1972年《国际海上避碰规则公约》英文版
1972年《国际海上避碰规则公约》Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea, 1972
各缔约国，本着保持高度的海上安全的愿望，注意到有必要对1960年国际海上人命安全会议最终议定书所附的国际海上避碰规则进行修订并使之适应新的情况，经就该规则被认可以来的发展情况对之进行了审议，现协议如下：THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION,
DESIRING to maintain a high level of safety at sea,
MINDFUL of the need to revise and bring up to date the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea annexed to the Final Act of the International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea, 1960,
HAVING CONSIDERED those Regulations in the light of developments since they were approved,
HAVE AGREED as follows:
第I条一般义务Article I General obligations
本公约各缔约国保证实施构成本公约所附1972年国际海上避碰规则（以下简称“本规则”）的各项条款及其他附录。The Parties to the present Convention undertake to give effect to the Rules and other Annexes constituting the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, (hereinafter referred to as "the Regulations") attached hereto.
第II条签署、批准、接受、核准和加入Article II Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession
1.本公约保持开放到1973年6月1日为止供签署，此后继续开放供加入。1. The present Convention shall remain open for signature until 1 June 1973 and shall thereafter remain open for accession.
2.联合国或其任何专门机构或国际原子能机构的会员国，或国际法院规约的当事方，可按照下列方式参加本公约：2. States Members of the United Nations, or of any of the Specialized Agencies, or the International Atomic Energy Agency, or Parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice may become Parties to this Convention by:
(a)签署并对批准、接受或核准无保留；(a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval;
(b)签署而有待批准、接受或核准，随后予以批准、接受或核准；或(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or
(c)加入。(c) accession.
3.批准、接受、核准或加入须向政府间海事协商组织（以下简称“本组织”）交存相应的文件，方为有效。本组织应将每一上述文件的交存和交存日期通知已签署或已加入本公约的各国政府。3. Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the Organization") which shall inform the Governments of States that have signed or acceded to the present Convention of the deposit of each instrument and of the date of its deposit.
第III条适用的领土Article III Territorial application
1.联合国如系某一领土的管理当局，或任一缔约国如负责某一领土的国际关系，可随时以书面通知本组织秘书长（以下简称“秘书长”），将本公约扩大适用于该领土。1. The United Nations in cases where they are the administering authority for a territory or any Contracting Party responsible for the international relations of a territory may at any time by notification in writing to the Secretary-General of the Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the Secretary-General"), extend the application of this Convention to such a territory.
2.本公约应自接到通知之日或通知中规定的其他日期起，扩大适用于通知中所述领土。2. The present Convention shall, upon the date of receipt of the notification or from such other date as may be specified in the notification, extend to the territory named therein.
3对根据本条第1款所作通知中所述的任何领土，均可撤销扩大适用，经一年后或撤销时规定的更长期限后，本公约即不再适用于该领土。3. Any notification made in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article may be withdrawn in respect of any territory mentioned in that notification and the extension of this Convention to that territory shall cease to apply after one year or such longer period as may be specified at the time of the withdrawal.
4.秘书长应将根据本条所递交的任何扩大适用或撤销扩大适用的通4. The Secretary-General shall inform all Contracting Parties of the notification of any extension or withdrawal of any extension
知，通知所有缔约国。
communicated under this Article.第IV条生效Article IV Entry into force
1.(a)本公约应在至少有15个国家参加本公约之日起12个月后生效，该15国的商船总和应不少于全世界100总吨及100总吨以上船舶的艘数或吨位的65％。以先达到者为准。1. (a) The present Convention shall enter into force twelve months after the date on which at least 15 States, the aggregate of whose merchant fleets constitutes not less than 65 per cent by number or by tonnage of the world fleet of vessels of 100 gross tons and over have become Parties to it, whichever is achieved first.
(b)尽管有本款(a)项的规定，本公约在1976年1月1日之前不应生效。(b) Notwithstanding the provisions in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, the present Convention shall not enter into force before 1 January 1976.
2.对于在达到本条第1款(a)项所规定的条件之后而在本公约生效之前按照第II条规定批准。接受。核准或加入本公约的国家，应自本公约生效之日起生效。2. Entry into force for States which ratify, accept, approve or accede to this Convention in accordance with Article II after the conditions prescribed in sub-paragraph 1(a) have been met and before the Convention enters into force, shall be on the date of entry into force of the Convention.
3.对于在本公约生效之日以后批准、接受、核准或加入本公约的国家，应自按第II条规定交存文件之日起生效。3. Entry into force for States which ratify, accept, approve or accede after the date on which this Convention enters into force, shall be on the date of deposit of an instrument in accordance with Article II.
4.在本公约修正案按照第VI条第4款规定生效之日后，任何批准、接受、核准或加入，都应适用修正后的公约。4. After the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article VI, any ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall apply to the Convention as amended.
5.本公约生效之日，本规则即代替并废除1960年国际海上避碰规则。5. On the date of entry into force of this Convention, the Regulations replace and abrogate the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960.
6.秘书长应将生效日期通知已签署或已加入本公约的各国政府。6. The Secretary-General shall inform the Governments of States that have signed or acceded to this Convention of the date of its entry into force.
第V条修订会议Article V Revision conference
1.本组织可以召开会议修订本公约或本规则，或修订二者。1. A Conference for the purpose of revising this Convention or the Regulations or both may be convened by the Organization.
2.经不少于三分之一的缔约国请求，本组织应召开缔约国会议，以修订本公约或本规则，或修订二者。2. The Organization shall convene a Conference of Contracting Parties for the purpose of revising this Convention or the Regulations or both at the request of not less than one-third of the Contracting Parties.
第VI条本规则的修正Article VI Amendments to the Regulations
1.任一缔约国对本规则所提的任何修正案，经其请求后，应在本组织中予以审议。1. Any amendment to the Regulations proposed by a Contracting Party shall be considered in the Organization at the request of that Party.
