了回来)也是死,起义也是死,同样是死,为国事而死好吗?”陈胜说:“全国人民苦于秦(的统治)很久了。我听说秦二世是小儿子,不该立为国君,该立的是长子扶苏。扶苏因为屡次劝谏的缘故,皇上派(他)在外面带兵。最近有人听说他没有罪,,二世就杀了他。老百姓大多听说他很贤明,却不知道他已经死了。项燕担任楚国将领时,屡次立功,爱护士卒,楚国人很爱戴他,有人认为他战死了,有人认为他逃走了。现在如果把我们的人冒充公子扶苏、项燕的队伍,向全国发出号召,应当(有)很多响应的人。”吴广认为(这个见解)很正确。就去占卜。那占卜的人知道他俩的意图,说:“你们的事都能办成,能建功立业。不过你们还是把事情向鬼神卜问一下吧!”陈胜、吴广很高兴,考虑卜鬼的事,说:“这是教我们先威服众人啊。”就(用)丹砂(在)绸子上写了“陈胜王”(三个字),放在别人所捕的鱼的肚子里,士兵买鱼回来烹食,发现鱼肚子里的字条,自然就诧怪这事了。(陈胜)又暗使吴广往驻地旁边的丛林里的神庙中,用篝火装作“鬼火”,作狐狸嗥叫的凄厉声音,喊道:“大楚复兴,陈胜为王。”士兵一整夜又惊又怕。第二天,士兵中到处谈论这件事,都指指点点,互相以目示意陈胜。 吴广平时很关心周围的人,戍卒们多愿听吴广的差遣。(那天,)押送(戍卒)的军官喝醉了,吴广故意屡次说要逃走,使尉恼怒,使尉责辱他,来激怒士兵。那军官果然鞭打吴广。军官剑拔出鞘,吴广一跃而起,夺过剑来杀死了他。陈胜协助吴广,一齐杀了两个军官。陈胜召集并号令所属的人说:“你们诸位遇到大雨,都已经误期。误期就要杀头。即使仅能免于斩刑,而戍守边塞的人十个中也得死去六七个。况且大丈夫不死则已,死就要干出一番大事业啊。王侯将相难道有天生的贵种吗!”众戍卒齐声应道:“一定听从(你的)号令。”于是冒充公子扶苏、项燕的队伍,依从人民的愿望。露出右臂(作为起义的标志),打出大楚旗号。(用土)筑台,并(在台上)宣誓。用(两)尉的头祭天。陈胜自立为将军,吴广任都尉。攻打大泽乡,收集大泽乡的军队,攻打蕲县。攻克蕲县后,就派符离人葛婴带兵攻占蕲县以东的土地。攻打铚、酂、苦、柘、谯等县,都

英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法: 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如: (1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译) (2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译) 6.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或

进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置) (2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置) (3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

相关主题