Consideration of mechanical properties of single-walled

RESEARCH PAPER

Consideration of mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes under various loading conditions

Ali Reza Ranjbartoreh ?Guoxiu Wang

Received:2September 2009/Accepted:16November 2009/Published online:25November 2009óSpringer Science+Business Media B.V.2009

Abstract In this article,mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)with various radiuses under tensile,compressive and lateral loads are considered.Stress–strain curve,elastic modulus,tensile,compressive and rotational stiffness,buckling behaviour,and critical axial com-pressive load and pressure of eight different zigzag and armchair SWCNTs are investigated to ?gure out the effect of radius and chirality on mechanical properties of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea9960908.html,ing molecular dynamic simulation (MDS)method,it can be explained that SWCNTs have higher Young’s modulus and tensile stiffness than compressive elastic modulus and com-pressive stiffness.Critical axial force of zigzag SWCNT is independent from the radius,but that of armchair type rises by increasing of radius,also these two types show different buckling modes.

Keywords Single-walled carbon nanotube

(SWCNT)áMolecular dynamic simulation (MDS)áCritical axial force áBuckling áYoung’s modulus áModeling áNanomechanics

Introduction

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)have some superior mechanical and electrical properties that distinguish them from multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the best candidate for micro and nano scale electromechanical devices.Their exceptional mechanical properties like high strength,excellent thermal conductivity and remarkable electrical prop-erties are very promising for miniaturized electronic units.SWCNTs show much better mechanical prop-erties than the best carbon ?bres;in addition,their very small diameter,large aspect ratio and very low density make them an ideal reinforcement agent and the best candidate material for making multi purpose composites.

Theoretical calculations of Young’s modulus of SWCNT in the literatures reported a diverging range from 0.5to 5.5TPa (Yao and Lordi 1998;Yakobson et al.1996;Popov et al.2000;Jin and Yuan 2003).Krishnan et al.(1998)found average Young’s modulus of 1.25TPa for SWCNTs in the diameter range of 1.0–1.5nm by observing their freestanding room temperature vibrations in a transmission elec-tron microscope (TEM).Using atom force micro-scope (ATM)and scanning electron microscope (SEM),Young’s modulus of SWCNTs were reported 1.2and 1.02TPa,respectively (Tombler et al.2000;Yu et al.2000).Average experimental value of 1.8TPa was reported for nanotubes with small radiuses (Treacy et al.1996).

A.R.Ranjbartoreh (&)áG.Wang

School of Mechanical,Materials and Mechatronic Engineering University of Wollongong,Wollongong,NSW 2522,Australia

e-mail:Arr111@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea9960908.html,.au

J Nanopart Res (2010)12:537–543DOI 10.1007/s11051-009-9808-6

Due to tubular structure of nanotubes,they have higher stiffness and strength against axial loads than graphene sheets,the positive effect of cylindrical shape on their stability can be understood from comparing the strength of one sheet of paper and when two edges of that paper are taped together to make a tube.SWCNTs can be classi?ed into three types based on chiral vector which is de?ned by a pair of integers (n ,m )and unit vectors along two directions in the honeycomb crystal lattice (Eq.1).Armchair type of nanotubes has the same number of unit vectors along two directions (n ,n ),zigzag type is con?gured in one direction (n ,0),and when integers are not equal en ?m Tnanotube is called ‘‘chiral’’.Ch ?n ?a 1tm ?a 2:

e1T

Major problems about widely utilization of SWCNTs in industrial products are their costs and qualities.They are more expensive than gold,and almost all of their preparations are impure.Well understanding of their mechanical properties and their stabilities under different loading conditions are other important issues.This research considers the mechanical properties of armchair and zigzag types of SWCNT with various radiuses under tensile,compressive and lateral loads,also critical compres-sive forces and pressures of these structures have been investigated by molecular dynamic simulation (MDS)method.

Modelling and relations

The LAMMPS code that is a classical molecular dynamics open-source code was utilized for modelling

of several nanotubes under different loading condi-tions (Plimpton 1995;Plimpton et al.1997).LAM-MPS employs LJ Unit with unitless quantities;thus,by means of mass,bond length and bond energy values for speci?c material,results from LJ unit simulation can be converted into other units like SI unit.

The bond energy and bond length of graphite are

4.89866eV (Schabel and Martins 1992)and 1.42A

?(Charlier and Michenaud 1993),respectively,imple-mented as the converting factors for a SWCNT with

the wall thickness of 0.66A

?,because a SWCNT is a wrapped monolayer graphite to a cylindrical shape.As it can be seen in Figs.1and 2,axial compres-sive,tensile,also lateral forces exerted on one end of SWCNT when atoms at another end are ?xed.Forces increase from 0to 0.5575nN with a constant rate in 200sub-steps and 0.001s

time-steps.

Fig.1Tension and

compression of a armchair and b zigzag

SWCNTs

Fig.2Bending and de?ection of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs

Visual molecular dynamics(VMD)software is used to display3D graphics(Humphrey et al.1996).

Obtained data from MDS are implemented to?nd Young’s modulus of the nanotubes.Data collected from stress–strain of SWCNTs are used to determine elastic modulus as the tangent of stress–strain curve (Eq.2).

