TED演讲精选(中英)

TED演讲

一.大人能从小孩身上学到什么（邹奇奇）

Now, I want to start with a question: When was the last time you were called childish? For kids like me, being called childish can be a frequent occurrence. Every time we make irrational demands, exhibit irresponsible behavior, or display any other signs of being normal American citizens, we are called childish, which really bothers me. After all, take a look at these events: Imperialism and colonization, world wars, George W. Bush. Ask yourself: Who's responsible? Adults.

首先我要问大家一个问题：上一回别人说你幼稚是什么时候？像

我这样的小孩，可能经常会被人说成是幼稚。每一次我们提出不合

理的要求，做出不负责任的行为，或者展现出有别于普通美国公民

的惯常行为之时，我们就被说成是幼稚。这让我很不服气。首先，让我们来回顾下这些事件：帝国主义和殖民主义，世界大战，小布什。请你们扪心自问下：这些该归咎于谁？是大人。

Now, what have kids done? Well, Anne Frank touched millions with her powerful account of the Holocaust, Ruby Bridges helped end segregation in the United States, and, most recently, Charlie Simpson helped to raise 120,000 pounds for Haiti on his little bike. So, as you can see evidenced by such examples, age has absolutely nothing to do with it. The traits the word childish addresses are seen so often in adults that we should abolish this age-discriminatory word when it comes to criticizing behavior associated with irresponsibility and irrational thinking.

而小孩呢，做了些什么？安妮·弗兰克(Anne Frank)对大屠杀强

有力的叙述打动了数百万人的心。鲁比·布里奇斯为美国种族隔离

的终结作出了贡献。另外，最近还有一个例子，查理·辛普森（Charlie Simpson）骑自行车为海地募得 12万英镑。所以，这些例子证明了年龄与行为完全没有关系。 "幼稚"这个词所对应的特点是常常可以从大人身上看到，由此我们在批评不负责和非理性的相关行为时，应停止使用这个年龄歧视的词。

(Applause) Thank you.

Then again, who's to say that certain types of irrational thinking aren't exactly what the world needs? Maybe you've had grand plans before, but stopped yourself, thinking: That's impossible or that costs too much or that won't benefit me. For better or worse, we kids aren't hampered as much when it comes to thinking about reasons why not to do things. Kids can be full of inspiring aspirations and hopeful thinking, like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were free kind of utopia. How many of you still dream like that and believe in the possibilities? Sometimes a knowledge of history and the past failures of utopian ideals can be a burden because you know that if everything were free, that the food stocks would become depleted, and scarce and lead to chaos. On the other hand, we kids still dream about perfection. And that's a good thing because in order to make anything a reality, you have to dream about it first.

话说回来，谁能说我们这个世界不正是需要某些类型的非理性思维吗？也许你以前有过宏大的计划，但却半途而废，心想：这个不可能，或代价太高或这对我不利。不管是好是坏，我们小孩子在思考不做某事的理由时，不太受这些考量的影响。小孩可能会有满脑子的奇思妙想和积极的想法，例如我希望没有人挨饿或者所有东西都是免费的，有点像乌托邦的理念。你们当中有多少人还会有这样的梦想并相信其可能性？有时候对历史及对乌托邦的了解，可能是

一种负担，因为你知道假如所有东西都是免费的，食物储备会被

清空，而缺失将会导致混乱。另一方面，我们小孩还对完美抱有

希望。这是件好事，因为要将任何事情变为现实，你首先得心怀梦想。

In many ways, our audacity to imagine helps push the boundaries of possibility. For instance, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington, my home state -- yoohoo Washington -- (Applause) has a program called Kids Design Glass, and kids draw their own ideas for glass art. Now, the resident artist said they got some of their best ideas through the program because kids don't think about the limitations of how hard it can be to blow glass into certain shapes. They just think of good ideas. Now, when you think of glass, you might think of colorful Chihuly designs or maybe Italian vases, but kids challenge glass artists to go beyond that into the realm of broken-hearted snakes and bacon boys, who you can see has meat vision. (Laughter)

在很多方面，我们的大胆想象拓宽了可能性的疆界。例如，华盛

顿州塔可马市的玻璃博物馆，我的家乡华盛顿州——你好！（掌声）这个博物馆里有一个项目叫“儿童玻璃设计”，小孩们自由创作

自己的玻璃作品。后来，驻馆艺术家说他们所有的一些极佳灵感就

来自这个项目，因为小孩不去理会吹出不同形状玻璃的难度限制他

们只是构思好的点子。当说到玻璃的时候，你们可能想到的是奇胡

利(Chihuly)色彩丰富的玻璃设计或意大利花瓶，但小孩子敢于挑

战玻璃艺术家，并超越他们进入心碎蛇和火腿男孩的领地——看到

了吗，火腿男孩有“肉视力”哦（笑声）

Now, our inherent wisdom doesn't have to be insiders' knowledge. Kids already do a lot of learning from adults, and we have a lot to share. I think that adults should start learning from kids. Now, I do most of my speaking in front of an education crowd, teachers and students, and I like this analogy. It shouldn't just be a teacher at the head of the classroom telling students do this, do that. The students should teach their teachers. Learning between grown ups and kids should be reciprocal. The reality, unfortunately, is a little different, and it has a lot to do with trust, or a lack of it.

我们先天的智慧堪比内行人的知识。小孩已经从大人身上学到许多，而我们也有很多东西可以和大人共享。我认为大人应该开始向

小孩学习。听我演讲的观众大都是教育圈子里的，这其中有老师和

学生。我喜欢这个类比。不应该只是老师站在教室讲台上告诉学生

做这个做那个。学生亦应教育他们的老师。成人和儿童之间应该互

相学习。不幸的是，于现实里，情况是截然不同的。这跟信任的关

系很大，或者说是缺乏信任的结果。

Now, if you don't trust someone, you place restrictions on them, right. If I doubt my older sister's ability to pay back the 10 percent interest I established on her last loan, I'm going to withhold her ability to get more money from me until she pays it back. (Laughter) True story, by the way. Now, adults seem to have a prevalently restrictive attitude towards kids from every "don't do that," "don't do this" in the school handbook, to restrictions on school internet use. As history points out, regimes become oppressive when they're fearful about keeping control. And, although adults may not be quite at the level of totalitarian regimes, kids have no, or very little, say in making the rules, when really the attitude should be reciprocal, meaning that the adult population should learn and take into account the wishes of the younger

population.

如果你不信任某人，你就给他们设限，对吧。如果我怀疑我姐姐没有能力偿还我给她的上一笔贷款的百分之十的利息时，我将要限制她再向我借钱，直到她还清借款为止。（笑声）顺便提一下，这是个真实的例子。大人呢，似乎普遍地对小孩持限制性的态度，从学校手册里的“不能做这个”、“不能做那个”到学校互联网使用的各种限制性规定。历史告诉我们，当政体害怕统治失控时，它就会变得暴虐。虽然大人可能不会像独裁政权一样心狠手辣，但小孩在制定规则方面是几乎没有话语权的。而正确的态度应该是两者相互尊重的，也就是说成人群体应该了解并认真对待年幼群体的愿望。

Now, what's even worse than restriction is that adults often underestimate kids abilities. We love challenges, but when expectations are low, trust me, we will sink to them. My own parents had anything but low expectations for me and my sister. Okay, so they didn't tell us to become doctors or lawyers or anything like that, but my dad did read to us about Aristotle and pioneer germ fighters when lots of other kids were hearing "The Wheels on the Bus Go Round and Round." Well, we heard that one too, but "Pioneer Germ Fighters" totally rules. (Laughter) 然而比限制更糟糕的是，大人常常低估小孩的能力。我们喜欢挑战，但假如大人对我们期望很低的话，说真的，我们就会不思进取。我自己的父母对我和姐姐抱很高的期望。当然，他们没有让我们立志成为医生或律师诸如此类的，但我爸经常读关于亚里斯多德和先锋细菌斗士的故事给我们听，而其他小孩大多听的是《公车的轮子转呀转》。其实我们也有听这个，但《先锋细菌斗士》实在是比那个强多了。（笑声）

I loved to write from the age of four, and when I was six my mom bought me my own laptop equipped with Microsoft Word. Thank you Bill Gates and thank you Ma. I wrote over 300 short stories on that little laptop, and I wanted to get published. Instead of just scoffing at this heresy that a kid wanted to get published, or saying wait until you're older, my parents were really supportive. Many publishers were not quite so encouraging. One large children's publisher ironically saying that they didn't work with children. Children's publisher not working with children? I don't know, you're kind of alienating a large client there. (Laughter) Now, one publisher, Action Publishing, was willing to take that leap and trust me, and to listen to what I had to say. They published my first book, "Flying Fingers," -- you see it here -- and from there on, it's gone to speaking at hundreds of schools, keynoting to thousands of educators, and finally, today, speaking to you.