2.如该修正案经出席本组织海上安全委员会并投票的三分之二多数通过，则至少应在本组织大会对之审议前6个月将其通知所有缔约国和本组织会员。在大会审议该修正案时，非本组织会员的任何缔约国均有权参加。2. If adopted by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting in the Maritime Safety Committee of the Organization, such amendment shall be communicated to all Contracting Parties and Members of the Organization at least six months prior to its consideration by the Assembly of the Organization. Any Contracting Party which is not a Member of the Organization shall be entitled to participate when the amendment is considered by the Assembly.
3.如该修正案经出席大会并投票的三分之二多数通过，秘书长应将其通知所有缔约国以供接受。3. If adopted by a two-third majority of those present and voting in the Assembly, the amendment shall be communicated by the Secretary-General to all Contracting Parties for their acceptance.
4.该项修正案应在大会通过时所决定的日期生效，除非在大会所同4. Such an amendment shall enter into force on a date to be determined by the Assembly at the time of its adoption unless, by a prior date determined by the Assembly at the same time, more than
时确定的一个较早日期之前，有三分之一以上的缔约国通知本组织反对该修正案。本款所指经大会决定的两个日期，应由到会并投票的三分之二多数通过。one-third of the Contracting Parties notify the Organization of their objection to the amendment. Determination by the Assembly of the dates referred to in this paragraph shall be by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
5.任何修正案一经生效后，对于未曾对修正案提出反对的所有缔约国，即应取代并废止该修正案所涉及的任何原有的规定。5. On entry into force any amendment shall, for all Contracting Parties which have not objected to the amendment, replace and supersede any previous provision to which the amendment refers.
6.秘书长应将按本条所作的任何请求和通知以及修正案的生效日期，通知所有缔约国和本组织会员。6. The Secretary-General shall inform all Contracting Parties and Members of the Organization of any request and communication under this Article and the date on which any amendment enters into force.
第VII条退出Article VII Denunciation
1.任何缔约国，在本公约对其生效满五年后，可随时退出本公约。1. The present Convention may be denounced by a Contracting Party at any time after the expiry of five years from the date on which the Convention entered into force for that Party.
2.退出本公约应向本组织交存相应的文件。秘书长应将所收到的退出文件及该文件的交存日期通知所有其他缔约国。2. Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument with the Organization. The Secretary-General shall inform all other Contracting Parties of the receipt of the instrument of denunciation and of the date of its deposit.
3.退出应在交存文件一年后或该文件中规定的更长期限后生效。3. A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified in the instrument, after its deposit.
第VIII条保管和登记Article VIII Deposit and registration
1.本公约与本规则应交存本组织保管。秘书长应将核证无误的副本分送所有已签署或已加入本公约的各国政府。1. The present Convention and the Regulations shall be deposited with the Organization, and the Secretary-General shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all Governments of States that have signed this Convention or acceded to it.
2.当本公约生效时，秘书长应按照联合国宪章第102条的规定，将该文本送联合国秘书处登记并公布。2. When the present Convention enters into force, the text shall be transmitted by the Secretary-General to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
第LX条文字Article IX Languages
本公约连同本规则用英文和法文写成单一文本，两种文本具有同等效力。应备有俄文和西班牙文的正式译本，与签署的原本一并存放。下列具名的经各国政府正式授权的代表，特签署本公约，以昭信守。1972年10月20日订于伦敦。The present Convention is established, together with the Regulations, in a single copy in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic. Official translations in the Russian and Spanish languages shall be prepared and deposited with the signed original.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose have signed the present Convention.
DONE AT LONDON this twentieth day of October one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two.
一九七二年国际海上避碰规则INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972
第一章总则PART A GENERAL 第一条适用范围Rule 1Application
１．本规则各条适用于在公海和连接于公海而可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶。(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.
２．本规则各条不妨碍有关主管机关为连接公海而可供海船航行的(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and
任何港外锚地、港口、江河、湖泊或内陆水道所制订的特殊规定的实施。这种特殊规定，应尽可能符合本规则各条。navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
３．本规则各条，不妨碍各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制订的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯或笛号，或者为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所制定的关于额外的队形灯或信号灯的任何特殊规定的实施。这些额外的队形灯、信号灯或笛号，应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯或信号。(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.
４．为实施本规则，本组织可以采纳分道通航制。(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
５．凡经有关政府确定，某种特殊构造或用途的船舶，如须完全遵守本规则任何一条关于号灯或号型的数量、位臵、能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配臵和特性的规定，就不能影响其特殊功能时，则应遵守其政府在号灯或号型的数量、位臵、能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配臵和特性方面为之另行确定的尽可能符合本规则所要求的规定。(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, without interfering with the special function of the vessel, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect to that vessel.
第二条责任Rule 2Responsibility
１．本规则各条不免除任何船舶或其所有人、船长或船员由于对遵(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to
守本规则各条的任何疏忽，或者对海员通常做法或当时特殊情况可能要求的任何戒备上的疏忽而产生的各种后果的责任。comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
２．在解释和遵行本规则各条规定时，应适当考虑到，为避免紧迫危险而须背离本规则各条规定的一切航行和碰撞的危险，以及任何特殊情况，其中包括当事船舶条件限制在内。(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
第三条一般定义Rule 3 General definitions
除其他条文另有解释外，在本规则中：For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:
１．“船舶”一词，指用作或者能够用作水上运输工具的各类水船筏，包括非排水船舶和水上飞机。(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
２．“机动船”一词，指用机器推进的任何船舶。(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
３．“帆船”一词，指任何驶帆的船舶，包括装有推进机器而不在使用者。(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
４．“从事捕鱼的船舶”一词，指使用网具、绳钓、拖网或其他使其操纵性能受到限制的渔具捕鱼的任何船舶，但不包括使用曳绳钓或其他并不使其操纵性能受到限制的渔具捕鱼的船舶。(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.
