高级英语第五课

Unit 5

Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.

Winston S. Churchill

2) conviction: 1. a very strong belief or opinion

e.g. religious/political etc convictions

a woman of strong political convictions

deep/strong conviction

The Dotens have a deep conviction that marriage is for life.

conviction that

e.g. The students possess the conviction that they can make a

difference to their community.

2. the feeling of being sure about something and having no doubts

with/without conviction

e.g. He was able to say with conviction that he had changed.

'No,' she said, without conviction.

It was a reasonable explanation, but his voice lacked conviction .

It took her so much effort to speak that what she said carried

great conviction (=showed she felt sure of what she said) .

3. a decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime, or the

process of proving that someone is guilty

?(opposite) acquittal

e.g. They had no previous convictions.

Applicants are checked for criminal convictions.

conviction for

e.g. This was her third conviction for theft.

1.I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes:

1)round up: herd together, collect together (people or animals who are scattered;

or have fled, etc.

2)horde: a large crowd moving in a noisy uncontrolled way

horde of

e.g. There were hordes of people inside the station.

2) enlist: 1. to persuade someone to help you to do something

e.g. enlist somebody's help/services etc

He has enlisted the help of a sports psychologist for the team.

The public are being enlisted to help.

2. to join the army, navy etc

enlist as

e.g. He enlisted as a private.

enlist in

e.g. At the outbreak of war, he was enlisted in the army.

?enlistment

3) count on/upon somebody/something

1. to depend on someone or something, especially in a difficult situation

e.g. You can count on me. With luck, you might cover your costs, but don't

count on it.

count on (somebody/something) doing something

e.g. We're all counting on winning this contract.

They were counting on him not coming out of hospital.

count on somebody/something to do something

e.g. You can count on Dean to ruin any party.

2. to expect something

e.g. The presence of Paula was one thing he hadn't counted on.

count on (somebody/something) doing something

e.g. We didn't count on so many people being on vacation.

be devoid of something: to be completely lacking in something

e.g. His face was devoid of any warmth or humour.

3) excel: 1. to do something very well, or much better than most people

e.g. excel at/in

Rick has always excelled at foreign languages.

2. excel yourself: (British English)to do something better than you

usually do

e.g. Graham has excelled himself with the new exhibition.

4) ferocious: 1. violent, dangerous, and frightening

e.g. a ferocious, hungry lion a ferocious battle

The storm grew more and more ferocious with each second.

2. very strong, severe, and unpleasant

e.g. The congressman is one of the President's most ferocious

critics. The heat was ferocious.

Butler is famous for his ferocious temper.

3. relating to an emotion that is felt very strongly

e.g. Parker was driven by a ferocious determination to succeed. till: (old English literary) work the soil for the production of crops, as by plowing, harrowing, hoeing, sowing, etc.

immemorial: extending back beyond memory; ancient.

2) wring: 1. to succeed in getting something from someone, but only after a lot of

effort

?(synonym) squeeze

wring something from/out of somebody

e.g. They are always trying to wring additional funds from the

government.

I managed to wring the information out of him.

2. wring out: to tightly twist a wet cloth or wet clothes in order to

remove water

3. wring your hands: to rub and twist your hands together because you

are worried and upset

4. wring somebody's hand: to shake hands very firmly with someone

5. wring something's neck: to kill a small animal by twisting its neck

6.I'll wring somebody's neck: (spoken) used when you are very angry

with someone

e.g. I'll wring her neck when I get hold of her!

7. wringing wet: extremely wet

e.g. This jacket's wringing wet!

2) primordial: 1. existing at the beginning of time or the beginning of the Earth

e.g. the primordial seas

2. primordial feelings are very strong and seem to come from the

part of people's character that is ancient and animal-like

e.g. He was driven on by a primordial terror.

3) drill: to teach students, sports players etc by making them repeat the same lesson,

exercise etc many times

drill somebody in something

e.g. She was drilling the class in the forms of the past tense.

drill somebody to do something

e.g. I acted instinctively because I had been trained and drilled to do just

that.

The team were well-drilled and organized.

Plod: to walk along slowly, especially when this is difficult

plod through/up/across etc

e.g. The horse plodded up the hill.

plod on/along/back

e.g. Jake kept plodding on.

plod on/along: to work slowly or make slow progress, especially in a

way that is boring

e.g. For years he had plodded along in a series of boring office jobs.

