酒店业旅馆业中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文外文翻译

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

外文文献

Hotel industry

People have been making a living by providing rooms for travelers ever since the first lodging houses were built to accommodate travelers in ancient times. Today, hotels offer far more than just a room for travel increased. Motels, resort hotels, and convention hotels have been developed to cater to the varied needs of today’s traveling public. At the same time, hotel chains have established themselves as the dominant force in the industry.

Motels in the United States evolved from the roadside tourist cabins and tourist courts that were first introduced in the early 1990s in response to the increase in travel. As the automobile began to replace the train as the primary means of travel in the United States, there was an increased demand for roadside accommodations. The first motels began to appear in the 1920s and were usually one-storey buildings, with an average of twenty-five units or rooms.

Motels really came of age during the 1950s. Two main factors contributed to the boom in motel construction. One was the development of the interstate highway system, beginning in 1956. The other was the first time, added a number of services. Restaurant swimming pools, and in-room television became standard features.

The next step in the development of the motel industry was the move away from highway locations into the downtown sections of large cities. With the increase in air travel, motor hotels also began to move out to the airports.

A resort hotel is one that people visit for relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. The idea of the resort hotel was born in the 18th and 19th century Europe. Splendid hotels were built along the French Riviera in the Swiss Alps, and at various mineral springs throughout the continent. The resort hotel in the United States developed with the expansion of the railroads in the second half of the

nineteenth century. All catered exclusively to the rich and to the upper middle class. Families stayed for two or three months and returned to the same hotels year after year.

With the rise in mass tourism, resort hotels have been established in greet numbers at destinations throughout the world. Some of these luxury resort hotels have survived, but today they are heavily outnumbered by resort hotels that cater to ordinary people who stay from days to weeks. With increased leisure time and higher wages, many people now take at least one vacation away from home each year. The jet airport has opened up areas of the world that were previously inaccessible to the vacationer. Resort hotel construction boomed in tropical area such as the Caribbean and Hawaii.

A convention hotel is one that caters to large group gatherings. The rise of convention hotels has been one of the developments in the hotel industry, and conventioneers now account for almost 20 percent of all hotel guests. Many downtown hotels saw occupancy levels drop during the 1950s and early 1960s as motels captured a larger segment of the market. In response, some hotels began to add facilities for conventions or other group gatherings as a means of survival. At first, conventions were scheduled for off-peak periods, but as the volume of convention business increased, they began to be scheduled year-round.

The business of large hotels that cater exclusively to convention groups began going up in the major cities in the later 1960s. They all feature a wide variety of restaurants, banquet rooms, meeting rooms, and convention and exhibition halls. Resort hotels, motels and airport hotels have also begun to offer convention facilities.

The arrival of the jet age led to the second major hotel building period of the twentieth century, lasting from 1958 to 1974. In the early part of this period, the hotel chains’ major goals in planning new properties were economy, efficiency, and standardization of design. A Sheraton hotel in Miami, for example, might be almost identical to one nearly 3,000 miles away in Los Angeles. By the late 1960s, however, there was a reaction against this uniformity of design and new hotel architecture was born. The opening of the Hyatt marked a return to the grandeur of the old luxury hotels. Scenic elevators, fountains, waterfalls, trees, huge sculptures, and bars and cafes are included in the lobby so that it was no longer just a place for

registration and checkout; it also became the main eating, drinking, and meeting area. The success of the Atlanta Hyatt Regency led to the building of similar atrium hotels in cities and combine commercial, office, and hotel facilities with sports and recreational facilities.

The small country inn is a type of lodging place that has survived by offering increased service and facilities. In fact, many turn away from such modern conveniences as in-room television, radios, and telephones. Instead, they offer the attraction of old world charm and coziness in a scenic or historic setting. Guests might expect to find working fireplaces in their rooms, handmade quilts on their beds, and antique furniture throughout the inn. Many of the inns are direct descendants of the old inns and taverns that flourished along stagecoach routes 200 years ago. The smaller country inns, sometimes with as few as three or four rooms, are usually run by friendly couples who pride themselves on the comfort and cleanliness of their accommodations and the quality of the food that they serve.

Some of the larger chain hotels (e.g. Holiday Inns) use the name inn. Motor inns, however, should not be confused with country inns. The chains use the name to suggest a feeling of warmth and friendliness, though their properties quite different from the more intimate country inns.