E?r

e

?

F=A

d=L

;e2T

where E is the elastic modulus,r is the stress,e is the strain,F is the uniaxial force,A is the cross section area,d is the length variation and L is the initial length.

Tensile stiffness(K t)and compressive stiffness (K c)are de?ned as the resistance of SWCNT to tension and compression,respectively(Eqs.3and4).

K t?F t

d t

;e3T

K c?

F c

d c

;e4T

where F t,F c,d t and d c are forces and deformations in

tensile and compressive loading conditions.

Rotational stiffness of SWCNT(K r)is the resis-

tance of this structure against rotational deformation

due to bending moment(Eq.5),

K r?

M

h

;e5T

where M is the bending moment and h is the

de?ection angle.

Results and discussion

Eight zigzag and armchair nanotubes(Fig.3)with

increasing radiuses were selected(Frey and Doren

2005)to consider the effects of radius and

chirality

Fig.3Top view of

armchair and zigzag

SWCNTs

Table1Dimensions,critical axial force,pressure and strain of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs under compression

Radius(A?)Length(A?)Force(nN)Pressure(GPa)Strain

Armchair(3,3) 2.06468.6250.446070 5.210120.433 Armchair(4,4) 2.73558.6200.540791 4.767270.637 Armchair(5,5) 3.40968.6190.598772 4.234810.805 Armchair(6,6) 4.085168.6200.615497 3.633200.703 Zigzag(3,0) 1.2160211.5170.3289 6.52230.1513 Zigzag(4,0) 1.5973311.4510.3652 5.51290.1875 Zigzag(5,0) 1.9828911.4210.3261 3.96570.1500 Zigzag(6,0) 2.3705311.4040.3652 3.71500.1883

on elastic modulus,stiffness and buckling of SWCNTs which are presented in Tables 1and 2;in addition,deviation’s trend of these parameters are considered.

CNTs are not nearly as strong under compression as under tension.Because of their hollow structure and high aspect ratio,they tend to undergo buckling when placed under compressive,torsional and bend-ing stresses.

Critical axial load is the compressive load at which a structure will start to buckle,and buckling is a mode of failure due to elastic instability.Critical axial stress which causes buckling is less than compressive strength of the material.Thus,it is an important issue for designing of stable structures.Failure modes of zigzag and armchair nanotubes are remarkably different;the second mode of buck-ling occurs in the axial direction of zigzag SWCNT,

while armchair type shows ?rst buckling mode in the axial direction (Fig.4).

Stress–strain curves of nanotubes under uniaxial force are shown in Figs.5and 6.The initial slope of these curves in tension is greater than that in compression;as a result,tensile modulus is greater than compressive modulus of SWCNTs.

Discussion

As it can be depicted in the stress–strain graphs (Figs.5,6)and from Table 2,decreasing rate of elastic modulus with rising of nanotubes’radius declines gradually.According to this trend,it can be predicted that variation of elastic modulus in higher radiuses is negligible which was presented earlier (Liu et al.2001;Yao and Lordi 1998).

Table 2Young’s modulus (Y ),compressive elastic modulus (E c ),tensile stiffness (K t ),compressive stiffness (K c )and rotational stiffness (K r )of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs

Y (TPa)

E c (TPa)K t (N/m)K c (N/m)K r (Nm/Rad)Armchair (3,3) 1.19690.8478136.796.884.083910-18Armchair (4,4)0.89480.6365136.396.984.083910-18Armchair (5,5)0.71560.5091136.396.984.083910-18Armchair (6,6)0.59570.4219136.796.884.083910-18Zigzag (3,0) 2.7862 2.4161122.0105.8300.835910-18Zigzag (4,0) 2.1135 1.8253122.3105.6299.263910-18Zigzag (5,0) 1.7018 1.4638122.5105.3344.731910-18Zigzag (6,0)

1.4247

1.1893

122.8

100.8

335.992910-

18

Fig.4First mode of

buckling in a armchair and second mode in b zigzag SWCNT

Based on the radius of SWCNTs,it can be stated from the outcomes that zigzag type (6,0)and armchair type (3,3)which have almost the same radiuses show comparable Young’s modulus (Her-na

′ndez et al.1998;Lier et al.2000).During the tension,?rst row of SWCNT cells shows more stretch than other cells,but in compres-sion almost all of the hexagonal cells compressed homogeneously (Fig.1);this behaviour reveals the structural property of SWCNT and distribution of tensile and compressive loads on it.

It is obviously made known from critical axial strain of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs,Table 1also in Figs.5,6,and 7that zigzag type shows higher

resistance against compression and de?ection;this behaviour can be described based on their structures which shown in Figs.1and 2;atoms arrangement in armchair type let the structure to absorb the energy of loads by more deformation,while atoms in zigzag type are more condensed;thus,they show less deformation against applied loads.