四岁的时候我就喜欢上写作，六岁的时候，我妈给我买了台装有微软Word软件的个人手提电脑。谢谢你比尔·盖茨！也谢谢你，妈咪！我用那个小手提电脑写了300多篇短篇故事，而且我想发表我的作品。一个小孩想发表作品这简直是天方夜谭，但我父母没有嘲笑我，也没有说等你长大点儿再说，他们非常支持我。但是很多出版社的回应让人失望。颇具讽刺意味的是，一个很大的儿童出版社说，他们不跟儿童打交道。儿童出版社不跟儿童打交道？怎么说呢，你这是在怠慢一个大客户嘛。（笑声）有一个出版商，行动出版社愿意给我一个机会，并倾听我想说的话。他们出版了我的第一本书《飞舞的手指》——就是这个——那以后，我到数百个学校去演讲，给数千个老师作主题演讲，最后，在今天，给你们作演讲。

I appreciate your attention today, because to show that you truly care, you listen. But there's a problem with this rosy picture of kids being so much better than adults. Kids grow up and become adults

just like you. (Laughter) Or just like you, really? The goal is not to turn kids into your kind of adult, but rather better adults than you have been, which may be a little challenging considering your guys credentials, but the way progress happens is because new generations and new eras grow and develop and become better than the previous ones. It's the reason we're not in the Dark Ages anymore. No matter your position of place in life, it is imperative to create opportunities for children so that we can grow up to blow you away. (Laughter)

我感谢你们今天听我演讲，因为你们会倾听我，这证明你们真的在乎。但小孩比大人强得多的这幅乐观图景是存在一个问题的。小孩会长大并变成像你们一样的大人。（笑声）跟你们一样，真的吗？我们的目标不是让小孩变成你们这样的大人，而是比你们强的大人。考虑到你们都这么了不起，这可能颇具挑战性。但进步是因新的一代人和新的时期而发生，不断的进步和发展，并超越之前的年代。这就是为什么我们不再处于黑暗时代。不管在生活中你的位置在哪里，你必须给孩子创造机会。这样他们才能成长并让你扬眉吐气。（笑声）

Adults and fellow TEDsters, you need to listen and learn from kids and trust us and expect more from us. You must lend an ear today, because we are the leaders of tomorrow, which means we're going to be taking care of you when you're old and senile. No, just kidding. No, really, we are going to be the next generation, the ones who will bring this world forward. And, in case you don't think that this really has meaning for you, remember that cloning is possible, and that involves going through childhood again, in which case, you'll want to be heard just like my generation. Now, the world needs opportunities for new leaders and new ideas. Kids need opportunities to lead and succeed. Are you ready to make the match? Because the world's problems shouldn't be the human family's heirloom.

大人和TED观众们，你们需要倾听并向小孩学习，信任我们和对

我们怀有更高的期望。今天你们需要聆听，因为我们是明天的领导，这意味着当你们年老体衰时，我们会照顾你们。哈，只是开玩笑了。确实，我们将成为推动世界前进的下一代人。而且，假如你认

为这对你没有意义的话，不要忘了克隆是可能的，而这意味着童

年可以重来，这种情况下，像我们这一代人一样，你也会希望大人

倾听你们的心声。世界需要产生新的领导人和新想法的机会。小

孩需要机会去领导和取得成功。你准备好去促成这一切了吗？因为

这个世界的问题，不应该是人类家庭的传家宝。

Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you.

二.Rita Pierson: Every kid needs a champion 每个孩子都需要一个冠军

I have spent my entire life either at the schoolhouse, on the way to the schoolhouse, or talking about what happens in the schoolhouse. Both my parents were educators, my maternal grandparents were educators, and for the past 40 years I've done the same thing. And so, needless to say, over those years I've had a chance to look at education reform from a lot of perspectives. Some of those reforms have been good. Some of them have been not so good. And we know why kids drop out. We know why kids don't learn. It's either poverty, low attendance, negative peer influences. We know why. But one of the things that we never discuss or we rarely discuss is the value and importance of human connection, relationships.

我这辈子，要么是在学校，要么在去学校的路上，要么是在讨论学校里发生了什么事。我的父母都是教育家，我的外祖父母也都是搞教育的，过去40年我也在从事同样的事业。所以，很显然，过去的这些年里，我有机会从各个角度审视教育改革。一些改革是有成效的。而另一些却收效甚微。我们知道孩子们为什么掉队辍学。我们知道孩子们为什么学不下去。原因无非是贫穷，低出席率，同龄人的坏影响。我们知道为什么。但是我们从未讨论或者极少讨论的是人和人之间的那种联系的价值和重要性，这就是“关系”。

James Comer says that no significant learning can occur without a significant relationship. George Washington Carver says all learning is understanding relationships. Everyone in this room has been affected by a teacher or an adult. For years, I have watched people teach. I have looked at the best and I've look at some of the worst.

James Comer (美国著名儿童精神科医师）说过，没有强有力的联系，学习就不会有显著的进步。 George Washington Carver（美国著名教育学家）说过，学习就是理解各种关系。在座的各位都曾经被一位老师或者一个成年人影响过。这么多年，我都在看人们怎么教学。我看过最好的也看过最差的。

A colleague said to me one time, "They don't pay me to like the kids. They pay me to teach a lesson. The kids should learn it. I should teach it. They should learn it. Case closed."

一次有个同事跟我说，“我的职责不是喜欢那些孩子们。我的职责是教书。孩子们就该去学。我管教课，他们管学习。就是这么个理儿。”

Well, I said to her, "You know, kids don't learn from people they don't like."

然后，我就跟她说，“你知道，孩子们可不跟他们讨厌的人学习。”(Laughter) (Applause)（笑声）（掌声）She said, "That's just a bunch of hooey."她接着说，“一派胡言。”

And I said to her, "Well, your year is going to be long and arduous, dear."

然后我对她说，“那么，亲爱的，你这一年会变得十分漫长和痛苦。”

Needless to say it was. Some people think that you can either have it in you to build a relationship or you don't. I think Stephen Covey had the right idea. He said you ought to just throw in a few simple things, like seeking first to understand as opposed to being understood, simple things like apologizing. You ever thought about that? Tell a kid you're sorry, they're in shock.

事实也果真如此。有些人认为一个人或者天生可以建立一种关系

或者不具有这种能力。我认为Stephen Covey（美国教育家）是

对的。他说你只需要做一些简单的事情，比如试着首先理解他人，而不是想要被理解，比如道歉。你想过吗？跟一个孩子说你很

对不起，他们都惊呆了。

I taught a lesson once on ratios. I'm not real good with math, but I was working on it. And I got back and looked at that teacher edition. I'd taught the whole lesson wrong. (Laughter)我有一次讲比例。我数学不是很好，但是我当时在教数学。然后我下了课，翻看了教师用书。我完全教错了。（笑声）

So I came back to class the next day, and I said, "Look, guys, I need to apologize. I taught the whole lesson wrong. I'm so sorry."