For centuries, the hotel business could well business could well be described as a cottage industry, because each hotel was a privately-owned, independent enterprise. Occasionally, a well-know hotel would successfully produce a few namesakes under the same management, but such examples were few. The first notable exception was the Caesar Ritz group. E. M. Statler was the first to point out the economic and financial advantages of operating several large hotels under a single management. Despite Statler’s success, the chain concept was slow to catch on in the period between the two world wars. Later on, Conrad Hilton, in particular, became the originator contributing to the growth of the hotel management company. Kemmons Welson and Wallace Johnson, founders of Holiday Inn, fully enriched the chain concept by franchising the Holiday Inn name and establishing a national reservation network.

The chains have expanded in a number of ways. One is through direct investment. It means that the headquarters corporation itself puts up the necessary fund to build and operate a new hotel or to buy and renovate an old one. Another is

by establishing management contracts with the actual owner of the hotel, whereby the chain actually takes over an empty building and operates it according to its own operating procedures for a fee or for a percentage of the profits. This method is frequently used when the chain expends into a foreign country. A somewhat similar method is the joint venture, a partnership in which both the chain and local investors put up part of the capital that is necessary for new construction or the purchase of an existing building. Yet another way widely used is franchising. It is a leasing arrangement that requires the hotel operator to pay a fee for the use of the plans, manuals of procedure and advertising materials. In return, the hotel operator is granted a license to operate a business under the name of the parent corporation. The franchise operator puts up the capital, but he gets a standardized product with a predictable sales potential. He can of course also get a lot of help from the licensing corporation in establishing his operation and then in solving problems that arise after it has opened. Some franchise operations are also joint ventures, with both the corporation and the individual owner supplying part of the initial capital.

There are many important competitive advantages that the hotel chains have over the individually operated hotels. The first is the resources and money on advertising and public-relations professionals at chains’ headquarters, who prepare publicity campaigns for the chain as a whole.

A second advantage comes from the standardization of equipment and operating procedures. The chains publish detailed manuals that specify standardized procedures to be followed even in such tasks as making beds and setting tables. Even when the different hotels in the chain are not tightly controlled by a central office, it is customary to have an inspection system in order to guarantee the overall standards.

The most important and most obvious advantage is the increased efficiency in making and controlling reservations. A guest at one hotel, for instance, can receive confirmation of a room at another within a few minutes. When a chain is owned by an airline, the traveler can make his reservations for flights and for hotel rooms at the same time and place. Hotel chains also make it easy to reserve a room by telephone in key market cities. Many of the chains are, in fact, referral systems rather than corporate owned groups. In a referral system, the operators of

individual hotels or motels pay a fee to a group that has joined together in a reservation system. In most cases, the establishment is inspected by the headquarters staff of the chain to ensure that it meets the chain’s standards, it can use the name and advertising symbol, the logo for the group. In that case, the individual operation has become a chain member.

Still another advantage for the chains is in increased sales potential for convention.

As it is now a commonly accepted idea that conventions should combine business and pleasure, the practice of changing locations every year is very attractive to many sponsoring groups. In this way, the sponsoring group can hold its meeting in one location one year and another the next, while at the time with the assurance of very similar service and costs.

Another strong point of the chain system comes from the superior planning and design of hotels. The benefits begin here even before the location is selected, because the chains have access to expensive market research data on site selection and size of the hotel. The large chains hire architects and interior decorators who specialize in hotel work. Many chains often hire consultants to advise them. The chains can either use their expert knowledge directly to build their own hotels or pass it along to others when they participate in a joint venture, a management leasing arrangement, or a franchising operation.

Chains management also increases the efficiency of the total organization in other ways. For example, it permits very large bulk purchases for many kinds of equipment and supplies. The accounting and auditing systems of the chains can be centralized. A centralized personnel office for managerial and technical positions throughout the chain also provides an advantage in securing competent people. In the different hotels, management trainees can obtain experience in all the wide variety of skills that go into the operation of a hotel. Later, when they have gained the necessary expertise in several areas, these same people may return to the headquarters to direct and train others.

Today, there comes very intensified competition in the hotel industry. After decades of mixed fortunes they would now face a decade when there is slow expansion, or even no growth, but with growing competition. The increased competition could rise from up-market self catering, time sharing, home

entertainment and other areas, as well as from producers of a whole variety of consumer products and services. Hoteliers must ensure that they obtain their share of market. In order to do so, they should listen to the market more intense competition.

As market keep on changing, it is wise to redefine markets accordingly. Unless customers’ points of view are constantly considered and their demands are best satisfied, there is a danger that present guests and customers may-drift away to competitor and new customers will not be attracted. Furthermore, it is essential to decide the advantages and weakness of one’s products, and at the same time bear in mind the different sources of business and the strength and weakness of one’s competitors. The last point on competitors is that time and money should be spent in selecting the source of business that they are best suited for and where they have the least competition.