According to the obtained results from MDS,critical axial forces of zigzag SWCNTs are indepen-dent from radius which was predicted by Ranjbarto-reh et al.(2008),but presented amounts of critical axial force based on continuum mechanic modelling and Euler buckling theory of columns are valid for large radius and length nanotubes,and these amounts are several orders higher than molecular dynamic modelling anticipations for small nanotubes.Critical axial force of a nanotube with small length cannot be accurately predicted by Euler equation,because it depends not only on the length but also on the chirality of nanotubes.Obtained results from MDS are much lower due to the alteration of the in-plane stiffness with the length of SWCNTs,also mechan-ical properties of SWCNTs assumed to be constant in Euler equations,while it is not a precise assumption (Xin et al.2007).However,critical axial pressures of zigzag and armchair SWCNTs decrease by increasing of their radiuses,caused by increases of the cross-sectional area.

Compressive elastic modulus of armchair SWCNTs are about 70%of their tensile elastic modulus and this ratio remains constant with variation of radius.This ratio is also constant and about 86%for zigzag SWCNTs which reveals the higher

compressive

Fig.5Stress–strain curves of zigzag SWCNTs under uniaxial

force

Fig.6Stress–strain curves of armchair SWCNTs under uniaxial

force

Fig.7Bending moment versus de?ection angle of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs

strength of zigzag nanotubes.In general,zigzag nanotubes show greater elastic modulus than armchair nanotubes in both compressive and tensile loading conditions.

Attained results of elastic modulus of SWCNTs under compression is in good agreement with predicted amounts by Cornwell and Wille(1997), also it can be recognized from Table2that the modulus decreases as the radius of SWCNT increases.

Tensile and compressive stiffness of zigzag SWCNTs are about122and105N/m and that of armchair nanotubes are around136and97N/m, respectively,that are independent from the radius of nanotubes,the same independency was found by Meo and Rossi(2006).Furthermore,in both zigzag and armchair types,tensile stiffness is higher than com-pressive stiffness.

Conclusion

Armchair nanotube shows the?rst mode of buckling, while zigzag type buckles in the second mode.

Although critical axial pressure of both zigzag and armchair types of SWCNTs declines by rising of radius,critical axial force of armchair type goes up as radius increases;on the other hand,that of zigzag type is independent from radius.

Compressive and rotational stiffness of zigzag type are higher than armchair type,but zigzag SWCNT has lower tensile stiffness and in general zigzag and armchair nanotubes show higher tensile stiffness than compressive stiffness.

Compressive elastic modulus of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs are70and86%of their Young’s modulus,respectively.

Elastic modulus of SWCNTs decreases by increas-ing of radius,but this rate slows down in higher radiuses in which the deviation of elastic modulus is almost negligible.It can be described from the obtained results that in small radiuses zigzag SWCNTs have higher elastic modulus than armchair SWCNTs.

Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the Financial Support from the Australian Research Council (ARC)through the ARC Linkage Grant‘‘Exploration of new catalyst materials for hydrogen/air fed proton exchange membrane fuel cells’’(LP0775109).References

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原因无法精确考究其形成、发展的历史过程，但通常它被认为起源于16世纪的英国法。其中一项理论认为，对价是作为一个"约束违约扩张的工具"[1]，也就是说，任何允诺必须有对价的支持才能获得法律约束力。因此，单方面受益的契约是不具有强制执行力和法律约束力。后来，调整简式合同的法律逐渐发展倾向于约束交易中的磋商过程（Bargain）多于约束许诺本身，而当法律对于简式合同的学理解释出现越来越多的汇编、典籍化后，调整签字封腊合同的法律规范就从违约赔偿诉讼理论中单独分离并发展出来。 对价作为一种法律学说发展至今，已不是一个单一的法律概念，而是实际发展为一个系统化的法律规范体系，无论在法学理论还是实践操作中都发挥着相当大的作用。但如同所有法律学说一样，对价规则也并非是绝对的，对于对价的缺乏并不必然导致合同无拘束力，例如对"承诺禁止反言"（P romissory estoppel）原则的应用。同样的，法庭也会在某些特殊情形下，裁判某一现存的对价并不导致契约成立。因为只有被法律所允许的、接受的、采取某些形式存在的对价才能被接受。也就是说，对于对价的理解，强调当事人双方给予彼此的‘价值＇必须是‘在法律眼中有价值的东西＇。 二对价的定义 关于何谓对价，早期传统的学说将其定义为"受许诺人的损害或许诺人的获利"。依照英国高等法院1875年Currie v.