所以我第二天回到班上说，“同学们，我要道歉。我昨天的课都

教错了。我非常抱歉。”

They said, "That's okay, Ms. Pierson. You were so excited, we just let you go." (Laughter) (Applause)

他们说，“没关系，Pierson老师。你当时教得非常投入，我们

就让你继续了。”（笑声）（掌声）

I have had classes that were so low, so academically deficient that I cried. I wondered, how am I going to take this group in nine months from where they are to where they need to be? And it was difficult. It was awfully hard. How do I raise the self-esteem of a child and his academic achievement at the same time? 我曾经教过程度非常低的班级，学术素养差到我都哭了。我当时

就想，我怎么能在9个月之内把这些孩子提升到他们必须具备的

水平？这真的很难，太艰难了。我怎么能让一个孩子重拾自信的

同时他在学术上也有进步？

One year I came up with a bright idea. I told all my students, "You were chosen to be in my class because I am the best teacher and you are the best students, they put us all together so we could show everybody else how to do it."

有一年我有了一个非常好的主意。我告诉我的学生们，“你们进

了我的班级，因为我是最好的老师，而你们是最好的学生，他们

把我们放在一起来给其他人做个好榜样。”

One of the students said, "Really?" (Laughter)一个学生说，“真的吗？”（笑声）

I said, "Really. We have to show the other classes how to do it, so when we walk down the hall, people will notice us, so you can't make noise. You just have to strut." And I gave them a saying to say: "I am somebody. I was somebody when I came. I'll be a better somebody when I leave. I am powerful, and I am strong.

I deserve the education that I get here. I have things to do, people to impress, and places to go."

我说，“当然是真的。我们要给其他班级做个榜样，当我们走在

楼道里，因为大家都会注意到我们，我们不能吵闹。大家要昂首阔步。”我还给了他们一个口号：“我是个人物。我来的时候是个人物。我毕业的时候会变成一个更好的人物。我很有力，很强大。我值得在这里受教育。我有很多事情要做，我要让人们记住我，我要去很多地方。”

And they said, "Yeah!"然后他们说：“是啊！”

You say it long enough, it starts to be a part of you.如果你长时间的这么说，它就会开始变成事实。

And so — (Applause) I gave a quiz, 20 questions. A student missed 18. I put a "+2" on his paper and a big smiley face.所以－（掌声）我做了一个小测验，20道题。一个孩子错了18道。我在他了卷子上写了个“＋2”和一个大的笑脸。

He said, "Ms. Pierson, is this an F?"他说，“Pierson 老师，这是不及格吗？”

I said, "Yes."我说，“是的。”

He said, "Then why'd you put a smiley face?"他接着说，“那你为什么给我一个笑脸？”

I said, "Because you're on a roll. You got two right. You didn't miss them all." I said, "And when we review this, won't you do better?"

我说，“因为你正渐入佳境。你没有全错，还对了两个。”我说，“我们复习这些题的时候，难道你不会做得更好吗？”

He said, "Yes, ma'am, I can do better."他说，“是的，老师。我可以做得更好。”

You see, "-18" sucks all the life out of you. "+2" said, "I ain't all bad." (Laughter) (Applause)

大家看，“－18”让人感觉想死。“＋2”意味着，“我没有那么糟。”（笑声）（掌声）

For years I watched my mother take the time at recess to review, go on home visits in the afternoon, buy combs and brushes and peanut butter and crackers to put in her desk drawer for kids that needed to eat,

and a washcloth and some soap for the kids who didn't smell so good. See, it's hard to teach kids who stink. And kids can be cruel. And so she kept those things in her desk, and years later, after she retired, I watched some of those same kids come through and say to her, "You know, Ms. Walker, you made a difference in my life. You made it work for me. You made me feel like I was somebody, when I knew, at the bottom, I wasn't. And I want you to just see what I've become." 好多年了，我看着我妈妈利用课间休息时间批改作业，下午去家访，买梳子、刷子、花生酱和饼干，把他们放在自己的抽屉里给那些饿了的孩子们吃，还有为那些脏孩子们准备了一条毛巾和一些肥皂。看吧，教那些发臭的孩子是困难的一件事。而孩子们有时也是比较“残忍”的。所以她把这些东西都放在她的抽屉里，然后过了很多年，在她退休以后，我看到一些当年的孩子们回来告诉她，“您知道，Walker老师，您改变了我的生活。您让它有了意义。您让我觉得我是个人物，虽说在心底我知道我不是。我就是想让您看看我现在成为了个什么样的人。”

And when my mama died two years ago at 92, there were so many former students at her funeral, it brought tears to my eyes, not because she was gone, but because she left a legacy of relationships that could never disappear.

当我妈妈两年前以92岁高龄去世的时候，有好多好多的以前的学生来参加了她的葬礼，我哭了，不是因为她去世了，而是因为她留下了这些永远不会消失的各种联系。

Can we stand to have more relationships? Absolutely. Will you like all your children? Of course not. And you know your toughest kids are never absent. (Laughter) Never. You won't like them all, and the tough ones show up for a reason. It's the connection. It's the relationships. And while you won't like them all, the key is, they can never, ever know it. So teachers become great actors and great actresses, and we come to work when we don't feel like it, and we're listening to policy that doesn't make sense, and we teach anyway. We teach anyway, because that's what we do.

我们真的可以有更多的关系吗？当然可以。你会喜欢你所有的学生吗？当然不。你也知道那些最难搞的孩子总是很难甩掉。（笑声）永远不会。你不会喜欢每一个人，然而难搞的那几个的出现也是有理由的。这就是联系，是关系。当你不会喜欢他们每一个人的时候，关键就是他们永远也不会知道这一点。所以老师们变成伟大的演员，我们得强迫自己工作，我们得听从那些毫无道理的政策，我们还得上课。我们还得上课，因为这是我们的责任。Teaching and learning should bring joy. How powerful would our world be if we had kids who were not afraid to take risks, who were not afraid to think, and who had a champion? Every child deserves a champion, an adult who will never give up on them, who understands the power of connection, and insists that they become the best that they can possibly be.

教学和学习应该是让人愉快的事情。我们的世界会变得多么的强大如果我们的孩子都不害怕接受挑战，不害怕思考，都赢得了一个冠军？每个孩子都可以成为一个冠军，一个成年人要永远不放弃他们，懂得联系的强大力量，坚信他们可以变成那个最好的自己。

Is this job tough? You betcha. Oh God, you betcha. But it is not impossible. We can do this. We're educators. We're born to make a difference.

这个职业很艰巨不？当然。上帝，毫无疑问。但是这不是不可能的。我们可以的，因为我们是教育家。我们天生就是重塑他人的。Thank you so much.非常感谢大家。(Applause)（掌声）

三.Richard Weller: Could the sun be good for your heart?晒太阳对身体有益吗

So, before I became a dermatologist, I started in general medicine, as most dermatologists do in Britain. At the end of that time, I went off to Australia, about 20 years ago. What you learn when you go to Australia is the Australians are very competitive. And they are not magnanimous in victory. And that happened a lot: "You pommies, you can't play cricket, rugby." I could accept that.

在成为皮肤科医生之前我最初在一般内科（实习）正如英国的大

多数皮肤科医生所经历的那样在实习结束前我去了澳大利亚那

是大约20年前了。去了澳大利亚你就知道那里的人非常争强好

胜他们对于获胜可谓是斤斤计较这类事情经常发生：“你们英

国佬不会打板球和橄榄球。”这个我能接受

But moving into work -- and we have each week what's called a journal club, when you'd sit down with the other doctors and you'd study a scientific paper in relation to medicine. And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality, a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease, what the rates are. And they were competitive about this: "You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking."

但换到工作中——我们每周有一次期刊俱乐部的活动，我跟别的

医生们一起坐下来研究一篇科学论文只要与医学相关第一个星

期后，课题是关于心血管疾病的死亡率，这很枯燥——多少人死

于心脏病，死亡率是多少。他们就抬杠说“你们英国佬的心脏

病率令人震惊。”

And of course, they were right. Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do -- less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes -- they're generally a healthier bunch. And of course they said this was because of their fine moral standing, their exercise, because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on.

