谷歌人工智能文章中英文对照

非专业人士翻译，如有错误请谅解。

Google's AI Reasons Its Way around the London

Underground

谷歌人工智能推导出环绕

伦敦地铁系统的路线

DeepMind’s latest technique uses external memory to solve tasks that require logic and reasoning—a step toward more humanlike AI

深度思维最新技术使用了外部存储来解决需要逻辑思

维和推理能力的任务

By Elizabeth Gibney, Nature magazine on October 14, 2016

伊丽莎白.吉布尼2016年10月14日发表于《自然》杂志

Artificial-intelligence (AI) systems known as neural networks can recognize images, translate languages and even master the ancient game of Go. But their limited ability to represent complex relationships between data or variables has prevented them from conquering tasks that require logic and reasoning.

人工智能(AI)系统被认为是神经网络，可以识别图片，翻译，甚至精通古老的游戏。但他们描绘数据或变量之间的复杂关系的能力有限，这妨碍了他们克服需要逻辑思维和推理能力的任务。

In a paper published in Nature on October 12, the

Google-owned company DeepMind in London reveals that it has taken a step towards overcoming this hurdle by creating a neural network with an external memory. The combination allows the neural network not only to learn, but to use memory to store and recall facts to make inferences like a conventional algorithm. This in turn enables it to tackle problems such as navigating the London Underground without any prior knowledge and solving logic puzzles. Though solving these problems would not be impressive for an algorithm programmed to do so, the hybrid system manages to accomplish this without any predefined rules.

在10月12日《自然》杂志中发表的一篇论文中，谷歌在伦敦的子公司深度思维展示了他们通过结合外部存储创造了一个神经网络，来进一步克服这些障碍。这种和外部存储的结合不仅允许神经网络学习，还可以通过存储器来存储和回忆事件，并以此来像正常情况那样做推断。这反过来能够让它解决难题，比如在没有任何经验的情况下操控伦敦地铁，比如解决逻辑谜题。尽管对于一个算法程序来说做到这点并不会令人印象深刻，但这个混合系统在没有任何先决条件的情况下做到了这点。

Although the approach is not entirely new—DeepMind itself reported attempting a similar feat in a preprint in 2014—“the progress made in this paper is remarkable”, says Yoshua Bengio, a computer scientist at the University of Montreal in Canada.

虽然这个方法不是一个全新的技术——深度思维自己就在2014年报告过他们尝试了一种相似的技术——但“在论文中的这个进步是非凡的”，加拿大蒙特利尔的计算机学家本吉奥.本希奥赞叹道。

M EM O R Y M A G I C

记忆魔法

A neural network learns by strengthening connections between virtual neuron-like units. Without a memory, such a network might need to see a specific London Undeground map thousands of times to learn the best way to navigate the tube.

神经网络通过加强虚拟神经元之间的联系来学习。如果没有存储器，这样一个网络可能需要看一副特定的伦敦地铁地图数千次来学习最佳路线。

DeepMind's new system—which they call a 'differentiable neural computer'—can make sense of a map it has never seen before. It first trains its neural network on randomly generated map-like structures (which could represent stations connected by lines, or other relationships), in the process learning how to store descriptions of these relationships in its external memory as well as answer questions about them. Confronted with a new map, the DeepMind system can write these new relationships—connections between Underground stations, in one example from the paper—to memory, and recall it to plan a route.

深度思维的新系统——他们称它为微分神经计算机——可以理解它从未见过的地图。第一次训练神经网络是在随机生成的类似结构的地图上(被铁路线链接的车站，或者其他关系)，在这个过程中学习如何将这些关系的描述存储在它的外部存储器并且回答问题。面对一个新的地图，深度思维的系统可以把这些新关系——按照一个图纸上例子来连接各地铁站之间的关系——写到存储器，并能够回忆这些关系然后计划路线。

DeepMind’s AI system used the same technique to tackle puzzles that require reasoning. After training on 20 different types of question-and-answer problems, it learnt to make accurate deductions.

For example, the system deduced correctly that a ball is in a playground, having been informed that “John picked up the football” and “John is in the playground”. It got such problems right more than 96% of the time. The system performed better than ‘recurrent neural networks’, which also have a memory, but one that is in the fabric of the network itself, and so is less flexible than an external memory.

深度思维的人工智能系统使用同样的方法来处理需要推理能力的智力游戏。在通过20种不同类型的问答训练之后，它学会了做出准确的推论。例如，系统通过被告之“约翰抓着足球”和“约翰在操场上”准确的推断出一个球在操场上。答对问题的概率超过了96%。这个系统的效率比拥有一个内部存储器的周期神经网络更高，也更灵活。

Although the DeepMind technique has proven itself on only artificial problems, it could be applied to real-world tasks that involve making inferences from huge amounts of data. This could solve questions whose answers are not explicitly stated in the data set, says Alex Graves, a computer scientist at DeepMind and a co-author on the paper. For example, to determine whether two people lived in the same country at the same time, the system might collate facts from their respective Wikipedia pages.