５．“水上飞机”一词，包括为能在水面操纵而设计的任何航空器。(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.
６．“失去控制的船舶”一词，指由于某种异常的情况，不能按本规则各条的要求进行操纵，因而不能给他船让路的船舶。(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
７．“操纵能力受到限制的船舶”一词，指由于工作性质，使其按本规则要求进行操纵的能力受到限制，因而不能给他船让路的船舶。下列船舶应作为操纵能力受到限制的船舶：(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
The following vessels shall be regarded as vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre:
（１）从事敷设、维修或起捞助航标志、海底电缆或管道的船舶；（２）从事疏浚、测量或水下作业的船舶；
（３）在航中从事补给或转运人员、食品或货物的船舶；
（４）从事发放或回收航空器的船舶；
（５）从事扫雷作业的船舶；
（６）从事拖带作业的船舶，而该项拖带作业使该拖船及其被拖船偏离所驶航向的能力严重受到限制者。(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations; (iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;
(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) a vessel engaged in minesweeping operations;
(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as renders her unable to deviate from her course.
８．“限于吃水的船舶”一词，指由于吃水与可用水深的关系，致使其偏离所驶航向的能力严重地受到限制的机动船。(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draught in relation to the available depth of water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
９．“在航”一词，指船舶不在锚泊、系岸或搁浅。(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
１０．船舶的“长度”和“宽度”是指其总长度和最大宽度。(j) The words "length" and "breath" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.
１１．只有当一船能自他船以视觉看到时，才应认为两船是在互见中。(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
１２．“能见度不良”一词，指任何由于雾、霾、下雪、暴风雨、沙暴或任何其他类似原因而使能见度受到限制的情况。(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.
第二章驾驶和航行规则PART B STEERING AND SAILING RULES
第一节船舶在任何能见度情况下的行动规则SECTION I - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OF VISIBILITY 第四条适用范围Rule 4Application
本节各条适用于任何能见度的情况。Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.
第五条了望Rule 5Look-out
每一船舶应经常用视觉、听觉以及适合当时环境和情况下一切有效的手段保持正规的了望，以便对局面和碰撞危险作出充分的估计。Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
第六条安全航速Rule 6Safe speed
每一船舶在任何时候应用安全航速行驶，以便能采取适当而有效的避碰行动，并能在适合当时环境和情况的距离以内把船停住。
在决定安全航速时，考虑的因素中应包括下列各点：Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
１．对所有船舶：(a) By all vessels:（１）能见度情况；(i) the state of visibility;
（２）通航密度，包括渔船或者任何其他船舶的密集程度；(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
（３）船舶的操纵性能，特别是在当时情况下的冲程和旋回性能；(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
（４）夜间出现的背景亮光，诸如来自岸上的灯光或本船灯光的反向散射；(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
（５）风、浪和流的状况以及靠近航海危险物的情况；(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
（６）吃水与可用水深的关系。(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water. ２．对备有可使用的雷达的船舶，还须考虑：(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
（１）雷达设备的特性、效率和局限性；(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
（２）所选用的雷达距离标尺带来的任何限制；(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
（３）海况、天气和其他干扰源对雷达探测的影响；(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
（４）在适当距离内，雷达对小船、浮冰和其他漂浮物胃探测不到的可能性；(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
（５）雷达探测到的船舶数目、位臵和动态；(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
（６）当用雷达测定附近船舶或其他物体的距离时，可能对能见度(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects
作出更确切的估计。
in the vicinity.
第七条碰撞危险Rule 7Risk of collision
１．每一船舶应用适合当时环境和情况的一切有效手段断定是否存在碰境危险，如有任何怀疑，则应认为存在这种危险。(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
２．如装有雷达设备并可使用的话，则应正确予以使用，包括远距离扫瞄，以便获得碰撞危险的早期警报，并对探测到的物标进行雷达标绘或与其相当的系统观察。(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
３．不应根据不充分的资料，特别是不充分的雷达观测资料作出推断。(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
４．在断定是否存在碰撞危险时，考虑的因素中应包括下列各点：(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
（１）如果来船的罗经方位没有明显的变化，则应认为存在这种危险；(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change,
（２）即使有明显的方位变化，有时也可能存在这种危险，特别是在驶近一艘很大的船舶或拖带船组时，或是在近距离驶近他船时。(ii) such risks may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
第八条避免碰撞的行动Rule 8Action to avoid collision
１．为避免砬撞所采取的任何行动，如当时环境许可，应是积极地，(a) Any action taken to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard
并应及早地进行和注意运用良好的船艺。
to the observance of good seamanship.
２．为避免碰撞而作的航向和（或）航速的任何变动，如当时环境许可，应大得足以使他船用视觉或雷达观察时容易察觉到；应避免对航向和（或）航速作一连串的小变动。(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.
３．如有足够的水域，则单用转向可能是避免紧迫局面的最有效行动，倘若这种行动是及时的，大幅度的并且不致造成另一紧迫局面。(c) lf there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.
４．为避免与船碰撞而采取的行动，应能导致在安全的距离驶过。应细心查核避让行动的有效性，直到最后驶过让清他船为止。(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.
５．如须避免碰撞或须留有更多时间来估计局面，船舶应当减速或者停止或倒转推进器把船停住。(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
第九条狭水道Rule 9Narrow channels
１．船舶沿狭水道或航道行驶时，只要安全可行，应尽量靠近本船右舷的该水道或航道的外缘行驶。(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.
２．帆船或者长度小于２０米的船舶，不应妨碍只能在狭水道或航道以内安全航行的船舶通行。(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
３．从事捕鱼的船舶，不应妨碍任何其他在狭水道或航道以内航行(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.