How to choose the best suitable market and sources of business? First, one should try to get as much information as possible on the hotel. Then, a series of objectively prepared league tables that grade the hotels advantages and limitations should be made. The information required may include the following: broad background information, facilities of the hotel, details of competitive hotels, guests information, activity levels, employees and their selling abilities, specific information on local communities, industry, event, communications and catchment area, and advantage and limitation list of both one’s hotel and competitors.

After gathering the information, another series of league tables is required to show the hotel’s position relative to its competitors. The aim of league tables is to put the competition into visible and to show for some sources of business where is more competition and for others less. By linking these finding to the respective advantages and disadvantages of both sides, answers are provided on where to focus one’s sales and market effort.

Specifically, the relevant information and league tables may include:

1.Make a list of one’s hotel about its competitive advantages. The list will

vary depending on the source of business.

2.Calculate one’s market share of total competitive capacity and its main

competitors’ share.

3.Consider various tariffs and charges that may occur in the hotel.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c92594273.html,rmation about the facilities, sales and market capabilities, receiving

capability, location, etc. of the hotel and the competitors.

5.Score the grades dependent on the demands of different sources of

business, i.e., businessmen, individual tourists, conference delegates.

6.Consider the various potential markets from a number of points of view.

If one takes the above-mentioned information and examine one’s own business experience and judgment should help to define more clearly the main sources of business on which one’s hotel should exercise efforts. Never neglect established markets and the business parts of the week, month of year. However, many hotels have natural busy periods, such as Monday and Thursday nights in a week, or the summer season, or the festivals. So it is important to define markets, which will ensure a better profit in one’s off-season periods.

Besides the above suggestions or market defining, some special market demands require attention.

One is the menu fatigue. Many business executives who eat out often or stay in hotels regularly could suffer from a severe “menu fatigue”. That is when they eat in hotel restaurant or out, they can always tell you every item on the menu without even a glimpse at it. So if a hotelier can regularly try to original and fresh menus, dishes and ideas and promote them in every possible place, this mass market of people will be sure to “beat a path to his/her door”.

The second is the active leisure. People are becoming much more health conscious, and many hotels begin to recognize this trend. As the result, facilities such as gym rooms with exercise machines are provided as part of their essential future marketing. Some hotels put a series of maps in the bedroom with directions to nearby parks. They also have a supply of track suits and shoes in case guests have forgotten to bring their own. Even if a hotel is not adjacent to a golf course or a tennis court, they can still do a lot to provide exercise opportunities for the guests and it does not have to be expensive.

The third is the female guests. In the past few years, the biggest market growth is perhaps women staying in hotels, or eating in hotel restaurants. Many of the research on women travelers have found that the average woman executive is six years younger than her male counterpart. She tends to be in sales, marketing, public and press relations, or personnel work. Nearly 40% of the trips are to

conventions. She is more likely to be single than the typical male travelers. Many women concern much about personal safety and hotel security. They would prefer to eat in the hotel rather than eating out and use room service a great deal when there is available. They want a room which is very clean, attractive and specious with good lighting. They prefer good lights for make-up and the closets high enough to keep her floor length dresses and a good supply of hangers.

Hoteliers should be well alert to notice the changes and demands of the markets; otherwise they will be overtaken by the competitors.

外文文献译文

酒店业

自从古时候人们首次建造住宿房屋来招待旅客以来，有些人就以为旅客提供客房为生。如今，由于旅费的增加，酒店提供的就不仅仅是一个房间。汽车旅馆，度假酒店和会议酒店不断的发展，以满足不同的需求。问旅客。与此同时，连锁酒店也在该行业建立起了自己的主导力量。

旅游观光法院在回答旅费增加问题时首次介绍了20世纪90年代初，在美国，汽车旅馆是从路边小木屋开始的。在美国，随着汽车开始取代火车成为旅行的主要手段，路边住宿的需求不断增加。第一个汽车旅馆开始出现在20世纪20年代，并通常是一层高的楼房，平均有25间客房。

真正的汽车旅馆是从20世纪50年代开始的。两个主要因素促成了汽车旅馆的繁荣和建设。其中之一是开始于1956年的，发展快速的州际高速公路系统。另一个因素是若干服务的第一次增加。餐厅、游泳池以及室内电视成为标准功能。