虽然深度思维的技术已被证明只针对人工问题，但它能够被应用到需要通过海量数据来进行推断的真实世界的工作。这能够解决那些在数据中没有明确答案的问题。来自深度思维的计算机科学家，研究报告的合著者，亚历克斯·格雷夫斯介绍说。例如，对于判断两人是否在同一时间住在同一个国家，系统可能会核对他们各自在维基百科上的事项。

Although the puzzles tackled by DeepMind’s AI are simple, Bengio sees the paper as a signal that neural networks are advancing beyond mere pattern recognition to human-like tasks such as reasoning. “This extension is very important if we want to approach human-level AI.”

虽然对于深度思维的人工智能来说，智力游戏很简单，但本希奥认为该论文是一个信号，它表明神经网络正在跨越单纯的模式识别，成长到能够做人类才能做的任务，例如推理。“如果我们想实现像人一样的人工智能，这次突破是非常重要的。”

This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on October 13, 2016.

这篇文章允许被转载，首次发表是2016年10月13日。

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具体名词 concret noun 物质名词 material noun 集体名词 collective noun 个体名词 individual noun 介词 preposition 连词 conjunction 动词 verb 主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb 不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb 助动词 auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb 规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb 短语动词 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb 非限定动词 infinite verb 使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词 state verb 感叹词 exclamation 形容词 adjective

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美国宪法修正案 Amendments to the Constitution 修正案[一] 国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由，剥夺言论自由或出版自由；剥夺人民和平集会和向政府诉冤请愿的权利。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[I] Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 修正案[二] 管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全之所必需，此人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[II] A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 修正案[三] 士兵在和平时期，未经房主许可不得驻扎于任何民房；在战争时期，除依法律规定的方式外亦不得进驻民房。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[III] No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 修正案[四] 人民保护其人身、住房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声明保证，并详细开列应予搜查的地点、应予扣押的人或物，不得颁发搜查和扣押证。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[IV] The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 修正案[五] 非经大陪审团提出报告或起诉，任何人不受死罪或其它重罪的惩罚，惟在战时国家危急时期发生在陆、海军中或正在服役的民兵中的案件不在此限。任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体伤残的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；未经正当法律程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；非有恰当补偿，不得将私有财产充作公用。 [1791年12月15日批准]

美国宪法修正案_中英文对照

中英文对第一修正案Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律：确立一种宗教或禁止信仰自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求申冤的权利。 第二修正案Amendment II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 组织良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全是必需的，人民拥有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。 第三修正案Amendment III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。 第四修正案Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点和扣押的人或物，不得发出搜查和扣押状。 第五修正案Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 无论何人，除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书，不受死罪或其他重罪的审判，但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服役的民兵中的案件除外。任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程序，不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予公平赔偿，私有财产不得充作公用。第六修正案Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 在一切刑事诉讼中，被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知控告的性质和理由；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得对其有利的证人；并取得律师帮助为其辩护。第七修正案Amendment VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 在习惯法的诉讼中，其争执价额超过二十美元，由陪审团审判的权利应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实，合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯法规则，不得重新审查。 第八修正案Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 不得要求过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，不得施加残酷和非常的惩罚。 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 本宪法对某些权利的列举，不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保留的其他权利。 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. 宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。

法律用语中英文对照

a fortiori 更加；增强理由时之用词 a priori 先验地；从因至果；凭臆断推论 ab initio 自始（例如法律行为经撤销视之自始无效） acceptance 承诺；接受要约；接盘；承盘 acceptance of partial performance 契约的部分履行被接受 acceptor 承诺人；被要约的人 accord 和解 accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿 accounting for profits 交代帐务 accrual of action 诉讼产生 acquiescence 默许 act 行为；作为 action in personam 对人之诉（以人为对象之诉，例如请求损害赔偿） action in rem 对物之诉（对物主张权利之诉讼） action 诉讼 actual breach 实际违反契约 ad idem 主要部分之契合（例如契约） ad interim 临时；过度的 ad respondendum 答辩；辩诉 adequate remedy 足够的赔偿 adjudication 裁判；宣告（大都指破产之宣告） advertisement 广告 advertisement of auction sale 拍卖广告 advocate 出庭辩论之律师 affidavit 宣誓书 affirmation 确认 agent 代理人 agreement 协议 agreement to discharge a contract 协议解约 allegation 陈述（指未经证实者而言）；声言；指陈 allege 声称；辩称 ambiguity 含糊不清 anticipatory breach 预先违反契约 appeal 上诉 appellant 上诉人 appellate jurisdiction 上诉审 appropriation 拨款 arbitration 仲裁 arrears 迟延之欠款（例如逾期未付之租金） arrest of judgment 停止宣判（刑事被告在宣告判决前的提出理由声请停止宣判）artificial legal person 法律拟制人；法人 assignee 受让人 assignment 转让