当然，他们没错澳大利亚人的心脏病发病率比我们少三分之一心脏病、心率衰竭、以及中风等病致死的概率也低他们（跟英国人比）是个更健康的人群当然他们说这是因为澳大利人道德高尚，喜爱运动因为他们是澳大利亚人，而我们是瘦弱的英国佬，等等。But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain. Within Britain, there is a gradient of health -- and this is what's called standardized mortality, basically your chances of dying. This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago, but it's true today. Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north -- that's the South, that's London and places -- by latitude, and 55 degrees -- the bad news is that's here, Glasgow. I'm from Edinburgh. Worse news, that's even Edinburgh.

但是不只是澳大利亚人比英国人健康。在英国内部，健康也是有梯度的这就是所谓的标准化死亡率大致来说就是你死亡的概率

论文引用的是20年前的数据在今天也适用对比北纬50度以北地区的死亡率这是南方的伦敦和周边地区北纬55度这里情况不

太好，是格拉斯哥我来自爱丁堡。更糟的是，这里也有爱丁堡。(Laughter)（笑声）

So what accounts for this horrible space here between us up here in southern Scotland and the South? Now, we know about smoking, deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet. All of these things. But this graph is after taking into account all of these known risk factors. This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet, all those other known risk factors. We are left with this missing space of increased deaths the further north you go.

是什么导致了这些地方的数据如此恐怖在苏格兰南部和英格兰

南部之间？现在，我们知道愿意包括吸烟、油炸的巧克力棒、薯片——这些都是格拉斯哥的饮食。所有这些都是。但这张图是综合考虑了所有这些已知风险因素的排除了吸烟，社会地位，饮食，以及其他所有已知的危险因素的影响这里有个空白区域越往北，死亡率越高。Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this. And vitamin D has had a great deal of press, and a lot of people get concerned about it. And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount. My grandmother grew up in Glasgow, back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem and cod liver oil was brought in. And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city. And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother. I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.

现在，日照这个因素参与了进来媒体有过大量关于维生素D的报道许多人也开始关注我们需要维生素D。现在对儿童每天的摄入量有所规定。我祖母在格拉斯哥长大在20世纪二三十年代，佝偻病是个大问题鱼肝油被采用，真正起到了预防佝偻病这种常见病的作用小时候，祖母就给我吃过。无疑，没人会忘记鱼肝油。But an association: The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are, the less heart disease they have, the less cancer. There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you. And it is, to prevent rickets and so on. But if you give people vitamin D supplements, you don't change that high rate of heart disease. And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great. So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town. It's not the only reason preventing heart disease. High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure, and sunlight exposure, in methods I'm going to show, is good for heart disease.

可是有一个关联：血液里维生素D越高的人患心脏病和癌症的几率越低有很多数据标明维生素D对人体有益。它会预防佝偻病，等等。但如果你给人们维生素D补充剂，并不会改变心脏病的高发率。它预防癌症的证据还不太具说服力我的想法是，维生素D 不是唯一的影响因素它不是预防心脏病的唯一原因。维生素D 高，是常晒太阳的结果我将要说明，多晒太阳能减少患心脏病的风险

Anyway, I came back from Australia, and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen. (Laughter) Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training. But I also became interested in research, and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide. Now these three guys up here, Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad, won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998. And they were the first people to describe this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide. What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels, so it lowers your blood pressure. It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.

不管怎样，我从澳大利亚回来了，我冒着生命危险搬到了阿伯丁（笑声）现在，在阿伯丁，我开始进行皮肤科的培训可我也对研究感兴趣，特别是对一氧化氮这种物质感兴趣。这三个人弗奇戈特、伊格纳罗和穆拉德是1998年诺贝尔医学奖的得主他们是最早来描述这种新的化学传递物——一氧化氮——的人一氧化

氮会扩张血管，降低血压。它也能扩张冠状动脉，从而缓解心绞痛。

And what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body, we thought of

complicated things like estrogen and insulin, or nerve transmission. Very complex processes with very complex chemicals that fit into very complex receptors. And here's this incredibly simple molecule, a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together, and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure, for neurotransmission, for many, many things, but particularly cardiovascular health.

它与众不同的是过去当我们想到体内的化学信使时，我们会想到一些复杂的诸东西，如雌激素、胰岛素、或神经传导。非常复杂的流程伴有非常复杂的化学物质存在于非常复杂的受体中。这是个非常简单的分子，一个氮和一个氧粘在一起，但这些对我们的维持较低的血压至关重要，它作用于神经传递和许多许多东西，尤其是心血管健康。

And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly, that the skin produces nitric oxide. So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises. It arises in the skin. Well, having found that and published that, I thought, well, what's it doing? How do you have low blood pressure in your skin? It's not the heart. What do you do?

我们开始研究，并且非常激动地发现，皮肤会生成一氧化氮。所以它不只是在心血管系统中才出现它在皮肤上也出现。将这个发现发表之后我就想，它在干啥呢？你皮肤上怎么能有低血压呢？不是心脏。你是干啥呢？

So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research, and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh. And I was interested in these really complex systems. We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things. And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells, and then I was using knockout mouse models -- mice that couldn't make the gene. We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.

于是我去了美国，很多人都去美国做研究我在匹斯堡呆了几年，

这就是匹斯堡。我对这些超级复杂的系统感兴趣。我们认为也许

一氧化氮影响细胞死亡，影响细胞存活，也影响细胞的免疫我先

开始研究细胞文化，细胞生长接着用被击昏了的老鼠作为模特那

些老鼠不能生产基因。我们研究出一个机理：一氧化氮帮助细胞

存活

And I then moved back to Edinburgh. And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student. It's a species close to human, with several advantages over mice: They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves, and nobody pickets your office saying, "Save the lab medical student." So they're really an ideal model.

后来我搬回爱丁堡。在爱丁堡，我的实验动物是医学院学生。是

接近人类的一个物种，跟老鼠相比有以下几个好处：不用付费，不用给他们剃毛，不用喂养他们没人查你的办公室，还要说：“管

好你实验室的医科学生。”所以说，他们真是理想的模特。

But what we found was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice. It seemed we couldn't turn off the production of nitric oxide in the skin of humans. We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it, we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide.

但我们发现我们不能在人身上复制出在老鼠身上得到的数据。看

来我们不能停止人体皮肤产生一氧化氮我们涂上乳液就能阻挡

制造它的酶，我们能注射药品。但我们无法停住一氧化氮。

And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work, was that in the skin we have huge

stores not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas, and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away, but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide -- nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols. And these are more stable, and your skin has got really large stores of NO. And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores, I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores and release them from the skin, where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation. Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation, and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?

经过两三年的工作，我们终于找出了原因，我们皮肤里大量储存的并非一氧化氮因为一氧化氮是气体它要挥发的——（噗！) ——几秒钟就没影了，但一氧化氮能转化成硝酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、二氧化氮、亚硝基硫醇。这些形式更稳定你的皮肤就得到了大量的一氧化氮我们就寻思阳光是否会活化这大量的一氧化

氮将它们从皮肤中释放出来这些一氧化氮的存量10倍于参与新陈代谢的一氧化氮量太阳能不能激活这些存量让它们参与新陈代谢，从而作用于心血管系统呢？

Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist, so what we did was we thought we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight. And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers and we exposed them to ultraviolet light. So these are kind of sunlamps. Now, what we were careful to do was, vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story. So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D.

我呢，是个实验皮肤科医生，所以我们想到应该让实验动物多晒太阳于是，我们找来了一群志愿者让他们接受紫外线照射这些是太阳灯。这里我们要小心维生素D是通过中波紫外线（UVB）

射线生成的而我们想排除维生素D的干扰所以，我们使用了不生

成维生素D的长波紫外线（UVA）

When we put people under a lamp for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh, what we produced was, we produced a rise in circulating nitric oxide. So we put patients with these subjects under the UV, and their NO levels do go up, and their blood pressure goes down. Not by much, as an individual level, but enough at a population level to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population. And when we shone UV at them, or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps, but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen. So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.

