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洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌

综合题，请根据题目给出的内容，来回答下面给出的试题。If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.

The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer(CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.

While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers on Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change, And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the

processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

请根据上面给出的内容，来回答下面的单项选择题（下列每小题备选答案中，只有一个符合题意的正确答案。每小题0分，共5题。）1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American

companies?

A ：They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.

B ：They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.

C ：They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.

D ：They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.

请选择答案：A:B:C:D:2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?

A ：He is one of the most important executives in the firm.

B ：His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.

C ：He is directly under the chief financial executive.

D ：He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.

请选择答案：A:B:C:D:3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to .

A ：workers who can operate new equipment

B ：technological and managerial staff

C ：workers who lack basic background skills

D ：top executives

请选择答案：A:B:C:D:4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive

advantage is .

A ：the introduction of new technologies

B ：the improvement of workers' basic skills

C ：the rational composition of professional and managerial employees

D ：the attachment of importance to the bottom haft of the employees

请选择答案：A:B:C:D:5. What is the main idea of the passage ?

A ：American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource

B ：Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.

C ：The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm' s

D ：The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive

请选择答案：A:B:C:D:

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大学英语四级阅读理解试题及标准答案.

大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.

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3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller

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