的船舶通行。
４．船舶不应穿越狭水道或航道，如果这种穿越会妨碍只能在这种水道或航道以内安全航行的船舶通行。后者若对穿越船的意图有怀疑时，可以使用第三十四条第４款所规定的声号。(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
５．（１）在狭水道或航道内，如只有在被追越船必须采取行动以允
许安全通过才能追越时，则企图追越的船，应鸣放第三十四条第３款（１）项所规定的相应声号，以表示本船的意图。被迫越船如果同意，应呜放第三十四条３款（２）项所规定的相应声号，并采取使之能安全通过的措施。如有怀疑，则可以鸣放第三十四条第４款所规定的声号。(e) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).
（２）本条并不解除追越船根据第十三条所负的义务。(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13
６．船舶在驶近可能被居间障碍物遮蔽他船的狭水道或航道的弯头或地段时，应特别机警和谨慎地驾驶，并应鸣放第三十四条５款所规定的相应声号。(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).
７．任何船舶，如当时环境许可，都应避免在狭水道内锚泊。(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel
第十条分道通航制Rule 10Traffic separation schemes
１．本条适用于本组织所采纳的各分道通航制。(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization.
２．使用分道通航制区域的船舶应：(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
（１）在相应的通航分道内顺着该分道的船舶总流向行驶；(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane;
（２）尽可能让开通航分隔线或分隔带；(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
（３）通常在通航分道的端部驶进或驶出，但从分道的一侧驶进或驶出时应与分道的船舶总流向形成尽可能小的角度。(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from the side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
３．船舶应尽可能避免穿越通航分道，但如不得不穿越时，应尽可能与分道的船舶总流向成直角穿越。c) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
４．凡可安全使用邻近分道通航制区域中相应通航分道的过境航行，通常不应使用沿岸通航带。(d) Inshore traffic zones shall not normally be used by through traffic which can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme.
５．除穿越船外，船舶通常不应进入分隔带或穿越分隔线，除非：(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel, shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:
（１）紧急情况下避免紧迫危险；(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;（２）在分隔带内从事捕鱼。(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
６．船舶在分道通航制区域端部附近行驶时，应特别谨慎。(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.
７．船舶应尽可能避免在分道通航制区域内或其端部附近锚泊。(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.
８．不使用分道通航制区域的船舶，应尽可能远离该区。(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.
９．从事捕鱼的船舶，不应妨碍按通航分道行驶的任何船舶的通行。(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.
１０．帆船或长度小于２０米的船舶，不应妨碍按通航分道行驶的机动船的安全通行。(j) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.
第二节船舶在互见中的行动规则SECTION II - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER 第十一条适用范围Rule 11Application
本节各条适用于互见中的船舶。Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
第十二条帆船Rule 12Sailing vessels
１．两艘帆船相互驶近致有构成碰撞危险时，其中一船应按下列规定给他船让路：(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
（１）两船在不同舷受风时，左舷受风的船应给他船让路；(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other;
（２）两船在同舷受风时，上风船应给下风船让路；(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward;
（３）如左舷受风的船看到在上风的船而不能断定究竟该船是左舷受风还是右舷受风，则应给该船让路。(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
２．就本条规定而言，船舶的受风舷侧应认为是主帆被吹向的一舷的对面舷侧；对于帆船，由应认为是最大纵帆被吹向的一舷的对面舷侧。(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
第十三条追越Rule 13Overtaking
１．不论本节各条规定如何，任何船舶在追越任何他船时，均应给被追越船让路。(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of this Section any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
２．一船正从他船正横后大于２２．５度的某一方向赶上他船时，即该船对其所追越的船所处位臵，在夜间只能看见被追越船的尾灯而不能看见它的任一舷灯时，应认为是在追越中。(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
３．当一船对其是否在追越他船有任何怀疑时，该船应假定是在追越，并应采取相应的行动。(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
４．随后两船间方位的任何改变，都不应把追越船作为规则各条含义中所指的交叉船，或者免除其让开被追越船的责任，直到最后驶过让清为止。(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
第十四条对遇局面Rule 14Head-on situation
１．当两艘机动船在相反的或接近相反的航向上相遇致有构成碰撞危险时，各应向右转向，从而各从他船的左舷驶过。(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
２．当一船看见他船在正前方或接近正前方，并在夜间，能看见他船的前后桅灯成一直线或接近一直线，和（或）两盏舷灯；在日间，(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
看到他船的上述相应形态时，则应认为存在这样的局面。
３．当一船对是否存在这样的局面有任何怀疑时，该船应假定确实存在这种局面，并应采取相应的行动。(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
第十五条交叉相遇局面Rule 15Crossing situation
当两艘机动船交叉相遇致有构成碰撞危险时，有他船在本船右舷的船舶应给他船让路，如当时环境许可，还应避免横越他船的前方。When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.
第十六条让路船的行动Rule 16Action by give-way vessel
须给他船让路的船舶，应尽可能及早采取大幅度的行动，宽裕地让清他船。Every vessel which is directed by these Rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
第十七条直航船的行动Rule 17Action by stand-on vessel
１．（１）两船中的一船应给另一船让路时，另一船应保持航向和航速。(a) (i) Where by any of these Rules one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed.
（２）然而，当保持航向和航速的船一经发觉规定的让路船显然没有遵照本规则各条采取行动时，该船即可独自采取操纵行动，以避免碰撞。(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
２．当规定保持航向和航速的船，发觉本船不论由于何种原因逼近(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the
到单凭让路船的行动不能避免碰撞时，也应采取最有助于避碰的行动。action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
３．在交叉相遇局面下，机动船按照本条１款（２）项采取行动以避免与另一艘机动船碰撞时，如当时环境许可，不应对在本船左舷的船采取向左转向。(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with sub-paragraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
４．本条并不解除让路船的让路义务。(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
第十八条船舶之间的责任Rule 18Responsibilities between vessels
除第九、十和十三条另有规定外：Except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require:
１．机动船在航时应给下述船舶让路：(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:（１）失去控制的船舶；(i) a vessel not under command;
（２）操纵能力受到限制的船舶；(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
（３）从事捕鱼的船舶；(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing;
（４）帆船。(iv) a sailing vessel.