材料学资料大全

贝氏体：渗碳体分布在碳过饱和的铁素体基体上的两相混合物。马氏体:碳在 -Fe中的过饱和固溶体称马氏体，用M表示。奥氏体：碳溶于γ-Fe中所形成的间隙固溶体，用A 或γ表示。 过冷奥氏体:处于临界点A1以下的奥氏体称为过冷奥氏体.残余奥氏体:马氏体转变是不完全的，即使冷却到Mf点，也总有部分奥氏体未能转变而残留下来。 时效处理：合金工件经固熔热处理后在室温或稍高于室温保温，以达到沉淀硬化的目的。 淬火临界冷却温度（Vk）:过冷奥氏体连续转变时，共析钢以大于该冷却速度冷却时，将只发生马氏体转变得到马氏体组织。淬透性:淬透性是指钢在淬火时获得淬硬层深度的能力。是钢在规定条件下的一种工艺性能。淬硬性:淬硬性是指钢淬火后所能达到的最高硬度，即硬化能力. 再结晶：指经冷塑性变形的金属，当淬火我恶毒足够高，时间足够长时，通过形核长大形成等轴无畸变新晶粒的过程。重结晶：固态金属及合金在加热（或冷却）通过相变点时，从一种晶体结构转变成另一种晶体结构的过程。 变质处理：向金属液体中加入一些细小的形核剂，使它在金属液形成大量分散的人工制造的飞自发晶核，从而获得细小的铸造晶粒，达到提高材料性能的目的。调制处理：淬火加高温回火的热处理，简称调制。 1.奥氏体、过冷奥氏体、残余奥氏体有何异同？ 2.画出共析碳钢过冷奥氏体等温转变 C 曲线，标明各点、线、区的意义；并指出影响C曲线形状和位置的主要因素；说明合金元素对 C 曲线位置及形状的影响。答：在C曲线的下面还有两条水平线；M s线和M f线，它们为过冷奥氏体发生低温转变的开始温度和终了温度。所以C曲线表明，在A1以上，奥氏体是稳定的，不发生转变，能长期存在；在A1以下，奥氏体不稳定，要发生转变，转变之前处于过冷状态，过冷奥氏体的稳定性取决于其转变的孕育期，在曲线的“鼻尖”处(约550℃时)孕育期最短，过冷奥氏体的稳定性最小。“鼻尖”将曲线分成两部分，在上面随温度下降(即过冷度增大)孕育期变短，转变速度加快；在下面，随着温度下降孕育期增长，转变速度变慢。C曲线的位置和形状与奥氏体的稳定性及分解转变的特性有关，而后二者是决于化学成分和加热时的状态等，所以影响C曲线的因素主要是奥氏体的成分和加热条件。合金元素对 C 曲线位置及形状的影响：除铝钴以外，几乎所有溶入奥氏体中的合金元素，都能增加过冷奥氏体的稳定性，使C曲线右移。

TOPIC 2 Law of Contract Consideration

LAW3201 Foundations of Business Law Topic 5: LAW OF CONTRACT (Consideration) Readings: Lee Mei Ping, General Principles of Malaysian Law, 5th Edition, 2005, Oxford Fajar Sdn Bhd Abdul Majid, Krishnan Arjunan, Business Law in Malaysia, 2005, Lexis Nexis Malayan Law Journal Beatrix Vohrah, Wu Min Aun, The Commercial Law of Malaysia, 2nd ed., Longman, 2000 Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ea9960908.html,.my/) law of Malaysia/numerical table of laws/Act 136 Contents: 1.Introduction 2.Definition 3.General Rule 4.Types of consideration 5.Rules governing consideration 6.Exceptions to general rule Objectives: Successful students should be able to:- 1. Explain the definition of consideration 2. Describe the relevant principles of law which are relevant to consideration 3. Apply the principles of law to the given situations. 1. Introduction A transaction must be supported by consideration in order for it to be a contract. The common law does not recognize bare promises. It emph asizes the element of ‘bargain’ in commercial transactions and hence, the need for ‘something in exchange for something’. 2. Definition Broadly stated, consideration is the price of a promise or an exchange of promises. Legal definition s. 2 (d) of CA 1950 “when, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise”.

建筑材料知识大全分类(超全)

建筑材料知识大全分类(超全)

一个设计师不了解家装的各种材料，就如同一个老师不了解自己的课程，将无从谈起。一个对家装材料一知半解的设计师，就如同一个对知识一知半解的老师，将会误人子弟！ 家装材料知识包括： 一、吊顶材料知识二、门窗材料知识三、五金材料知识四、墙面材料知识 五、地面材料知识六、胶粘材料知识七、油漆材料知识八、水电材料知识 九、玻璃材料知识 第一节吊顶材料知识 吊顶是现代家庭装修常见的装饰手法。 吊顶既具有美化空间的作用，也是区分室内空间一种方法。很多情况下，室内空间不能通过墙体、隔断来划分，那样就会让空间显得很拥挤，很局促。设计上可以通过天花与地面来对室内空间进

行区分，而天花所占的比例又很大。吊顶材料可以分为面板和架构龙骨。吊顶面板分为普通石膏板和防水防潮类面板。龙骨分为金属龙骨与木龙骨。 吊顶材料包括：面板和龙骨 面板分为普通石膏板和防水石膏板； 龙骨分为木龙骨和金属龙骨。 面板： 一、普通石膏板 普通石膏板是由双面帖纸内压石膏而形成，目前市场普通石膏板的常用规格有1200*3000和1200*2440两种，厚度一般为9㎜。其特点是价格便宜，但遇水遇潮容易软化或分解。 普通石膏板一般用于大面积吊顶和室内客厅、餐厅、过道、卧室等对防水要求不高的地方，可以做隔墙面板，也可做吊顶面板。