我们对受试者进行照射强度相当于暴露在爱丁堡夏日阳光中30

分钟结果是我们得到了新陈代谢中一氧化氮的提升我们让心血

管病的患者接受紫外线照射他们的一氧化氮水平上升了而他们

的血压下降了就个人而言不算多但对于整个人群而言有显著意

义足以改变整个人群的心脏病患病率给他们照射紫外线或者使

他们的皮肤太阳灯的温度那样温暖但不让光线接触皮肤，同样的

结果就不会发生这似乎说明了其中关键在于紫外线要接触到皮肤Now, we're still collecting data. A few good things here: This appeared to be more marked in older people. I'm not sure exactly how much. One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law, and clearly I do not know her age. But certainly in people older than my wife, this appears to be a more marked effect. And the other thing I should mention was there was no change in vitamin D. This is separate from vitamin D. So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets, it

prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff. But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.

我们至今仍在收集数据有几样好的发现：这在年长者身上效果更明显我不确定具体的数量其中一个被试是我的岳母大人很显然我不太清楚她的年龄但肯定比我太太年纪要大在她身上效果更

明显我要提到的另一点是在整个过程中维生素D并没有发生变

化维生素D的影响是被分离的维生素D对人有益——它预防佝偻病还能预防钙流失，是很重要的微量元素但（我们研究的）这是一个与维生素D相分离的机制

Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure is your body does everything it can to keep your blood pressure at the same place. If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood, your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate, do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up. That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.

现今在血压的问题上有一点要注意就是你的身体会竭尽所能去

把血压维持在同一个水平如果你的腿被剁断，你会失血，你的身体会施加压力，增加心跳，来尽可能地维持你的正常血压。这是一个绝对的基本生理原则。

So what we've next done is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation. So we've measured -- this is again, notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student. In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it. And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation -- this is the thick line here -- this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin. There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels. But the active irradiation, during the UV and for an hour after it, there is dilation of the blood vessels. This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure, by which you dilate the coronary arteries also, to let the blood be supplied with the heart. So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight -- has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system. 所以我们接下来做的就是转而研究血管扩张我们测试了同一批（实验动物）注意他们没有尾巴也没有皮毛，这是个医科学生。你测量手臂上的血流测量血流通过时血管扩张了多少这里显示的

是在做假射机这里有条粗线紫外线照射到手臂上，皮肤升温但我们盖住皮肤，所以紫外线就接触不到了血流量没有变化，血管也没有扩张但如果让紫外线接触皮肤在紫外线照射期间及照射

后一小时血管都有所扩张这就是降低血压的机制你的冠状动脉也扩张了给心脏提供更多的血液这里有更多有关紫外线——也

就是太阳光的作用数据显示紫外线有益于血流和心血管系统。

So we thought we'd just kind of model -- Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year, so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide -- the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin -- cleave to release NO. Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that. So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that. And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead, it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere. In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light. If you live up here, in summer the sun is coming fairly directly down, but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere, and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out, and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth are different from summer to winter. So what you can do is you can

multiply those data by the NO that's released and you can calculate how much nitric oxide would be released from the skin into the circulation.

我们认为我们只是一种模型-- 不同时节照射到不同地域的紫外线

是不等的所以，你其实可以将皮肤里的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、还有

亚硝基硫醇分解得到一氧化氮不同波长的光产生不同的反应所

以你可以去检视光波如果你住在赤道地区，太阳光垂直射入薄薄

的大气无论冬夏，光照的量是相同的如果你住在（高纬度地区）太阳光在夏季几乎是直射的而在冬季就会斜穿厚厚的大气很多

紫外线无法到达地面而到达地面的波长范围夏天和冬天是不同

的你可以把这些数据乘上一氧化氮的释放量你就可以算出有多

少一氧化氮从皮肤里释放，参与到新陈代谢中去

Now, if you're on the equator here -- that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line -- the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve, it's the area in this space here. So if you're on the equator, December or June, you've got masses of NO being released from the skin. So Ventura is in southern California. In summer, you might as well be at the equator. It's great. Lots of NO is released. Ventura mid-winter, well, there's still a decent amount. Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good, but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released is next to nothing, tiny amounts.

如果你在赤道地区也就是这两条红色和紫色的线线下方的区域

代表一氧化氮的释放量也就是这片区域所以如果你在赤道地区，不管是12月份还是6月份你的皮肤里都能释放大量的一氧化氮

南加州有个地方叫文图拉你在夏天能得到相当于赤道地区的日照

这太棒了，释放了很多的一氧化氮文图拉的隆冬，结果也不错爱

丁堡的夏季，曲线以下的区域也还行可以一到冬季，一氧化氮几

乎就不释放了So what do we think? We're still working at this story, we're still developing it, we're still expanding it. We think it's very important. We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain, It's of relevance to us. We think that the skin -- well, we know that the skin has got very large stores of nitric oxide as these various other forms. We suspect a lot of these come from diet, green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin. We think they're then stored in the skin, and we think the sunlight releases this where it has generally beneficial effects.

我们如何看待这个结果？我们仍然在研究我们仍然在发掘和扩

展我们认为这项研究非常重要我们认为这项研究能解释英国南

北部很多的健康问题的差异这是与我们切实相关的我们认为人

的皮肤我们知道人的皮肤上有很多以不同形式存在的一氧化氮

我们猜想其中有很多来自于饮食绿叶蔬菜，甜菜根、还有生菜含

有很多的一氧化氮，我们认为它最终来到皮肤并且贮存在皮肤里

我们认为太阳光能释放这些一氧化氮起到很多有益的作用

And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists -- I mean, I'm a dermatologist. My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer, it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun." I actually think a far more important message is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight. Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer, but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher than deaths from skin cancer. And I think that we need to be more aware of, and we need to find the

risk-benefit ratio. How much sunlight is safe, and how can we finesse this best for our general health?

这个研究还在进行之中，可皮肤科医生们——我就是一名皮肤科医生白天的工作中我要对病人说，“你得了皮肤癌，是阳光引起的，别去晒太阳。”其实我认为还有更重要的一则讯息就是晒太阳既有益处，也有风险没错，阳光是引发皮肤癌的一个主要风险变量但是死于心脏病的人数是死于皮肤癌的一百倍我们需要加深对此的了解我们还需要找到其中的风险效益比晒多少太阳

是安全的？如何掌握其中分寸来增进大家普遍的健康？

So, thank you very much indeed. (Applause)

非常感谢大家。（掌声）

四.Stefan Sagmeister: 7 rules for making more happiness 创造幸福的7条定律I spent the best part of last year working on a documentary about my own happiness -- trying to see if I can actually train my mind in a particular way, like I can train my body, so I can end up with an improved feeling of overall well-being. Then this January, my mother died, and pursuing a film like that just seemed the last thing that was interesting to me. So in a very typical, silly designer fashion, after years worth of work, pretty much all I have to show for it are the titles for the film.