２．帆船在航时应给下述船舶让路：(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:（１）失去控制的船舶；(i) a vessel not under command;
（２）操纵能力受到限制的船舶。(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
（３）从事捕鱼的船舶。(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing.
３．从事捕鱼的船舶在航时，应尽可能给下述船舶让路：(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way:
（１）失去控制的船舶；(i) a vessel not under command;
（２）操纵能力受到限制的船舶。(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
４．（１）除失去控制的船舶或操纵能力受到限制的船舶外，任何船舶，如当时环境许可，应避免妨碍显示第二十八条信号的限于吃水的船舶的安全通行。(d) (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
（２）限于吃水的船舶应充分注意到其特殊条件，特别谨慎地驾驶。(ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.
５．在水面的水上飞机，通常应宽裕地让清所有的船舶并避免妨碍其航行。然而在有碰撞危险的情况下，则应遵守本章各条的规定。(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
第三节船舶在能见度不良时的行动规则SECTION III - CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY 第十九条船舶在能见度不良时的行动规则Rule 19Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility
１．本条适用于在能见度不良的水域中或在其附近航行时相互看不见的船舶。(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
２．每一船舶应以适应以适合当时能见度不良的环境和情况的安全航速行驶，机动船应将机器作好随时操纵的准备。(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.
最肉麻的英语
最肉麻的英语~ 让你过个纯正情人节！！ Do you have a map? Because I just keep losing in your eyes. 你有地图么?因为我刚在你的眼神中迷失了. 2) Meeting you was fate,and falling in love with you was out of my control. 遇见你是命运的安排而爱上你是我情不自禁. 3) No man or woman is worth your tears and the one who is,won't make your cry. 没人值得你为ta流泪,真正爱你的人不会让你哭泣. 4) There are two reasons why I wake up in the morning: my alarm clock and you.我早上愿意醒来为两个理由: 闹钟和你. 5) You are everything to me, and I was so blessed when god sent you here for me 你是我的一切,我是如此幸运上帝让你来到我身边. 6) In spite of you and me and the silly world going to pieces around us,I love you. 哪怕是世界末日,我都会爱你. 7) If I could rearrange the alphabet,I'd put Y and I together. 如果我能重新来排列字母,我要把Y(你)跟I(我)在一起. 8) It's not being in love that makes me happy, but is being in loving with you. 不是恋爱的感觉让我幸福而是爱上你的感觉让我幸福. 9) There are 4 steps to happiness: 1 you 2 me 3 our hearts 4 together 通.过四步就能幸福1 你2 我3 我们的心4 在一起. 10) Love you so I don`t wanna go to sleep, for reality is better than a dream. 想你，是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅，心里面，却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。 It is graceful grief and sweet sadness to think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can’t be expressed with any choice of words.
船舶结构与设备知识点知识学习
船舶结构与设备 特点： 1、知识点多、杂。考点知识多为书本原文，计算、思考等题目较少； 2、与货运、避碰同考，所占比例较小。其中货运160道题目，结构占20-30道题； 3、后期新题更新不多； 4、难点不多，需记忆。如船舶种类及特点、轻型吊杆、舵设备等。
第一章船舶常识（结构货运） 第一节船舶的基本组成与主要标志 一、船舶基本组成 由主船体、上层建筑及其他各种配套设备等组成。 1、主船体 船底：分单层底、双层底。舭部 ★舷侧：首/尾部船首/尾 甲板：上甲板、平台甲板（注：强力甲板、遮蔽甲板、量吨甲板、舱壁甲板定义见“甲板结构”）、甲板命名 舱壁：按方向分横舱壁、纵舱壁（其他分类方式见“舱壁结构”）。★船底、舷侧、舭部构成船壳板 2、上层建筑 定义： 分类：长上层建筑、短上层建筑（定义） 组成：首楼、尾楼、桥楼（位置、作用）、甲板室（长甲板室、短甲板室） ★桅屋属于短甲板室 上层建筑各层甲板：艇甲板、罗经甲板 3、舱室名称 机舱、货舱、压载舱、深舱（定义）、其他舱室 ★隔离空舱（干隔舱）：仅有一个肋骨间距的空舱 二、船舶主要标志
1、球鼻首和首侧推器标志：位置（前、后） 2、吃水标志：公制/英制（10cm/6英尺），★读取 3、甲板线标志：尺寸（300mm×25mm）、★位置 ★4、载重线标志：位置、堪划要求、字母涵义、丈量最小干舷 5、其他标志： 船名船籍港标志：船名字高比船首字高小10%-20%；船籍港字高为船名字高60%-70% 烟囱标志：位置 分舱与顶推位置标志：位置、形状 引航员登离船标志：上白下红 船舶识别号：100总吨及以上客船/300总吨及以上货船，位置 公司名称标志： 第二节船舶尺度与船舶吨位 一、船舶尺度 分为：最大尺度、船型尺度、登记尺度
雨巷·路灯下的小姑娘诗歌
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忧郁着诉说往事的凄凉 哦，长长的雨巷 弯弯的雨巷 没有尽头的雨巷！ 雨巷里的青石碎砖， 总是令人难忘; 雨巷里的丁香 总是令人回想 你就如一片云雾，穿一身白裙 执一把红伞，捧一束丁香 走在雨巷里，走在路灯下 你数着脚下的石块 任泪水伴着雨水，流过脸庞 你仰望雨中的路灯 泪水便闪闪发光 哦，路灯下的小姑娘 究竟是谁让你如此心伤 是谁，让你把美丽和痛苦一起收藏 什么时候，你才能走过长长的雨巷 什么时候，你才能走出高高厚墙 雨巷悠长，夜灯昏黄 你扶着厚墙，踩着青石，踩着破碎的雨浪 你执着小伞，踏着灯光，踏进别人的梦乡 没有星星，没有月亮 风中的承诺雨中的誓言 让你在苦涩中品尝 风在告诉你，等待只会荒芜青春 雨在提醒你，寻找只是浪费时光 哦，路灯下的小姑娘 你是一只鸟，却不能飞翔 你是一叶舟，却不能起航 路灯下的小姑娘 你是一朵花，为何不连同心雨一起开放？ 你是一片云，为何不飘进生命的温柔港？ 路灯下的小姑娘 究竟是谁让你如此的牵肚挂肠 负心的人，拿什么给你补偿？ 雨巷昏暗，路灯悠长
