2015年职称英语理工类B(真题及答案)

2015职称英语理工B真题及答案考试时间:上午9:00-11:00，120分钟。

职称外语考试各级别、专业的试题全部为客观题，在答题卡上作答。考生应考时，可携带一本正式出版的通用外语词典（不得携带电子词典以及专门为职称外语考试编写的词典）、2B铅笔、橡皮、黑色墨水笔。

第一部分词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. The organization was bold enough to face the press.

A. pleased

B. powerful

C. brave

D. sensible

2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.

A. accept

B. control

C. observe

D. regulate

3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.

A. limit

B. fear

C. power

D. fool

4. Most people find rejection hard to accept.

A. excuse

B. client

C. destiny

D. refusal

5. She's extremely competent and industrious.

A. hardworking

B. honest

C. objective

D. independent

6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.

A. hide

B. handle

C. disclose

D. establish

7. He tried to assemble his thoughts.

A. clear

B. share

C. gather

D. spare

8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.

A. message

B. punishment

C. guilt

D. obligation

9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.

A. flexible

B. terrible

C. reasonable

D. serious

10. These products are inferior to those we brought last year.

A. poorer than

B. narrower than

C. larger than

D. richer than

11. The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.

A. improved

B. changed

C. worsened

D. developed

12. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.

A. coexisting

B. fair

C. full

D. pubic

13. They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.

A. requesting

B. planning

C. preparing

D. looking

14. He said some harsh words about his brother.

A. unkind

B. proper

C. normal

D. unclear

15. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.

A. amount

B. supply

C.sum

D. temp

第二部分阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

ADHD Linked to Air Pollutants

Children have an increased of attention problems, seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs： the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.

Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs, ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid. The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9.They asked each

child's mother a series of questions. These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD. Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Ohters had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9.The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.

16. Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20.Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21.The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22.Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

第三部分概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

First Image-recognitions software

1）Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.

2）The new system, witch was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm（运算法则）for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficienti enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel（像素）data in images and potentially video—rather than just text—to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned（收集）from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions（图片说明），making for more accurate document search results.

3）"Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study," the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately get the gist（主旨）of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, sruprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search"

4）The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificial

intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed—that extracts semantic（语义的）information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries（查询）on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.

23. Paragraph 1 _____

24. Paragraph 2 _____

25. Paragraph 3 _____

26. Paragraph 4 _____

A. Popularity of the new system

B. Publication of the new discovery

C. Function of the new system

D. Artificial intelligence software created

E. Problems of the existing search engines

F. Improvementi in document retrieval

27. The new system does document retrieval by _____.

28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____.

29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _____.

30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _____.

A. information in images

B. current popular search engines

C. using photos

D. machine vision systems

E. document search

F. description of the HTML page

第四部分阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第1篇Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?

When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.

Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy（树冠）of taller indigenous（土生土长的）trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.

Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators（捕食者）in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.

Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.

Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly."Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.

31.What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.

B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.

C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.

D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.

32. The function of the word "Traditionally"in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.

A. the positive effects of coffee.

B. a change of coffee growth.

C. something that is the most important.

D. how coffee production used to be.

33. What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?

A. More insects.

B. Better quality coffee.

C. Larger farms.

D. Higher profits.

34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?

A. They buy more land from other farmers.

B. They cut down trees.

C. They move to another country.

D. They turn grassland into farmland.

35. The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____.

A. insects.

B. air.

C. brids.

D. humans.

第2篇More Rural Research is Needed

Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.

"The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition（营养不良）and poverty." he said.

Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation（贫瘠化）and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world's ability to

feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world's population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there'll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020,similar to the currenti pattern. If there is any change, a slighe improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.

The debeloping world was investing about 0.5%,or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product（GDP）on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.

He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs（有用的副产品）for Mexico, China or India.

"Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently."Dr. Fischer said.

Yields of rice, wheat ad maize（玉米）have grown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995.But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted."If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you're going to have to increase yield."Dr. Fischer said.

36.What is the passage mainly about?

A. Shortage of food supplies.

B. Development of agricultural technologies.

C. Impact of agricultural research.

D. Expectation of population growth.

37. Which of the following statements is true about the world's agricultural research funding?

A. It is increasing among developed countries.

B. It is decreasing worldwide.

C. Less is demanded from developing countries.

D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.

38. What is the picture of Asia's food supplies in the first 25 years?

A. Food shortage will not be a problem.

B. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.

C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.

D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.

39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies?

A. They are costly.

B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.

C. Their application is limited.

D. They have to be applied locally.

40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.

A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.

B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.

C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.

D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.

第3篇Dangers await babies with altitude

Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies,a new study suggests.These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.

Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average.But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished—many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.

To find out more,Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the

records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998.The babies were born in both

rich and poor areas of two cities： La Paz and Santa Cruz.L Paz is the highest city in the world,at 3.65 kilometers above sea level,while Santa Cruz is much lower,at 0.44 kilometers.

Sure enough,Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz.This was true in both high and low-income families.Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz."We were very surprised by this result，"says Giussani.

The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth."This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child，"says Giussani.

His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies.This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.

Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later

life.People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood,for

example.Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary（冠状的） heart disease.And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.

41.What does the new study discover?

A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.

B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.

C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.

D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.

42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.

A.babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.

B.people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.

C.the birthweight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.

D.mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.

43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4 that_____.

A. the finding was unexpected

B. he was very tired.

C. the study took longer than expected.

D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.

44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e63795528.html,ck of certain nutrition.

B.powerty of their mother.

C.different family backgrounds.

D.reduction of oxygen levels.

45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.

A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.

B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.

C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.

D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies.

第五部分补全短文（第46-50题，每题2分，共10分）

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。

Saving a City's Public Art

Avoiding traffic jams in Los Angeles may be impossible, but the city's colorful freeway murals（壁画）can brighten even the worst commute. Paintings that depict （描述）famous people and historical scenes cover office buildings and freeway walls all across the city. With a collection of more than 2，000 murals, Los Angeles is the unofficial mural capital of the world.

But the combination of graffiti（涂鸦）, pollution, and hot sun has left many L. A. murals in terrible condition. _____（46）In the past, experts say, little attention was given to caring for public art. Artists were even expected to maintain their own works,

not an easy task with cars racing by along the freeway.

_____（47）The work started in 2003.So far,16 walls have been selected, and more may be added later.

Until about 1960,public murals in Los Angeles were rare.But in the 1960s and 1970s,young L.A. artists began to study early 20th-century Mexican mural painting. _____（48）

The most famous mural in the city is Judith Baca's "The Great Wall,"a 13-foot-high （4-meter-high）painting that runs for half a mile （0.8 kilometer） in North Hollywood，_____（49）it took eight years to complete—400 underprivileged teenagers painted the designs—and is probably the longest mural in the world.

One of the murals that will be restored now is Kent Twitchell's "Seventh Street Altarpiece." which he painted for the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984._____ （50）Twitchell said," It was meant as a kind of gateway through which the traveler to L.A. must drive. The open hands represent peace.”

Artists often call murals the people's art. Along a busy freeway or hidden in a quiet neighborhood, murals can reach people who would never pay money to see fine art in a museum, "Murals give a voice to the silent majority，"said one artist.

A. The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted over some of the murals complete.

B. This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.

C. Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.

D. Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city's murals.

E. The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.

F. Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.

第六部分完形填空（第51-65题，每题1分，共15分）

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

I'll Be Bach

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't _____（51）the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S. Bach （1685-1750） and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.

It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having _____（52）thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not_____（53）to listen to. What did Cope do？ He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers, brains_____（54）like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take_____（55）the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is_____（56） According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.

Cope built a_____（57）database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the dataa_____（58）it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the_____（59）into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren't good, but it was a start.

Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could_____（60）more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work to the database.

A few years later, Cope's computer program, called "Emmy", was ready to help him with his opera. The_____（61）required a lot of collaboration between the composer

and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the_____（62）that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great_____（63）!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly_____（64）he had composed the work. Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music,_____（65）she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!

51. A. Make B. tell C. Take D. understand

52. A. trouble B. time C. fear D. pleasure

53. A. Loud B. peaceful C. classic D. easy

54. A. Feel B. look C. sound D. work

55. A. in B. at C. with D. out

56. A. added B. left C. created D. released

57. A. Small B. huge C. Simple D. colorful

58. A. cut B. drop C. broke D. turned

59. A. parts B. programs C. ideas D. pieces

60. A. play B. hear C. collect D. analyze

61. A. stage B. process C. period D. application

62. A. ones B. cases C. others D. sides

63. A. loss B. end C. success D. rush

64. A. when B. how C. what D. why

65. A. but B. until C. so D. because

理工B参考答案:

第一部分：1-15题 CABDA,CCBBA,CAAAD

第二部分：16-22题 BBBCCAB

第三部分：23-30题 DCEF,CEAB

第四部分：31-45题 DBDBB,CBDDA,BAADA

第五部分：46-50题 ADCEB

第六部分：51-65题 BADDD,BBCDD,BACBA

职称英语考试综合B试题真题完整版

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4. We are worried about this (fluid) situation full with uncertainty. A. stable B. suitable C. adaptable D. changeable 5. The (revelation) of his past led to his resignation. A. imagination B. confirmation C. disclosure D. recall 6. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very (brutal). A. careless B. strong C. cruel D. hard 7. The coastal has area has very (mild) winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold. A. warm B. severe C. hard D.dry

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2016职称英语考试真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题l分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、Have you talked to her?lately? https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e63795528.html,stly B.finally C.shortly D.recently 2、 About?one quarter of?the workers in the country are employed in factories. A.third B.fourth C.tenth D.fifteenth 3、 The dentist has decided to?extract?her bad tooth. A.take out B.repair C.push in D.dig 4、 We shall keep the money in a?secure?place. A.clean

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Lankao’s findings3 highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefits The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services. Local governments,therefore,should take measures to protect their residents. “Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses,” Romero Lankao writes. “They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile, use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of’ climate change on cities. Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study. Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy “LDL ” cholesterol in the blood. 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Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That ’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it ，s also a space problem ：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. 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