21. smart: 1. to be upset because someone has hurt your feelings or offended you

smart from

e.g. She was still smarting from the insult.

2. if a part of your body smarts, it hurts with a stinging pain

e.g. My eyes were smarting with the smoke.

villainous: (literary) evil or criminal

cataract:1, a medical condition that causes the lens of your eye to become white, so that you slowly lose your sight

2. (literary) a large waterfall

23. … in which the great Dominions will in due course concur…

1) in due course: at the right time

2) concur: 1. to agree with someone or have the same opinion as them

concur with

e.g. The committee largely concurred with these views.

2. to happen at the same time

?(synonym) coincide

concur to do something

e.g. Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.

24. irrevocable:an irrevocable decision, action etc cannot be changed or stopped

e.g. Think about the situation carefully before you take an irrevocable

step.

25. we are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.

1) be resolved: be firm and fixed in purpose

2) vestige: 1. a small part or amount of something that remains when most of it no

longer exists

?(synonym) trace

vestige of

e.g. The new law removed the last vestiges of royal power.

2. the smallest possible amount of a quality or feeling

vestige of

e.g. There's not a vestige of truth in the story.

26. we will never parley…

parley: have a conference of discussion, esp. with an enemy

2) diverge: 1. if similar things diverge, they develop in different ways and so are no

longer similar

e.g. The two species diverged millions of years ago.

Global growth rates are diverging markedly.

2. if opinions, interests etc diverge, they are different from each other

diverge from

e.g. Here Innocent's views diverged from Gregory's.

3. if two lines or paths diverge, they separate and go in different directions

?(opposite) converge

?divergence e.g. divergence between the US and Europe

?divergent e.g. divergent views

3) slacken: 1. also slacken off: to gradually become slower, weaker, less active etc,

or to make something do this

e.g. The heavy rain showed no signs of slackening of

f.

slacken your pace/speed (=go or walk more slowly)

Guy slackened his pace as he approached the gate.

2. to make something looser, or to become looser

?(opposite) tighten

e.g. He did not let her go, but his grip on her slackened.

4) woeful: 1. very bad or serious

?(synonym) deplorable

e. g. a woeful lack of information

2. (literary) very sad

?(synonym)pathetic e.g. woeful eyes

2) moralize: express one’s thoughts on the wrongness of; indulge in moral reflection

or talk ( on a subject).

29. blood-lust: a strong desire to be violent

30. hurl: 1. to throw something with a lot of force, especially because you are angry

e.g. Demonstrators were hurling bricks through the windows.

He hurled a chair across the set, smashing lamps and vases.

2. hurl abuse/insults/accusations etc (at somebody): to shout at someone in a

loud and angry way

e.g. He was accused of hurling abuse at the referee.

3. hurl yourself at/against etc somebody/something, also hurl yourself

down:

to throw yourself at someone or something with a lot of force

e.g. She wanted to hurl herself into his arms.

2) prelude: a prelude to something

if an event is a prelude to a more important event, it happens just before

it and makes people expect it

e.g. Living together as a prelude to marriage is now considered

acceptable in many countries.

4) subjugate: to defeat a person or group and make them obey you

e.g. The native population was subjugated and exploited.

subjugated people/nation/country

subjugate somebody to somebody/something

e.g. Her own needs had been subjugated to (=not considered as

important as) the needs of her family.

?subjugation

34. hearth and home: a (poetic) home and its comforts

Expressions:

1. round up: cause sb．or sth．to gather in one place

e.g. The guide rounded up the tourists and led them back to the coach．

2. count on: rely on sb．or sth．with confidence

e.g. Don’t count on a salary increase this year．

3. go all out: do one’s utmost，spare no efforts

e.g. I’ll team is going all out to win the championship．

4. make a reference to: speaking of or mentioning sb．or sth．

e.g. The commentator made a pointed reference to the recent scan．

5. to the effect that: wi th the meaning that…,giving the information that…

e.g. He left a note to the effect that he would not be returning．

6. on the threshold of: at the point of entering or beginning of

e.g. The politician was on the threshold of his career．

7. tie down: reduce to bondage；enslave

e.g. The veteran worker refuses to be tied down by petty restriction．

8. in due course: at the appropriate time；eventually

e.g. Y our request will be dealt with in due course．

9. it follows that: it shows that；from this we carl see that

e.g He doesn’t come to work today，but it doesn’t necessarily follow that he is ill．

5. Rhetoric Devices

1) Periodic sentences: periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense. The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.

e.g. 1) The past, with its crime, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.