机械类外文文献
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Nothing is impossible to a willing heart
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart 第一篇 1、想你，是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅，心里面，却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。 It is graceful grief and sweet sadness to think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can’t be expressed with any choice of words. 2、你知道思念一个人的滋味吗，就像喝了一大杯冰水，然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。Do you understand the feeling of missing someone? It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears. 3、我知道你最喜欢这首歌，我也知道你的心思，我想你。 I know you like this song most and I know what you are thinking about ,too, I miss you . 4、常常想起曾和你在一起的那些日子。开心、快乐、幸福、失落、伤心、痛苦的所有日子。很想你，很想你…… Those days when we were together appear in my mind time after time, because they were so joyful, happy, blest, disappointing, sad and painful. I miss you ,and miss you so much…… 5、你知道么，有个人时时想念着你，惦记你，你含笑的眼睛，象星光闪闪，缀在我的心幕上，夜夜亮晶晶。 Do you know there is someone thinking of you and caring you all the time ? Your smiling eyes are just like the sparkling stars hanging on the curtain of my heart. 6、心要让你听见，爱要让你看见，不怕承认对你有多眷恋；想你的时候，盼你能收到我的真情留言！ Listening to my heart beating. Seeing how much I love you ,I dare to admit how much I love you .When thinking of you, I hope you can receive the passionate words I left for you! 7、千万个思念，在空气中凝固。扬起风吹向你，带着我的祝福，寂寞我不在乎，你快乐我就满足，想你是我的幸福！ Thousand of time I have thought of you .My heart is going high into the air and flying with my blessing towards you I don’t care loneliness. I am satisfied when you are happy and I am happy when I think of you! 8、不是因为寂寞才想你，是因为想你才寂寞。孤独的感觉之所以如此之重，只是因为太想你。 I miss you not because of my loneliness but I do feel lonely when I miss you. Only when I miss you deeply I feel so lonely. 9、长长的思念，就像风筝断了线，飘啊飘啊，飘到你的身边。
《船舶结构与设备》_第四章_题库
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B．每10m钢丝绳重量（kg） C．每50m钢丝绳重量（kg） D．每100m钢丝绳重量（kg） 答案：D 8)7×19的钢丝绳为________钢丝绳。 A．硬 B．软 C．半硬 D．A、C都对 答案：A 9)化纤缆的规格用直径表示时单位为________，用周径表示时单位为________。A．mm；in B．in；mm C．mm；mm D．in；in 答案：A 10)半硬钢丝绳常用于做________。 A．静索 B．拖缆或系船缆 C．绑扎 D．大桅支索 答案：B 11)钢丝缆中油麻心的作用是________。 ①使缆绳变软便于操作；②起软垫作用减少缆绳内部摩擦；③防锈和润滑缆绳内部；④减轻缆绳重量。 A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①③④ D．①②③④ 答案：A 12)各种不同规格钢丝缆的重量可用公式W＝0.0035d2估算，其中W的含义是________。A．每米钢丝缆的重量（kg） B．每10m钢丝缆的重量（kg） C．每50m钢丝缆的重量（kg） D．每100m钢丝缆的重量（kg） 答案：A 13)缆绳的长度一般以每捆220m计算，但也有每捆以________计算的。 A．100m B．200m C．300m D．500m 答案：D 14)缆绳的粗细一般以________来衡量的。 A．直径 B．周径 C．半径
适合小学生听的歌曲
1.蜗牛与黄鹂鸟 2. 吉祥三宝 3. 童年 4. 采蘑菇的小姑娘 5. 让我们荡起双浆 6. 龙珠 7. 雪绒花 8. 路灯下的小姑娘 9. 蜗牛 10. 数鸭子 11. 犬夜叉 12. 虫儿飞 13. 灌篮高手 14. 生日快乐 15. 西游记 16. 月亮船 17. 明天会更好 18. 茉莉花 19. 娃娃 20. 三只熊 21. 加油歌 22. 同一首歌 23. 名侦探柯南 24. 世上只有妈妈好 25. 蚂蚁 26. 摇篮曲 27. 橄榄树 28. 牧羊曲 29. 卓玛 30. 红蜻蜓 31. 兰花草 32. 鲁冰花 33. 光阴的故事 34. 送别 35. 祝你生日快乐 36. 晓之车 37. 四季歌 38. 友谊地久天长 39. 小蜜蜂 40. 外婆的澎湖湾 41. 生日歌 42. 两只老虎 43. 圣斗士星矢 44. 青春舞曲 45. 小燕子 46. 妈妈的吻 47. 春光美 48. 叮咚 49. 小草 50. 花仙子 51. 月光光 52. 小白船 53. 百变小樱 54. 猫和老鼠 55. 樱桃小丸子 56. 欢乐颂 57. 乌兰巴托的爸爸 58. 想大声说爱你 59. 健康歌 60. 浏阳河 61. 蓝精灵 62. 直到世界的尽头 63. 我爱洗澡 64. 摇啊摇 65. 黑猫警长 66. 毕业歌 67. 小毛驴 68. 小背篓 69. 多啦A梦 70. 打电话 71. 捉泥鳅 72. 美少女战士 73. 白龙马 74. 浪客剑心 75. 友谊之光 76. 我的朋友 77. 七子之歌 78. 铃儿响叮当 79. 新世纪福音战士 80. 萤火虫 81. 草原夜色美 82. 好朋友 83. 小叮当 84. 歌声与微笑 85. 蜗牛的家 86. 幽灵公主 87. 小小少年 88. 泥娃娃 89. 葫芦娃 90. 变形金刚 91. 春天在哪里 92. 小螺号 93. 三月里的小雨 94. 小星星 95. 野菊花 96. 聪明的一休 97. 小龙人 98. 红星照我去战斗 99. 娃哈哈 100. 花儿与少年 101. 听妈妈讲那过去的事情 102. 小红帽 103. 齐天大圣 104. 三个和尚 105. 