去年，我把最美好的时光用于制作一部关于我自己的幸福的纪录片。来试试，我是否能用一种特殊方法来训练我的大脑，就像锻炼身体一样,从而让我可以感觉到一种创造出来的幸福。今年一月份的时候，我妈过世了，于是创作这部电影，看起来就成为了唯一让我有兴趣的事情了，因此在一种非常典型的、傻傻的设计下，在多年有价值的工作之后，我要展示的所有东西就是这部电影的标题。(Music)（音乐）

They were still done when I was on sabbatical with my company in Indonesia. We can see the first part here was designed here by pigs. It was a little bit too funky, and we wanted a more feminine point of view and employed a duck who did it in a much more fitting way -- fashion. My studio in Bali was only 10 minutes away from a monkey forest, and monkeys, of course, are supposed to be the happiest of all animals. So we trained them to be able to do three separate words, to lay out them properly. You can see, there still is a little bit of a legibility problem there. The serif is not really in place. So of course, what you don't do properly yourself is never deemed done really. So this is us climbing onto the trees and putting it up over the Sayan Valley in Indonesia. 他们仍然在创作，当我和我的朋友们在印度尼西亚休假的时候，我们可以看到第一部分是由猪设计的，它的味道有点臭，我们还需要一些女性的观点，于是我们雇了一只鸭子，它用更恰当的方式完成了创作--时尚。我在巴厘岛的工作室，距离一个猴子森林仅有10分钟的路程。当然，猴子被认为是最快乐的动物，于是我们训练它们创作出三个不同的字母，并把它们摆好，你可以看到，这里还是有点明显的问题，那衬线字体没完全到位，当然,你自己没有做好的事情，从来都不能算真正的完成，因此，这是我们自己爬上树，并且放在印度尼西亚的萨扬谷上。

In that year, what I did do a lot was look at all sorts of surveys, looking at a lot of data on this subject. And it turns out that men and women report very, very similar levels of happiness. This is a very quick overview of all the studies that I looked at. That climate plays no role. That if you live in the best climate, in San Diego in the United States, or in the shittiest climate, in Buffalo, New York, you are going to be just as happy in either place. If you make more than 50,000 bucks a year in the U.S., any salary increase you're going to experience will have only a tiny, tiny influence on your overall well-being.

Black people are just as happy as white people are. If you're old or young it doesn't really make a difference. If you're ugly or if you're really, really good-looking it makes no difference whatsoever. You will adapt to it and get used to it. If you have manageable health problems it doesn't really matter.

去年，我做的最多的事情就是看了各种调查，看了在这个领域的许多数据。这些数据显示，男人和女人，幸福的程度非常相似，快速地浏览一下，我了解过的研究，气候对幸福感没什么影响，如果你住在气候最好的地方，在美国的圣地亚哥，或者在气候最差的地方，纽约州水牛城，幸福感在这两个地方，是相同的。如果你在美国一年挣超过5万美元，薪水的增长只会对你总体的幸福感，有很小很小的影响。黑人和白人的幸福感是相同的，不论年老还是年少，幸福感都没什么区别。特别漂亮，幸福感也没什么差别，你会适应和习惯它，如果你患有可控的疾病，一般也没什么差别。

Now this does matter. So now the woman on the right is actually much happier than the guy on the left -- meaning that, if you have a lot of friends, and you have meaningful friendships, that does make a lot of difference. As well as being married -- you are likely to be much happier than if you are single. 现在有差别的来了，右边的女性，实际上要远幸福于左边的男性，也就是说，如果你有许多朋友，并且你有真正的友谊，这就会造成很大的差异了，已婚者--你们可能比那些单身的人幸福的多。

A fellow TED speaker, Jonathan Haidt, came up with this beautiful little analogy between the conscious and the unconscious mind. He says that the conscious mind is this tiny rider on this giant elephant, the unconscious. And the rider thinks that he can tell the elephant what to do, but the elephant really has his own ideas. If I look at my own life, I'm born in 1962 in Austria. If I would have been born a hundred years earlier, the big decisions in my life would have been made for me -- meaning I would have stayed in the town that I was born in; I would have very much likely entered the same profession that my dad did; and I would have very much likely married a woman that my mom had selected. I, of course, and all of us, are very much in charge of these big decisions in our lives. We live where we want to be -- at least in the West. We become what we really are interested in. We choose our own profession, and we choose our own partners. And so it's quite surprising that many of us let our unconscious influence those decisions in ways that we are not quite aware of.

一个TED的演讲者，乔纳森·海特，用了一个很好的比喻来形容意识和潜意识，他说意识就像这个小小的骑手骑在大象上，大象则代表潜意识，骑手觉得，他可以告知大象去做什么，但是大象实际上也有它自己的想法。我看看自己的生活，如果我生在1962年的奥地利，如果我早生100年，有些人生命运其实早就注定了，我也许将会待在我出生的城镇，很有可能从事我父辈所从事的领域，也很有可能会娶一位母亲为我挑选的女孩儿，当然，我，我们所有的人，都可以自己为自己人生中的重大决定做主，我们生活在自己喜欢的地方。至少在西部，我们做着我们确实感兴趣的事情，我们自己选择专业领域，自己选择伙伴，真是太奇妙了，我们中的大部分让自己的潜意识影响了我们所作的决定，这些影响的方法我们都没意识到。

If you look at the statistics and you see that the guy called George, when he decides on where he wants to live -- is it Florida or North Dakota? -- he goes and lives in Georgia. And if you look at a guy called Dennis, when he decides what to become -- is it a lawyer, or does he want to become a doctor or a

teacher? -- best chance is that he wants to become a dentist. And if Paula decides should she marry Joe or Jack, somehow Paul sounds the most interesting. And so even if we make those very important decisions for very silly reasons, it remains statistically true that there are more Georges living in Georgia and there are more Dennises becoming dentists and there are more Paulas who are married to Paul than statistically viable. (Laughter) Now I, of course, thought, "Well this is American data," and I thought, "Well, those silly Americans. They get influenced by things that they're not aware of. This is just completely ridiculous." Then, of course, I looked at my mom and my dad -- (Laughter) Karolina and Karl, and grandmom and granddad, Josefine and Josef. So I am looking still for a Stephanie. I'll figure something out.

如果你看一下数据，你会发现一个叫做乔治的人，当他决定他希望住在哪时，佛罗里达还是北达科他？他住在了佐治亚。如果你看一个叫丹尼斯的人，但他决定做什么职业的时候，是做一名律师，或者是一位医生，亦或是老师？最大的可能性是他想成为一名牙医，如果保拉选择，是应该嫁给乔还是杰克，不知道为什么保罗这个名字听起来最有兴趣，所以即使我们因为一个可笑的原因，作出重要的决定，它在统计学上仍然是正确的，比如确实是有更多的叫做乔治的人住在佐治亚，确实是牙医中叫做丹尼斯更多一些，以及确实很多叫做保拉的人嫁给了保罗，这些事实统计更可行。（笑声），现在，我，当然，我知道，这些是美国的数据，我认为，好吧，是那些愚蠢的美国人的数据，他们被一些自己都没有意识到的事情，所影响了，这是十分荒谬的，然后，我看了看我的父亲和母亲，（笑声），卡罗莉娜和卡尔，以及奶奶和爷爷，约瑟芬和约瑟夫，所以，我要指出，我仍在寻求一位叫做斯蒂芬妮的女孩儿。If I make this whole thing a little bit more personal and see what makes me happy as a designer, the easiest answer, of course, is do more of the stuff that I like to do and much less of the stuff that I don't like to do -- for which it would be helpful to know what it is that I actually do like to do. I'm a big list maker, so I came up with a list. One of them is to think without pressure. This is a project we're working on right now with a very healthy deadline. It's a book on culture, and, as you can see, culture is rapidly drifting around. Doing things like I'm doing right now -- traveling to Cannes. The example I have here is a chair that came out of the year in Bali -- clearly influenced by local manufacturing and culture, not being stuck behind a single computer screen all day long and be here and there. Quite consciously, design projects that need an incredible amount of various techniques, just basically to fight straightforward adaptation.

如果我做整个这件事情更加个人化一点，并且看看作为一名设计师，什么使我更快乐，最简单的回单，当然就是，最更多我喜欢做

的事情，少做我讨厌的事情，这将对了解我到底喜欢做什么有所帮助。我很喜欢列清单，因此我列了一个清单，其中一项是不要带着

压力去思考，这是我们正在着手做的项目，项目的期限很合理，它

是一个关于文化的书，就像大家所看到的，文化是快速变化着的做

一些事情就像我现在做的，去嘎纳电影节。现在这个例子，是一个

椅子，出现在巴厘岛的那一年，明显的被当地的制作手法和文化所

影响了，不要被局限在电脑屏幕的后面一整天，在这里或者那里，具有很强意识的一个设计项目，需要各种各样不同的技术，本质上

说反对直接简单的改编。

Being close to the content -- that's the content really is close to my heart. This is a bus, or vehicle,

for a charity, for an NGO that wants to double the education budget in the United States -- carefully designed, so, by two inches, it still clears highway overpasses. Having end results -- things that come back from the printer well, like this little business card for an animation company called Sideshow on lenticular foils. Working on projects that actually have visible impacts, like a book for a deceased German artist whose widow came to us with the requirement to make her late husband famous. It just came out six months ago, and it's getting unbelievable traction right now in Germany. And I think that his widow is going to be very successful on her quest.