2) any Man or state who fight on against Nazidom will have our aid.

3) If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia…he is woefully mistaken.

Periodic sentence is a complete sentence, and it also follows a climatic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of the climax is made very strong.

2) Parallel structure: may also be known as Parallelism or parallel construction

Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."

1. Words and Phrases

With the -ing form (gerund) of words:

Parallel: Mary likes hik ing, swimm ing, and bicycl ing.

With infinitive phrases:

Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.

OR

Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.

(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.) Do not mix forms.

Example 1

Not Parallel: Mary likes hik ing, swimm ing, and to ride a bicycle.

Parallel: Mary likes hik ing, swimm ing, and rid ing a bicycle.

Example 2

Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quick ly,

accurate ly, and in a detailed manner.

Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quick ly,

accurate ly, and thorough ly.

Example 3

Not Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait ed

until the last minute to study for the exam, complet ed his lab problems in a

careless manner, and his motivation was low.

Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait ed until

the last minute to study for the exam, complet ed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lack ed motivation.

2. Clauses

A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.

Example 1

Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep,

that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before

the game.

Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that

they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up

exercises before the game.

-- or --

Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game.

Example 2

Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and

that questions would be asked by prospective buyers.

(passive)

Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the

meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and

that prospective buyers would ask him questions.

3. Lists after a colon

Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.

Example 1

Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word

meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.

Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word

meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs. Examples in the text:

e.g. 1) we will never parley…we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his

gang.

2) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by see…

3) behind all this glare…behind all this storm I see…

4) I see the Russian soldiers standing…I see… I see…

5) …that is our policy… and that is our declaration

6) we shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts. We shall be strengthened

and not …

7) Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let use

redouble…

3) Repetition: the repeated use of the same synonymous words, to add force,

clearness or balance to a sentence.

Repetition of letters, syllables, sounds

?Alliteration

Repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more stressed

syllables.

?Assonance

Repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different

consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.

?Consonance

The repetition of consonants in words stressed in the same place (but whose

vowels differ). Also, a kind of inverted alliteration, in which final consonants,

rather than initial or medial ones, repeat in nearby words.

There are further kinds of repetition like parallelism, which is the repeating of a structure.

Examples in the text:

e.g. We will never parley, we will never negotiate...

This is our policy and this is our declaration

as we shall faithfully and steadfastly

We have but one aim and one single purpose

4) Assonance(谐音): Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound within words. For example, in the phrase "Do you like blue?", the "oo" (ou/ue) sound is repeated within the sentence and is assonant.

Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose.

Examples:

M a ke – l a te

O r hear o ld Triton bl o w his wreathed h o rn. - William Wordsworth, "The world is too much with us"

Hear the m e llow w e dding b e lls. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells"

And mur muring of innu mer able bees - Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Princess VII.203 The cr u mbling th u nder of seas — Robert Louis Stevenson

That solit u de which s ui ts abstr u ser m u sings - Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Examples in the text:

clanking, heel-clicking,…

cowing and tying ...

plodding on like crawling locusts, ...

smarting from many a British whipping...

easier and safer prey

Consonance is a stylistic device, often used in poetry characterized by the repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels, for example, the "i" and "a" followed by the "tter" sound in "p i tt er p a tt er." It repeats the consonant sounds but not vowel sounds. This is not to be confused with assonance, which is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Alliteration differs from consonance insofar as alliteration requires the repeated consonant sound to be at the beginning of each word, where in consonance it is anywhere within the word, although often at the end.

5) Alliteration

Definition: appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, and alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning.

e.g. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding…

Dull, drilled, docile

6. Effective Writing skills

1. using a lot of repetitions and parallel structures to achieve emphasis

2. using periodic sentences, rhetorical questions, and inverted sentences to make his speech vivid and forceful.