二、防水面板 1、硅钙板： 硅钙板又称石膏复合板，它是一种多孔材料，具有良好的隔音、隔热性能，在室内空气潮湿的情况下能吸引空气中水分子、空气干燥时，又能释放水分子，可以适当调节室内干、湿度、增加舒适感。石膏制品又是特级防火材料，在火焰中能产生吸热反应，同时，释放出水分子阻止火势蔓延，而且不会分解产生任何有毒的、侵蚀性的、令人窒息的气体，也不会产生任何助燃物或烟气。 硅钙板与石膏板比较，在外观上保留了石膏板的美观；重量方面大大低于石膏板，强度方面远高于石膏板；彻底改变了石膏板因受潮而变形的致命弱点，数倍地延长了材料的使用寿命；在消声息音及保温隔热等功能方面，也比石膏板有所提高。 硅钙板一般规格为600*600，主要用于办公室、

consider的用法归纳有哪些

consider的用法归纳有哪些 consider的用法：作名词 consideration作名词，意为careful thought and attention斟酌，考虑 Several considerations have influenced my decision.好几个因素影响了我的决定。 1.Consideration for顾及，体贴 He has never shown much consideration for his wife’s needs.他从来不顾及他妻 子的需要。 2.Under consideration在讨论/考虑中 Several projects are under consideration.好几个项目在讨论中。 There are some proposals under consideration. 有几个建议在审议中。 3.Take sth. into consideration考虑到某事，体谅 Your teachers will take your recent illness into consideration when marking your exams. 你的几位老师在给你的考试评分时，会考虑你最近生病这一情况的。 4.Leave sth. out of consideration 忽略/不重视某事 It was wrong to leave my feelings out of consideration.不顾及我的情感是不对的。 5.Show consideration for体谅，顾及 Jeff never shows any consideration for his mother’s feelings.杰夫从来不体谅他 母亲的感受。 6.of. No / little consideration无关紧要的，不重要的 Whether he would go with us or not was of no consideration. 他是否跟我们一起 去是无关紧要的。 7.In consideration of sth.作为对……的汇报，考虑到 It’s a small payment in consideration of your services.这是答谢您服务的微薄酬金。 consider的用法：作动词 1.Consider作动词，意为think about sth.考虑，斟酌 常用搭配：consider sth. / doing sth. / where(how, why)+to do /that clause; all things considered通盘考虑，考虑到问题的各个方面。如：

幕墙所有材料详细介绍大全

幕墙所有材料详细介绍大 全 Last revision date: 13 December 2020.

一幕墙材料分类及基本要求 1.幕墙材料分类 材料是保证幕墙质量和安全的物质基础。幕墙所使用的材料，概括起来，基本上可有四大类型。即：骨架材料、板材、结构粘结及密封填缝材料、五金配件等。 n骨架材料主要有铝型材和钢材两种。 n板材主要有玻璃、铝板、石材、不锈钢板、陶板、千思板、彩钢板、阳光板等。 n结构粘结及密封填缝材料主要包括硅酮结构胶、耐候密封胶、间隔双面胶带、密封胶条、泡沫棒、保温岩 棉等。 n五金配件主要包括开启附件、预埋件、转接件、连接件等。 2.对幕墙材料的基本要求 2.1?符合相应规范及标准 幕墙材料绝大部分国内都能生产，而且大部分都有国家标准或行业标准，但是，由于生产技术和管理水平的差别，市上同种类材料质量，由于生产厂家不同质量差别也很大。作为建筑外围护结构的幕墙，虽然不承受主体结构的荷载，但处于建筑物的外表面，除承受本身的自重外，还是承受风荷载、地震作用和温度作用的影响。因此，要求幕墙必须安全可靠，要求幕墙使用的材料都应该符合国

家或行业标准规定的质量指标，少量暂时还没有国家或行业标准的材料，可按国外先进国家同类产品标准要求，生产企业制订企业标准作为产品质量控制的依据。总之，不合格的材料严禁使用，必须具有出厂合格证。 2.2?具有耐候性和耐久性 幕墙处于建筑物的外表面，经常受自然环境不利因素的影响，如日晒、雨淋、风沙等不利因素的侵蚀，因此，要求幕墙材料要有足够的耐候性和耐久性。具备防风雨、防日晒、防盗、防撞击、保温隔热等功能，因此，所用金属材料和金属零配件除不锈钢和耐候钢外，钢材应进行热浸镀锌处理、无机富锌涂料处理或采取其他有效的防腐措施，铝合金材料应进行表面阳极氧化、电泳涂漆、粉末喷涂或氟碳漆喷涂处理，以保证幕墙的耐久性。 2.3?具有不燃性和难燃性能 幕墙无论是在加工制作还是在安装施工中，还是在交付使用后，防火都十分重要，因此，应尽量采用不燃材料和难燃材料，但目前国内外都有不少材料还是不防火的，如双面胶带、填充棒等都是易燃材料，因此，在安装施工中应倍加注意，并要有防火措施。 二骨架材料 幕墙所采用的骨架材料主要有两大类，一种是铝合金型材，一种是钢材。主要用于制作幕墙框架（也称幕墙龙

Consideration 对价(约因)