床前明月光 106. 种太阳 107. 读书郎 108. 卖报歌 109. 我爱北京天安门 110. 哪吒 111. 找朋友 112. 猪你生日快乐 113. 月儿弯弯 114. 小兔子乖乖 115. 学习雷锋好榜样 116. 大海啊故乡 117. 凤阳花鼓 118. 路灯下的小女孩 119. 跷跷板 120. 乡间的小路 121. 半个月亮爬上来 122. 小白菜 123. 有一个美丽的传说 124. 丢手绢 125. 新年好 126. 上学歌 127. 牧歌 128. 风之彩 129. 翘翘板 130. 新年快乐 131. 拔萝卜 132. 草原牧歌 133. 济公 134. 只要我长大 135. 铁臂阿童木 136. 丑小鸭 137. 稍息立正站好 138. 哆来咪 139. 小放牛 140. 歌唱二小放牛郎 141. 石头剪刀布 142. 恭喜恭喜 143. 秀逗魔导士 144. 好爸爸坏爸爸 145. 小二郎 146. 一分钱 147. 又唱浏阳河 148. 只凝视着你 149. 字母歌 150. 奇异恩典 151. 豆豆龙 152. 当我们同在一起 153. 布娃娃 154. 泼水歌 155. 捕捉闪耀的瞬间 156. 小鸭子 157. 劳动最光荣 158. 打起手鼓唱起歌 159. 长城谣 160. 欢聚一堂 161. 采茶歌 162. 小老鼠上灯台 163. 听妈妈讲那过去的故事 164. 拍手歌 165. 圣斗士冥王篇 166. 我在马路边捡到一分钱 167. 少年英雄小哪吒 168. 粉刷匠 169. 海边 170. 踏雪寻梅 171. 我们是共产主义接班人 172. 校园的早晨
航海概论教学大纲
《航海概论》课程教学大纲 一、本课程的性质和目的 《航海概论》课程是一门理性和实践性很强的综合性学科，涉及的内容及其广泛。本书针对船舶驾驶专业所必须了解和掌握的航海基本原理和基础知识进行介绍，力求简明扼要，由浅入深，内容新颖，重点突出，篇幅适中，使读者易于接受，便于掌握。 本课程是根据高等海运院校船舶驾驶专业的特点和需要而设置的，是船舶驾驶专业了解航海的船员组织、职责和船舶常识及航行的特点、操纵要点的主要途径，是船舶驾驶专业学生必备的知识。 本课程也做为其它有关专业学生了解航海知识的一门选修课。 二、课程简介 本书共分为五章节。第一章讲述船员组织、船员职责和船员的职业资格；第二章讲述船舶常识、船舶设备和船舶的航行性能；第三章讲述航海基础知识，包括地理坐标、航向与方位、能见距离、航速和航程、时间系统、航标、航海图书资料以及气象与海况；第四章讲述船舶航行中的航行计划、值班、通信、定位、操纵与避碰以及特殊航行方法；第五章讲述海上运输和船舶营运方式、主要货运单证、货物配载和装卸以及航行途中货物的保管等。 三、课程教学内容 第一章船员 第一节船员组织 第二节船员的职责 第三节船员的职业资格 第二章船舶
第一节船舶常识 第二节船舶设备 第三节船舶的航行性能 第三章航海基础知识 第一节地理坐标 第二节航向与方位 第三节能见距离 第四节航速与航程 第五节时间系统 第六节航标 第七节航海图书资料 第八节气象与海况 第四章船舶航行 第一节航行计划 第二节航行值班 第三节船舶通信 第四节船舶定位 第五节船舶操纵和避碰 第六节特殊航行方法 第五章海上运输业务 第一节海上运输和船舶营运方式第二节海上主要货运单证 第三节货物配载和装卸 第四节航行途中的货物保管
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology(机械类英文文献+翻译)
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
基于性能导航运行的管制工作负荷分析
基于性能导航运行的管制工作负荷分析 摘要 由于区域导航程序点对点直飞操作时间稍长，但远距离引导精度更高，通话量更少，管制员 思考和判断时间更短。而且区域导航程序较高的导航精度能够确保航空器保持精确航迹，雷 达显示屏上雷达航迹更加清晰、规律，能够有效减轻管制员扫视强度，缓解视觉疲劳。管制 员只需要干预航空器的速度和高度，可以把更多精力用到对间隔的准确调配上，有助于加速 飞行流量，节省管制间隔，同时也减轻了工作负荷，避免频率拥挤。而且区域导航技术以飞 行员沿程序自主飞行为主、管制员监控为辅，可以有效减少陆空通话数量以及指令复诵错误。关键词：基于性能导航管制运行负荷分析 引言 随着全球航空业的飞速发展，空中交通流量急剧增加，基于传统运行方式的航路结构难 以满足航班量增加的要求，航路和终端区空中交通拥堵的现象时有发生，影响了飞行安全， 降低了运行效益。为此，国际民航组织提出了基于性能的导航的概念，在这个概念的影响下，全球航空运输发生了巨大变化，产生了全球统一标准的大地坐标系 WGS-84 坐标系，进行了 空域再设计，调整了适航批准的方式，以研讨会的形式对相关人员进行培训，产生了很好的 效益。研究管制员工作负荷对于空域容量、空域利用率以及空域的安全等有重要意义。 一 PBN 的概念及主要因素 PBN是指在相应的导航基础设施条件下，航空器在指定的空域内或者沿航路、仪表飞行 程序飞行时，对系统精确性、完好性、可用性、连续性以及功能等方面的性能要求，PBN的 引入体现了导航方式从基于设备的导航到基于性能导航的转变。由于 PBN 产生于 RNAV 和RNP 的基础之上，因此，RNAV 和 RNP 的所有技术标准都包括在 PBN 中，包括了飞行的所有 阶段。针对 RNP 的不足，PBN 还加强了对协同概念的描述，提供了完整和详细的导航标准， 并描绘了未来 PBN 标准及导航应用发展的全球框架，使PBN 系统使用的方式更明确，RNAV 和 RNP 是 PBN 中最关键的要素。 PBN 与通信（C）导航（N）监视（S）和空中交通管理系统（ATM）协同工作，共同构建了 空域的概念，PBN 运行的三个基础要素是：导航应用；导航标准；导航设施。导航标准是在 已确定的空域范围内对飞机和飞行机组提出的一系列要求，它定义了实施 PBN 所需要的性能 及具体功能要求，同时也确定了导航源和设备的选择方式。PBN 包含两类基本导航标准：区 域导航（RNAV）和所需导航性能（RNP）。国家一般将导航标准作为其适航和运行批准的基础。导航标准包括 PBN 系统在精确性、完整性、可用性和连续性方面要求，PBN 导航标准包 括 RNP 标准和 RNAV标准，RNP 标准包括完备的 RAIM 要求，RNAV 标准不包括此内容，目前，RNAV 和RNP 标准的精度要求只是在横向和纵向两个维度上，不包括纵向的飞行技术容差（FTE)。RNP 标准用 RNP-X 来表示，如 RNP-1；RNAV 标准表示为 RNAV-X，如 RNAV-1，其中，X 代表以海里为单位的横向导航精度，要求飞机至少 95％的飞行时间内能在规定的空域、航 路或飞行程序范围内飞行。 二国内管制员工作负荷评估发展概况 国内在管制员的工作负荷及空域规划方面的研究开展相对较晚。工作负荷方面的研究， 主要是在人为因素方面的研究涉及对于管制员工作负荷，进行有关探讨。韩松臣等针对广州 管制区，对于管制员工作负荷进行定量统计，采用国际上较为成熟的主观容量评估方法DORATASK 方法，进行扇区容量评估实验；邢诒吉采用修改的 MBB 方法，评估扇区内管制员 管制一架飞机的工作负荷，用总的滞留时间除以单架航空器的管制负荷来得到扇区的容量。 万莉莉采用对管制员工作内容进行分类的方法，评估每个扇区内管制员的工作负荷，用最繁 忙时段的管制员工作负荷值所对应的航空器数量得到扇区的容量。 三管制员工作负荷的影响因素 管制员在管制航空器时，管制过程会受到管制区内各种各样的内在和外在因素的影响， 从而导致管制员工作负荷发生相应地变化。 3.1影响管制员工作负荷的因素分析
机械类英文参考文献