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Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer. Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse, gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program, or simply a "program." These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the"brain" of the computer. A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. Output is the results produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing. Computers are versatile machines, which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks, but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers. Computers can be categorized as personal computer, handheld computers, workstations, mainframes, supercomputers , and servers. 大多数人可以制订一个电脑精神的图片，但电脑做很多事情，出现这样的形状和大小不同，它似乎难以提炼成一个全能的定义，它们的共同特点。在其核心，一台计算机是一种装置，它接受输入，处理数据，存储数据，并产生输出，根据对所有存储一系列指示。 什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。输入可提供的一人，由环境，或由另一台计算机。对输入的各种例子，一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件，规定计算，图片，从恒温器的温度数字，音频信号从一个麦克风，从电脑程序指令。一个输入设备，如键盘或鼠标，集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。 在计算中，数据是指以符号代表的事实，对象和想法。计算机操作在很多方面的数据，我们称之为操作处理。一系列的指令，告诉计算机如何进行处理任务，被称为一个计算机程序，或只是一个“程序”。这些方案形成了软件，建立了计算机做特定的任务。在计算机中，大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中央处理单元（CPU），有时为“大脑的计算机”来形容。 计算机存储数据，以便它会被用作处理可用。大多数计算机有多个用于存储数据的位置，这取决于数据如何被使用。内存是计算机的一个领域，数据是暂时持有等待处理，存储或输出。在数据存储，是可以在一个地区长期离开时，没有立即处理所需。 输出是由电脑产生的结果。电脑输出的一些例子包括报告，文件，音乐，图形，图片。输出设备显示，打印，或传送的处理结果。 电脑是多功能机，它能够执行各种各样的任务十分惊人，但某些类型的计算机更适合比其他类型的计算机的某些任务。计算机可以被归类为个人电脑，掌上电脑，工作站，大型机，超级计算机和服务器。

高级英语第六课

1. When she was eleven, Clara, like her brother Alan before her, acquired a Grammar School place. Her mother, although of the mentality that refuses such places because of the price of the uniform, was luckily not in a social or financial position where she could reasonably do so, and although she was often unreasonable enough, she did not like to appear to be so in the eyes of the whole neighbourhood, so she constrained her parsimony and her innate distrust in education into selecting the less distinguished of the schools available, on the grounds that the bus fare was cheaper. It was a large, rather forbidding and gloomy building, called Battersby Grammar School, and it was on the fringe of that decayed, desolate, once-grand grey fringe that surrounds the centres of most cities; the houses in this area, large and terraced and of some dignity, had been long abandoned by the middle classes, and were now occupied by families who could not afford to live anywhere else. An occasional member of the fugitive genteel stuck it grimly out until death; once Clara was accosted by an old lady, battered and ragged and bent, who said as she walked along, and in accents of refined madness, that once the people that lived there had held their heads up high. Clara, a poor audience with her twisted knee socks, did not know what she meant. 克莱拉11岁时，像她哥哥艾伦一样，进入一所公立中学。按她母亲的想法，是反对她上这类学校的，因为学校制服费太贵。幸亏她的社会地位和经济情况都还过得去，她也就没有充足的理由反对女儿入学。她办事常常不讲情理，可又不愿意在左邻右舍的眼里看来是个不讲道理的人。因此，她终于抑制住她的吝啬和天生的对教育的怀疑，给她女儿选了一所不那么有声望的中学，理由是往返的公共汽车费比较便宜。学校叫巴特斯比中学。那是一幢高大、阴暗、令人望而生畏的建筑，坐落在市中心的边缘。这些围绕市中心建造起来一栋栋房屋，多少年前还巍巍壮观，如今却一片凋零、衰败、荒凉。那些高大的、建有路台、颇有气势的座座住宅早已被一度居住的中产阶级所遗弃。新来的这些住户嫌别处房租贵，住不起，才搬到这里来。偶尔，在逃离此地的上流家族中，也会有个把人在这里硬顶下去，直到老死。有一次，一个萎靡不振，衣衫褴褛，弯腰驼背的老妇同克莱拉搭话。她一边走一边用一种典雅的迷恋之情的口吻说，过去住在这一带的可都是些很神气的人。克莱拉，这个穿着一双扭歪了的长袜的不善于领会的听者，根本不明白她说的是什么意思。 P1 1. Jerusalem: 耶路撒冷板凳（伊斯兰教，犹太教和基督教的“圣地”） 2. mentality: characteristic attitude of mind; mind, understanding, judgment, perception, intelligence 3. unreasonable: irrational, illogical, absurd, nonsensical, stubborn 4. in the eyes of=in one’s eyes: in the judgment of 在……心目中，在……看来 5. constrain: to make someone do something by force or by strongly persuading, (of conscience, inner forces) compel 6. on the grounds of: (for saying, doing, or believing sth.) because of… 7. on the fringe of: edge, the part further from the center 8. stick it out: to continue in spite of, difficulties, refuse to yield 9. in accents of : in tender accents, in a kind of voice 10. battered: worn out or shapeless (clothes