Consideration 对价 Something bargained for and received by a promisor from a promisee. Common types of consideration include real or personal property, a return promise, some act, or a forbearance. Consideration or a valid substitute is required to have a contract. Consideration is one of the three basic elements of contract formation in common law, the other two being offer and acceptance. it is not present in other legal systems. 立诺人从承诺人那里讨价还价并得到的东西。常见的对价类型包括不动产或动产、回报承诺、某种作为或不作为。合同要求有对价或者有效的替代物。在英美法中，对价是合同形成的三个基本要素之一，其他两个要素是要约和承诺。这在其他法律体系中是不存在的。 1. Definition of Consideration 对价的定义 There are various definitions to consideration,like Consideration is some benefit received by a party who gives a promise or performs an act, or some detriment suffered by a party who receives a promise. “A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit of benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance,detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other.”

dnf材料大全

周一、周三晚上8-9点：开启南部溪谷。需要等级：Lv20以上。需要道具：神秘邀请函（每天早上6点有系统给。上限为两个，不可交易） 周二、周五晚上9-10点：开启战场活动。需要等级：至少Lv18。（战场随着级别划分）需要道具：30000金币。进入次数：上限为3ci 周六、周日下午1-2点：守护者祭坛。要求等级：Lv50以上。需要道具：克雷泽的龟甲（每天早上6点有系统给。上限为三个，不可交易）。 下午2:30-3:00：怪物攻城。需要等级：Lv3以上。（3级以上可以去城镇，城镇才有怪物。怪物范围是赫尔马顿大街至西海岸）。注意：怪物等级是当前队伍里等级最高的人的等级。 下午4:10-4:40：领主之塔。需要等级：Lv60以上。需要道具：领主的邀请函（每天早上6点有系统给。上限为三个，不可交易） 晚上7-8点：守护者祭坛。要求同上。 晚上8-9点：挑战金、银角大王。需要等级：Lv1以上···需要道具：传说之密匙（Lv18以上在福胖胖那里有每日任务。 打符合自己等级的地下城有几率打出任务物品：传说之灵符。凑齐五个后给你四个传说之密钥，5个传说之密钥可以去福胖胖那里换一个传说之密匙）在天界（神之都根特）以下的图只能挑战银角大王，在天界（神之都根特）以上的图可以挑战金角大王。 煤尘6个可以换最xià级砥石（达芙妮）（可重复）哥布林法师类掉落 胶duì 6个就够le，修补魔法阵任务yòng 哥布林，牛类guài物掉落 清凉的罗荆guǒ10个换啤酒zài月光酒馆找索西亚（可重复）格兰之森和洛兰的树shàng 掉落 熟透的山葡萄10个换葡萄酒zài月光酒馆找索西亚（可重复）格兰之森和洛兰的树shàng 掉落 银锭4个可以zài辛达处接20级紫武器任务 转职物品：剑魂需要2个 罗莉安的任务给 十夫长的标记10个换生锈的铁片10个（达芙妮）（可重复） 夏洛克复仇的徽章任务yòng品，7个 哥布林十夫长和投掷十夫长掉落 哥布林毛皮夏洛克任务“哥布林yòng品的材料”

paraphrase示例

1Accordingtotherulesofconsideration,considerationmustbesufficient,itmustnotalready beowedunderanexistinglegaldutyoritcanbetogiveupalegalright. Ontherulebasisofconsideration,sufficientconsiderationisnecessary,itmustnotalreadybep ossessedunderacurrentlegaldutyoritcanbetogiveupalegalright. Asrequiredbytherulesofconsideration,theremustbeadequateconsideration.Itshouldneith erescapealegalresponsibilitynorsurrenderalegalright. According to the regulations of consideration, consideration shall be abundant, it must be already fulfill the legal duty or Get the corresponding rights. 2Tobeavalidconsideration,theconsiderationmusthavesomelegalvaluealthoughitcanbeav erylowvalue. Legalvalueisimportantforthevalidityoftheconsideration;sometimetheoutcomevaluemay beinexpensive. Legal value is necessary to make a consideration effective,no matter how much the value will be. A valid consideration must have legal value whether is high or low. 3Forexample,apromisebythehouseownertoallowsomebodytooccupythehouseforlifeine xchangefor￡1peryearisanenforceableagreement(ThomasvThomas,1842). Forexample,thelandlordallowingthetenanttorentthehouseforonepoundayearisanenforce ableagreement(ThomasvThomas,1842). As claimed by Thomas v Thomas(1842),for instance,if a house owner promise someone to rent his house for only ￡1 each year.This deal is supposed to be practical. For instance, the house owner promises that someone can reside the house for life on the condition of ￡1 every year (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). 4Althoughconsiderationmustprovidesomebenefittothepromisorordetrimenttothepromis ee,thesedonothaveagreatdeal. Severalbenefitstothepromisorordetrimenttothepromisemustbeprovidedforconsideratio n,thisisnotamajorconcern.

(整理)21幕墙所有材料详细介绍大全.