汽车旅馆业的下一步发展，是从公路地点搬到了部分大城市的市中心。随着航空旅行的发展，汽车旅馆也开始走入机场。

度假酒店是一个人寻找放松，休闲和娱乐的地方。度假酒店这个想法诞生于18世纪和19世纪的欧洲。豪华的度假酒店在阿尔卑斯山地区沿着法国蔚蓝的海岸，以及贯穿整个大陆地区的各种矿泉所建。度假酒店在美国的发展与十九世纪下半叶铁路的扩大有关。所有都是专门照顾富人和中产阶级的。一般，家庭会在酒店呆两三个月，然后年复一年回到同一酒店。

随着大众旅游的发展，相当多的度假酒店在世界各地的旅游目的地建立起来。其中的一些豪华度假酒店幸存了下来，但今天他们在数量上远远大于迎合老百姓的，逗留时间从天到几周的度假酒店。随着闲暇时间和工资的提高，许多人现在每年至少有一个假期会远离家乡。机场的飞机开辟了以前世界上游客无法进入的地区。度假酒店在热带地区蓬勃发展，如加勒比地区和夏威夷。

会议酒店是一个适合大集团聚会的酒店。会议酒店的的崛起一直是整个酒店业的大发展，与会者现在占了所有酒店客人的将近百分之二十。20世纪50年代和60年代初，由

于汽车旅馆占领了较大的细分市场，许多市中心的酒店只好眼看着入住率不断下降。对此，一些酒店开始为会议或其他团体集会添加设施作为生存的手段。一开始，会议客人是专门为淡季所招徕的，但随着会议业务的增加，他们开始定全年。

20世纪60年代后期，一些迎合会议团体的大酒店开始在一些主要城市的发展起来。他们都具有各种各样的餐厅，宴会厅，会议室，以及会展大厅。度假酒店，汽车旅馆和机场酒店也已开始提供会议设施。

飞机世代的到来导致了从1958年持续到1974年的20世纪第二大酒店建设时期。在这段时间之初，连锁酒店的主要目标在新的经济性能，效率和标准化的设计。例如，一家在迈阿密的喜来登酒店，可能会与近3000英里之外的洛杉矶的一家喜来登酒店几乎完全相同。然而，上世纪60年代末，作为对这种统一的设计反对的反应的，新的酒店建筑诞生了。凯悦的开张标志着宏伟豪华酒店的重返。大堂包括景观电梯，喷泉，瀑布，树木，巨大的雕塑，和酒吧及咖啡馆，它已不只是一个地方登记和结帐，而且还成为主要吃，喝和会议区。成功的亚特兰大凯悦引导了在城市结合商业，办公，酒店设施，体育及康乐设施的类似酒店的建立。

乡村客栈是在提供更多的服务和设施的情况下幸存下来的一种类型的住宿场所。事实上，许多远离现代化的设施，室内电视，收音机和电话等。相反，他们提供有吸引力的旧的世界的魅力和舒适的风景或历史背景。客人期望可以在各自的房间找到工作壁炉，在他们的床上找到手工棉被以及在整个客栈找到古董家具。许多旅馆都时200多年前繁荣路线沿线旧旅馆和酒吧的直接后裔。规模较小的乡村旅馆，有时只有三，四个房间，通常是由自己的舒适和清洁的住宿环境和食物的质量自豪的友好夫妇所提供服务的。

一些较大的连锁酒店（如假日酒店）使用客栈的名称。汽车旅店，但是，不应该与乡村旅馆混淆。这些连锁酒店的名称预示温暖和方便，但其性质完全不同于更为亲密的乡村旅馆。

数百年来，酒店业务也可能被描述为一种家庭产业，因为每个酒店是一家私人拥有的，独立的企业。有时候，一个众所周知酒店将成功地产生一些相同的管理，但是这种例子是很少的。第一个显著的例外是斯塔特勒先生的凯撒里兹管理集团第一次提出用单一的管理方式经营几个大酒店的经济和金融中的优势。尽管斯塔特勒的成功，在两次世界大战时连锁概念缓慢追赶上。后来，特别是康拉德希尔顿，成为促进饭店管理公司增长的发端者。凯蒙斯·威尔森和华莱士约翰逊，假日酒店的创建者，通过假日酒店名称的特许经营和建立一个全国性的预订网络充分地丰富了连锁店。

连锁酒店在若干方面扩大。其一是通过直接投资。这意味着，公司本身的总部提供了必要的资金，建立和运营一个新的酒店或购买和翻新。另一个是通过与实际拥有的酒店建立管理合同，连锁酒店实际上接管了一个空的建筑，并按照自己的收费或一定比例的利润

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：

中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

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————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：

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