贴近内容本身，那就是真正贴近内心的内容。这是一辆公车，或者说是一辆交通工具，为一个慈善非政府组织工作，他们呼吁提高美国的教育预算，很细心的设计，它比立交桥低两英寸，可以顺利通过拥有最终结果打印好的一些东西，像这个小名片对于一个动画公司来说，被称为透镜衬箔上的杂耍，从事于有实际影响的项目，就像为了已故的德国艺术家做一本书，他的遗孀找到我们，希望可以让他的已故的丈夫出名，它是半年前创造的，正在德国引起不可思议的反响，还有，我觉得他的遗孀的要求将会非常成功。

And lately, to be involved in projects where I know about 50 percent of the project technique-wise and the other 50 percent would be new. So in this case, it's an outside projection for Singapore on these giant Times Square-like screens. And I of course knew stuff, as a designer, about typography, even though we worked with those animals not so successfully. But I didn't quite know all that much about movement or film. And from that point of view we turned it into a lovely project. But also because the content was very close. In this case, "Keeping a Diary Supports Personal Development" -- I've been keeping a diary since I was 12. And I've found that it influenced my life and work in a very intriguing way. In this case also because it's part of one of the many sentiments that we build the whole series on -- that all the sentiments originally had come out of the diary. 最近,，参与其中的项目中，我大约了解其中一半技术主导的项目。另一半应该是新项目，因此在这种情况下，因此对于新加坡来说，这是个户外的投影，在这些巨大的如时代广场的屏幕上，作为一个设计师，我当然了解，关于印刷样式的东西，虽然我和那些动物合作的不怎么成功，但是我还不太清楚，那些关于动作或者影像，从那个观点看，我们创造了一个很好的项目，当时同样因为内容非常接近，这种情况下坚持写日记，帮助个人的发展，我十二岁的时候开始写日记.，我发现它影响了我的生活和工作，通过特别奇妙的方式，在这情况下,也是因为，它是我们创造的很多情绪的其中的一个部分，这所有的情绪原本都来自日记之中。Thank you so much.非常感谢

(Applause)（掌声）

五.Ramsey Musallam: 3 rules to spark learning 激发学生学习兴趣的3条黄金法则

I teach chemistry.我是一名化学老师。

(Explosion)（爆炸声）

All right, all right. So more than just explosions, chemistry is everywhere. Have you ever found yourself at a restaurant spacing out just doing this over and over? Some people nodding yes. Recently, I showed this to my students, and I just asked them to try and explain why it happened. The questions and conversations that followed were fascinating. Check out this video that Maddie from my period three class sent me that evening.

大家没吓着吧！除了爆炸，化学在我们生活中随处可见。你有没有试过在餐厅里空闲无聊时一遍又一遍的玩这个东西呢？我

看到有人点头了。最近，我给我的学生们做了上面那个实验，并要求学生们自己动手去体验并解析这一现象为何发生。在实验中，学生们提出的问题和进行的对话很有意思。请看一下这个视频，这是我第三节课上的学生Maddie，在当天晚上发给我的。(Clang) (Laughs)（铛）（笑声）

Now obviously, as Maddie's chemistry teacher, I love that she went home and continued to geek out about this kind of ridiculous demonstration that we did in class. But what fascinated me more is that Maddie's curiosity took her to a new level. If you look inside that beaker, you might see a candle. Maddie's using temperature to extend this phenomenon to a new scenario.

当然了，作为Maddie的化学老师，我非常欣慰她放学回家后还继续研究，并演示了一个这么好玩的实验。这个实验跟我们在课堂上做的差不多。但最吸引我的是， Maddie的好奇心将她的化学学习提升到了一个新的高度。如果你认真看一下那个烧杯，你会看到一根蜡烛。 Maddie在实验中使用了温度，对课堂上学到的实验赋予了新意。

You know, questions and curiosity like Maddie's are magnets that draw us towards our teachers, and they transcend all technology or buzzwords in education. But if we place these technologies before student inquiry, we can be robbing ourselves of our greatest tool as teachers: our students' questions. For example, flipping a boring lecture from the classroom to the screen of a mobile device might save instructional time, but if it is the focus of our students' experience, it's the same dehumanizing chatter just wrapped up in fancy clothing. But if instead we have the guts to confuse our students, perplex them, and evoke real questions, through those questions, we as teachers have information that we can use to tailor robust and informed methods of blended instruction.

要知道，像Maddie这样带着疑问并怀有一颗好奇心，是让学生更

亲近老师的一种魔力他们超脱了所有教学技术和高大空的流行语。如果我们在学生提问之前，就把这些技术呈现出来我们将毁

掉我们作为老师手中最强大的武器——学生们的疑问。比如说，在教室里借助移动电子设备将一堂沉闷的课快速讲完或许会节

省些老师进行指导的时间，但是，如果这是学生在课堂上所能收

获的体验，那这种照本宣科的无趣只是华而不实的教学罢了。但是，如果我们有胆量去引起学生们的疑问，让他们感到困惑，唤

起他们提出真正的问题，然后从他们的问题里，老师可以得到很

多信息来帮助作些调整教学采用多样化的教学方法

So, 21st-century lingo jargon mumbo jumbo aside, the truth is, I've been teaching for 13 years now, and it took a life-threatening situation to snap me out of 10 years of pseudo-teaching and help me realize that student questions are the seeds of real learning, not some scripted curriculum that gave them tidbits of random information.

这样，21世纪的那些术语行话就不会像魔咒一样难懂了。事实是，今年是我从教的第13个年头，我曾碰到过一件生死悠关的事才

将我从10年的伪教学中拉了出来我这才明白，学生带着疑问来学

习的心态才能使他们学习到真正有意义的东西而不是照本宣科

的课程，课程本身只能给学生提供一些随机的信息而已。

In May of 2010, at 35 years old, with a two-year-old at home and my second child on the way, I was diagnosed with a large aneurysm at the base of my thoracic aorta. This led to open-heart surgery. This is the actual real email from my doctor right there.

Now, when I got this, I was -- press Caps Lock -- absolutely freaked out, okay? But I found surprising moments of comfort in the confidence that my surgeon embodied. Where did this guy get this confidence, the audacity of it?

2010年5月份，当时我35岁，我已经有个2岁大的孩子，我的第二个孩子也即将出生，当时我被诊断为患有大动脉瘤这个肿瘤长在我的胸主动脉上。因此，我要需做一个开腔手术。这就是当时我的医生写给我的电子邮件。当我收到他的邮件时，我的头都大了当时真的完全被吓坏了！但我还是得到些许意外的安慰这种安慰来源于我的外科医生的自信心。他的自信心来是打哪儿来的呢？来自于他的大胆吗？

So when I asked him, he told me three things. He said first, his curiosity drove him to ask hard questions about the procedure, about what worked and what didn't work. Second, he embraced, and didn't fear, the messy process of trial and error, the inevitable process of trial and error. And third, through intense reflection, he gathered the information that he needed to design and revise the procedure, and then, with a steady hand, he saved my life.