幕墙所有材料详细介绍大全 一幕墙材料分类及基本要求 1.幕墙材料分类 材料是保证幕墙质量和安全的物质基础。幕墙所使用的材料，概括起来，基本上可有四大类型。即：骨架材料、板材、结构粘结及密封填缝材料、五金配件等。 骨架材料主要有铝型材和钢材两种。 板材主要有玻璃、铝板、石材、不锈钢板、陶板、千思板、彩钢板、阳光板等。 结构粘结及密封填缝材料主要包括硅酮结构胶、耐候密封胶、间隔双面胶带、密封胶条、泡沫棒、保温岩棉等。 五金配件主要包括开启附件、预埋件、转接件、连接件等。 2.对幕墙材料的基本要求 2.1符合相应规范及标准 幕墙材料绝大部分国内都能生产，而且大部分都有国家标准或行业标准，但是，由于生产技术和管理水平的差别，市上同种类材料质量，由于生产厂家不同质量差别也很大。作为建筑外围护结构的幕墙，虽然不承受主体结构的荷载，但处于建筑物的外表面，除承受本身的自重外，还是承受风荷载、地震作用和温度作用的影响。因此，要求幕墙必须安全可靠，要求幕墙使用的材料都应该符合国家或行业标准规定的质量指标，少量暂时还没有国家或行业标准的材料，可按国外

先进国家同类产品标准要求，生产企业制订企业标准作为产品质量控制的依据。总之，不合格的材料严禁使用，必须具有出厂合格证。2.2具有耐候性和耐久性 幕墙处于建筑物的外表面，经常受自然环境不利因素的影响，如日晒、雨淋、风沙等不利因素的侵蚀，因此，要求幕墙材料要有足够的耐候性和耐久性。具备防风雨、防日晒、防盗、防撞击、保温隔热等功能，因此，所用金属材料和金属零配件除不锈钢和耐候钢外，钢材应进行热浸镀锌处理、无机富锌涂料处理或采取其他有效的防腐措施，铝合金材料应进行表面阳极氧化、电泳涂漆、粉末喷涂或氟碳漆喷涂处理，以保证幕墙的耐久性。 2.3具有不燃性和难燃性能 幕墙无论是在加工制作还是在安装施工中，还是在交付使用后，防火都十分重要，因此，应尽量采用不燃材料和难燃材料，但目前国内外都有不少材料还是不防火的，如双面胶带、填充棒等都是易燃材料，因此，在安装施工中应倍加注意，并要有防火措施。 二骨架材料 幕墙所采用的骨架材料主要有两大类，一种是铝合金型材，一种是钢材。主要用于制作幕墙框架（也称幕墙龙骨）和面材板块的副框。一般来讲，铝合金型材用做玻璃、铝板幕墙的龙骨和副框，钢材则用做石材幕墙的龙骨。

常用政治经济术语大全

马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、 “三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin "Three Represent's" important Thought. 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure. 社会主义制度socialist system社会变革social transformation. 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism. 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party. 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation. 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorshipl 国民经济体系national economic system. 综合国力aggregate national strength. 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP). 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace. 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China. 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。 "Three Represent's" shows that our Party must always represent therequirements of the development of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China, they are the foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its exercise of state power and a source of its strengthen，only by doing so can we really ensure that our Party always stand in the forefront of the time and maintain its advanced nature 党的理论、路线、纲领、方针、政策Party's theory, line, program, principles and policies, 工人阶级的先锋队the vanguard of the working class. 生产力、生产关系、经济基础、上层建筑productive force, relation of production, economic base, superstructure constitute. 科学技术是第一生产力science and technology are the primary productive force. 社会主义物质文明和精神文明material and spiritual civilizations of socialism. 有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民citizens with lofty ideals, moral integrity, better education and good sense of discipline. 自立意识、竞争意识、效率意识、民主法制意识和开拓创新意识self-reliance, competition, efficiency, democracy, the legal system, and the pioneering and innovative spirit.

所有材质资料集锦

所有材质资料集锦 金属RGB颜色色彩亮度漫射镜面光泽度反射凹凸（%）铝箔180.180.180 有32 90 中65 8 铝箔（钝）180.180.180 有50 45 低35 15 铝220.223.227 有35 25 低40 15 磨亮的铝220.223.227 有35 65 中50 12 黄铜191.173.111 有40 40 中40 20 磨亮的黄铜191.173.111 有40 65 中50 10 镀铬合金150.150.150 无40 40 低25 35 镀铬合金2 220.230.240 有25 30 低50 20 镀铬铝220.230.240 有15 60 中65 10 镀铬塑胶220.230.240 有15 60 低50 10 镀铬钢220.230.240 有15 60 中70 5 纯铬220.230.240 有15 60 低85 5 铜186.110.64 有45 40 中40 10 18K金234.199.135 有45 40 中65 10 24K金218.178.115 有45 40 中65 10 未精练的金255.180.66 有35 40 中45 25 黄金242.192.86 有45 40 中65 10 石墨87.33.77 无42 90 中15 10 铁118.119.120 有35 50 低25 20 铅锡锑合金250.250.250 有30 40 低15 10 银233.233.216 有15 90 中45 15