Int J Interact Des Manuf(2011)5:103–117 DOI10.1007/s12008-011-0119-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Benchmarking of virtual reality performance in mechanics education Maura Mengoni·Michele Germani· Margherita Peruzzini Received:27April2011/Accepted:29April2011/Published online:27May2011 ?Springer-Verlag2011 Abstract The paper explores the potentialities of virtual reality(VR)to improve the learning process of mechanical product design.It is focused on the definition of a proper experimental VR-based set-up whose performance matches mechanical design learning purposes,such as assemblability and tolerances prescription.The method consists of two main activities:VR technologies benchmarking based on sensory feedback and evaluation of how VR tools impact on learning curves.In order to quantify the performance of the technol-ogy,an experimental protocol is de?ned and an testing plan is set.Evaluation parameters are divided into performance and usability metrics to distinguish between the cognitive and technical aspects of the learning process.The experi-mental VR-based set up is tested on students in mechanical engineering through the application of the protocol. Keywords Mechanical product design·Virtual reality·Experimental protocol·Learning curve· Mechanics education 1Introduction Modern society is dominated by continuous scienti?c and technical developments.Specialization has become one of the most important enablers for industrial improvement.As a result,nowadays education is more and more job-oriented and technical education is assuming greater importance.In this context both university and industry are collaborating to create high professional competencies.The?rst disseminates M.Mengoni(B)·M.Germani·M.Peruzzini Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche,60131Ancona,Italy e-mail:m.mengoni@univpm.it knowledge and innovative methods while the second pro-vides a practical background for general principles training. The main problem deals with the effort and time required to improve technical learning,while market competitiveness forces companies to demand young and high-quali?ed engi-neers in short time.Therefore,the entire educational process needs to be fast and ef?cient.Novel information technolo-gies(IT)and emerging virtual reality(VR)systems provide a possible answer to the above-mentioned questions.Some of the most important issues,in mechanical design?eld,are the investigation of such technologies potentialities and the evaluation of achievable bene?ts in terms of product design learning effectiveness and quality.While IT has been deeply explored in distance education,i.e.e-learning,VR still rep-resents a novelty. VR refers to an immersive environment that allows pow-erful visualization and direct manipulation of virtual objects. It is widely used for several engineering applications as it provides novel human computer interfaces to interact with digital mock-ups.The close connection between industry and education represents the starting point of this research. Instead of traditional teaching methods,virtual technolo-gies can simultaneously stimulate the senses of vision by providing stereoscopic imaging views and complex spatial effects,of touch,hearing and motion by respectively adopt-ing haptic,sound and motion devices.These can improve the learning process in respect with traditional teaching meth-ods and tools.The observation of students interpreting two-dimensional drawings highlighted several dif?culties:the impact evaluation of geometric and dimensional tolerances chains,the detection of functional and assembly errors,the recognition of right design solutions and the choice of the proper manufacturing operations.These limitations force tutors to seek for innovative technologies able to improve students’perception.