我问他这个问题，他跟我讲了三件事情。他说，第一，他的好奇心驱使他去就手术的程序预设了很多硬性问题，把各种可行和不可行的方案全都想遍了。第二，不要害怕逃避，要勇于面对尝试与错误中的各种冗杂问题，和不可避免的过程。第三，通过紧张有致的综合思考，他获取了他所需的信息以此来设计和修改手术的进程，最后，他胸有成竹地帮我做了手术，救了我一命。

Now I absorbed a lot from these words of wisdom, and before I went back into the classroom that fall, I wrote down three rules of my own that I bring to my lesson planning still today. Rule number one: Curiosity comes first. Questions can be windows to great instruction, but not the other way around. Rule number two: Embrace the mess. We're all teachers. We know learning is ugly. And just because the scientific method is allocated to page five of section 1.2 of chapter one of the one that we all skip, okay, trial and error can still be an informal part of what we do every single day at Sacred Heart Cathedral in room 206. And rule number three: Practice reflection. What we do is important. It deserves our care, but it also deserves our revision. Can we be the surgeons of our classrooms? As if what we are doing one day will save lives. Our students our worth it. And each case is different.

我从他充满智慧的言语中学到很多，那年秋季，在我回校上课前，我也给自己的教学定了三条规则，至今，我一直在我的教学中遵

循这三条规则。第一条规则：把学生的好奇心放在第一位。学生

的问题是帮助教师进行重要学习指导的窗口，而不是反其道而行之。第二条规则：勇于面对各种冗杂。我们都是教师。我们知道

学习绝非易事。这是因为，科学的方法已经写在课本第五页的第

一章第一部分的第二节里了而这章又刚好是我们跳过不讲的：试

错法（通过反复试验来消除误差）。这种方法仍然是我们每天在

圣心大教堂206室里所采用的一种非正规方法。第三条：实践反思。我们做的是重要的事。它值得我们关注，而且也值得我们去

进行修正。我们这些老师能不能成为课堂中的外科医生呢？我们

所教的东西或许在将来的某一天可能会救别人一命。我们的学生，我们得珍惜。而每个个体都是不同的。

(Explosion)（爆炸声）

All right. Sorry. The chemistry teacher in me just needed to get that out of my system before we move on.

对不起，太大声了。作为化学老师，我得先做好这三点然后才能

教好学生。

So these are my daughters. On the right we have little Emmalou -- Southern family. And, on the left, Riley. Now Riley's going to be a big girl in a couple weeks here. She's going to be four years old, and anyone who knows a four-year-old knows that they love to ask, "Why?" Yeah. Why. I could teach this kid anything because she is curious about everything. We all were at that age. But the challenge is really for Riley's future teachers, the ones she has yet to meet. How will they grow this curiosity?

这是我的两个女儿的照片。右边那个是Emmalou——南方家族的人。左边那位是Riley。再过几周，Riley就要成为一个大女孩了。她的4岁生日快到了，众所周知，一个4岁的孩子总是喜

欢问：“为什么？”对。他们喜欢问这个问题。我可以教给我女

儿任何东西因为她对什么都感兴趣。我们所有人在4岁时都这样的。但是Riley未来的老师将要面临很大的挑战了，他们会怎

样来培养她的好奇心呢？

You see, I would argue that Riley is a metaphor for all kids, and I think dropping out of school comes in many different forms -- to the senior who's checked out before the year's even begun or that empty desk in the back of an urban middle school's classroom. But if we as educators leave behind this simple role as disseminators of content and embrace a new paradigm as cultivators of curiosity and inquiry, we just might bring a little bit more meaning to their school day, and spark their imagination.

其实，我在用Rildy来喻指所有的孩子。我知道，辍学会以各种

形式出现——比如高中学生还没开学就辍学了，或者市区中学教

室里后排空着的课桌。但是如果我们不仅仅是扮演知识传播者的角色，而且还开创一种新的教学模式去激发学生的好奇心和探究兴趣，我们将会为学生的求学带来更多意义唤醒他们的想象力。Thank you very much.非常感谢你们。(Applause)（掌声）六.Roberto D'Angelo + Francesca Fedeli: In our baby's illness, a life lesson

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他是马里奥，我们的儿子，他出生两年半了，我怀孕期间很艰难，因为我必须在呆在床上，有八个月的样子，但最后一切看起来都还好，他出生时体重达标阿普达评分也正常所以当时我们很放心但后来，他出生后的第十天

我们发现他中风了。

As you might know, a stroke is a brain injury. A perinatal stroke could be something that can happen during the nine months of pregnancy or just suddenly after the birth, and in his case, as you can see, the right part of his brain has gone.

你也许知道中风是一种大脑损伤，围产期中风，可能在怀孕的九个月期间发生，或者是在生产之后突然发生，你可以看到，马里奥的情况是：他右边的大脑没了。

So the effect that this stroke could have on Mario's body could be the fact that he couldn't be able to control the left side of his body. Just imagine, if you have a computer and a printer and you want to

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ted演讲稿中英文对照

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Richard 在Ted 英语演讲：成功的八个秘诀(中英双语) 2014-09-08 激情，刻苦，精通，专注，强迫，服务，点子，坚持，这就是成功的秘诀 This is really a two-hour presentation I give to high school students, cut down to three minutes. And it all started one day on a plane, on my way to TED, seven years ago. And in the seat next to me was a high school student, a teenager, and she came from a really poor family.

这真的是一个我给高中学生做的2个小时的演讲现在缩到了3分钟所有的一切都是从7年前的一天开始，我坐在飞往TED会议的飞机上。在我邻座坐的是一个高中生，一个十几岁的年轻人。她生于一个贫穷的家庭而且她的愿望是成就一番 事业所以她问了我一个简单的小问题。 And she wanted to make something of her life, and she asked me a simple little question. She said, "What leads to success" And I felt really badly, because I couldn't give her a good answer. So I get off the plane, and I come to TED. And I think, jeez, I'm in

TED演讲—Martin Jacques《了解中国的崛起》(中英对照)

Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China The world is changing with really remarkable speed. If you look at the chart at the top here, you’ll see that in 2025 these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be almost the same size as the American economy. And if you look at the chart for 2050, it’s projected that the Chinese economy will be twice the size of the American economy, and the Indian economy will be almost the same size as the American economy. We should bear in mind here these projections were drawn up before the Western financial crises. 世界正在以惊人的速度飞快得改变着。如果你看着这上方的图表,你会看到在2025年，高盛投资公司的这些预测表明中国经济规模会和美国经济几乎相当。如果看2050年的图表，预测表明中国经济规模将会是美国经济的两倍，印度的经济规模将会和美国的经济几乎持平。在这里，我们应该记住这些预测是在西方经济危机之前做出的。 A couple of weeks ago, I was looking at the latest projection by BNP (Banque Nationale de Paris) PARIBAS for when China will have a larger economy than the United States. Goldman Sachs projected 2027. The post-crisis projection is 2010. That’s just a decade way. 几周前，我查看法国巴黎银行的最近预测，中国在什么时候会超越美国经济，成为第一大经济体。高盛投资公司预测2027年。危机过后的预测是2020年。这也不过只有10年的光景。 China is going to change the world in two fundamental respects. First of all, it's a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion people, which has been growing for over 30 years at around 10% a year. And within a decade it will have the largest economy in the world. Never before in the modern era has the largest economy in the world been that of a developing country, rather than a developed country. 中国将在两个基本方面上改变世界。首先，中国是一个幅员广大的发展中国家它有13亿人口，在过去30年间它以每年10%左右的经济增长率发展。在未来10年间，它会有世界上最大的经济体。在世界现代史中，以前从来都是发达国家还没有一个发展中的国家变成了世界上最大的经济体。 Secondly, for the first time in the modern era, the dominant country in the world which I think is China will become, will be not from the West, and from very very different civilizational roots. 第二，在现代史中第一次在世界上，我认为中国会变成大国，它有别于西方国家而它是从非常，非常不同的文明根源发展起的大国。 Now I know it’s a widespread assumption in the West that as countries modernize, they also Westernize. This is an illusion. It’s an assumption that modernity is a product simply of competition markets and technology. It is not; it is also shaped equally by history and culture. China is not like the West, and it will not become like the West. It will remain in very fundamental respects very different. Now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of China? How do we try to understand what China is? And the problem we have in the West at the moment by-and-large is that the conventional approach is