钠250.250.250 有50 90 低25 10 废白铁罐229.223.206 有30 40 低45 30 不锈钢128.128.126 有40 50 中35 20 磨亮的不锈钢220.220.220 有35 50 低25 35 锡220.223.227 有50 90 低35 20 净化瓶27.108.131 无90 60 低 5 20 泡沫塑胶54.53.53 无95 30 低 3 90 合成材料20.20.20 无80 30 低 5 20 合成材料（粗糙）25.25.25 无60 40 低 5 20 合成材料（光滑）38.38.38 无60 30 低0 10 合成材料（钝）25.25.25 有92 40 低15 30 塑胶20.20.20 无80 30 低 5 10 塑胶（高光泽）20.20.20 无70 90 高15 5 塑胶（硬儿亮）20.20.20 无80 80 中10 10 塑胶（糖果衣）200.10.10 无80 30 低 5 15 塑胶（巧克力色）67.40.18 无90 30 低 5 5 橡胶30.30.30 有30 20 低0 50 橡胶纽扣150.150.150 无60 20 低0 30 乙烯树脂45.45.45 无60 40 低15 30

商业金融术语

商业金融术语，愿对大家有帮助！ IBA?Credit?Limited ?港基国际财务有限公司IBU?International?Finance?Limited ?IBU国际财务有限公司idle?fund ?游资；闲置资金illegal?consideration ?违法代价illegal?loan ?不合法贷款immediate?interest ?直接及现有的利益immediate?outlook?for?the?economy ?经济近期展望immediate?parties ?有直接关系的各方immigration-linked?investment?scheme ?与移民有关的投资计划immovable?property ?不动产immunity ?豁免权；免除责任implicit?price?deflator ?内含平减物价指数implied?indemnity ?隐含弥偿import?and?export?trade ?进出口贸易 import?and?export?trade?statistics ?进出口贸易统计数字import?demand ?进口需求 import?deposit?scheme ?进口保证金计划import?duty ?进口税import?price ?进口价格 import?surcharge ?进口附加税；进口附加费imported?inflation ?进口通胀；输入通胀 imposition?of?tax ?课税；征税imprest?account ?预垫备用金账户；定额备用金账户imprest?cash ?预垫备用现金；定额备用现金imprest?fund ?预垫备用金；定额备用金imprest?warrant ?预垫备用金令improper?investment ?不当投资imputed?cost ?推算成本；设算成本imputed?price ?估算价格 in?absolute?cash?terms ?按绝对现金数值in?absolute?terms ?按绝对价值计算in?custody?of?firm ?商号保管in?debt ?负债in?denomination?of... ?以……为单位in?money?terms ?按货币计算 in?net?terms ?按净额计算in?nominal?terms ?按名义价值计算in?real?terms ?按实值计算 in?relative?terms ?按相对价值计算in?terms?of?value-added ?按增值额计算in?the?money ?正在赚钱；当时有利价；资金充裕in?value?terms ?按价值计算inactive?warrant ?不活跃认股权证inchoate?instrument ?不完整的票据Inchroy?Credit?Corporation?Limited ?英利信用财务有限公司incidence?of?taxation ?纳税负担incidental?expenses ?杂项开支incidental?outlay ?附带开支income ?入息；收入；收益income?after?deductions ?扣除后入息实额 income?and?expenditure?account ?收支帐；收支结算表；收支表income?approach ?入息计算法income?band ?入息组别income?chargeable?to?salaries?tax ?应课薪俸税的入息 income?collected?in?advance ?预收收益income?derived?beneficially ?所得并享有实益的入息income?distribution ?入息分配；收入分配；收益分配income?from?employment ?受雇的收入income?group ?入息组别income?level ?入息水平income?limit ?入息限额income?payment ?收益付款income?spectrum ?入息组别income?statement ?入息表；收入表；收益表income?tax ?入息税；所得税income?tax?authority ?入息税主管当局income?threshold ?入息限额incomplete?return ?未填妥的报税表inconvertible?currency ?不能自由兑换的货币incorporated?accountant ?注册会计师incorporated?company ?法团公司；具法团地位的公司incorporated?public?officer ?公职人员法团incorporation ?注册成立incorrect?return ?内容不确实的报税表；填报不确的报税表 incremental?value ?增值；递增价值incumbrance ?产权负担incumbrancer ?产权负担持有人indebtedness ?负债；债项；负债额indemnify ?弥偿indemnity ?弥偿；弥偿保证indemnity?clause ?弥偿损失条款indent ?委托采购单；代购订单indenture ?双联契约independent?audit ?独立审计 index?bond ?指数债券index?futures ?指数期货；期指index?futures?contract ?指数期货合约index?of?average?land?values ?平均土地价值指数Index?of?Company?Names ?公司名称索引 index?of?industrial?production ?工业生产指数index?warrant ?指数认股权证indexation ?指数化；指数调整法index-linked?benefit ?与指数相连的利益Indian?Overseas?Bank ?印度海外银行 indicator?of?inflation ?通货膨胀指标；通胀指标indirect?controller ?间接控权人indirect?cost ?间接成本indirect?duty ?间接税indirect?tax ?间接税individual?claim ?个别申索 individual?clearing?member ?个人结算会员individual?concern ?独自经营商号 individual?consumption ?个人消费individual?investment?adviser ?个人投资顾问 individual?member?[Stock?Exchange?of?Hong?Kong?Limited] ?个人会员〔香港联合交易所有限公司〕