现代大学英语精读第一册

Lesson Three Message of the Land

Teaching Objectives:

A.To know the background information about the author, and the style of

this text.

B.To acquire the key words, important and difficult sentences and

language points

C.To understand and master the usage of the basic rhetorical devices:

simile and metaphor

D.To understand the connotation of the title and main idea of the text. Teaching Procedure:

I.Pre-task

1. Warm up

Individual questions:

The title “Message of the Land’means that land can convey something to people. Then what does land convey to people, or what role does land play in people’s daily life in your mind?

What is people’s attitude to land nowadays?

2. Background information:

The author:

Pira Sudham(1942~)is an English writer in Thailand . He was born in a poor family in rural Esarn, in the northeast of the country. At the age of 14, he traveled to Bangkok to become a temple boy, a servant to the monks. He continued to study and won entrance to Thailand’s top University, Chulalongkorn. He later won a New Zealand government scholarship which allowed him to travel from New Zealand to Australia, China’s Hong Kong and Europe. Pira Sudham never forgets Esarn, where he experienced poverty and injustices in his early years, and which became the background for many of his short stories and novels. His novel Monsoon

Country made him a nominee for the 1990 Nobel Prize for the literature. This text is adapted from the farmer and his wife in guidebook to better reading series published in 1982.

The city: Bangkok

Bangkok, population 8,538,610 (1990), is the capital and largest city of Thailand. The city is located on the east bank of the Chao Phraya River, near the Gulf of Thailand. Bangkok is one of the fastest-growing, most economically dynamic and socially progressive cities in Southeast Asia. Local people like to think that it is emerging as a regional centre to rival Singapore and Hong Kong, but it suffers from

major infrastructure and social problems as a result of its rapid growth. It is also one of the world's most popular tourist destinations.

Bangkok is the economic center of Thailand. The Chao Phraya River allows Bangkok to function as a port. The Stock Exchange of Thailand is located in Bangkok. Tourism is a major source of revenue. The city contains many Buddhist temples (known in Thai as Wats), among the best known being Wat Pho and Wat Arun.

Thailand Buddhism

Buddhism is Thailand's main religion. 94% of Thai people are Buddhist. The other are Muslim, Catholic or Chinese. Buddhism was born 2,546 years ago (the official year in Thailand is the year 2003 and the traditional year is the year 2546). Buddhism is linked with the historical Indian prince, Siddharta Gautama, who became the Buddha and reached the enlightenment. Now his teachings are still followed. His teachings say that people suffer because they are attached to material things, to women or men by heart links. These links cause suffer, jealousy so pain. People are never satisfied, . they want more money, more power. The aim of Buddhism is to get rid of these pains and of these links. There are several kinds of Buddhism. Thai Buddhism is called Theravada Buddhism.

Quote from the author:

The following is a part of the author’s remarks, based on which we can have a glimpse of the poor of Tailand.

“If I had not left my village then, I would have been subject like most villagers, to the mercy of nature: floods, drought, disease, ignorance and scarcity. With endurance, I would have accepted them as my own fate, as something I can not go against in this life.”

II. Task cycle:

Theme of the text:

The text tells about the deep regret of the old people over the loss of traditional values and the way of life.

Structure of the text:

The text can be divided into two parts:

Part I (paras 1-7): about the interview of wife.

Part II: (paras. 8—11) about the farmer’s speech

In-class discussion:

Question: What kind of writing does this text belong to?

Answer: This text is an essay in a very broad sense of the word, or rather an interview. It is written down by the writer who interviewed

a farmer and his wife.(Since the World War II it has become

popular for writers to interview people, record what they say and,

after some, not too much, editing, publish these people’s

stories in book form.)

Question: What are stylistic features of essay?

Answer: Generally speaking, the style of essay is colloquial. The language is straightforward. The sentences are short and words are small

and easy, which help readers to understand what’s going on. Questions in mind:

What do we learn from the old couple in the interview? What are their characteristics?

What problems does the old couple meet with?

What is the root of the problem?

Are there any effective ways to solve the problem?

Detailed study of the Text:

1). They belonged to my parents and forefathers. (para1)

to belong to sb: to be owned by sb.

“Yes, these are our rice fields. They belonged to my parents and forefathers. The land is more than three centuries old.”

Question: In the first paragraph,why does the wife start her conversation with the talk about the land?

Answer: The wife has already regarded the land as part of her life. This is the land where her parents and forefathers lived and it is bound

with family history and tradition. It represents the root of her

family.

2). …it was I who stayed with my parents till they died. (para1) Sentence structure: the emphatic structure.

Pattern: it is \was …that\who…

Function: to emphasize some parts in a sentence,

. the subject.

It was the policeman that/who caught a pickpocket on No. 933 bus yesterday.

. the object.

It was a pickpocket that the policeman caught on No. 933 bus yesterday. . the adverbial

It was on bus that the policeman caught a pickpocket yesterday. (the adverbial of place)

It was yesterday that the policeman caught a pickpocket on No. 933 bus. (the adverbial of time)

Task: Make sentence according to each pattern

3). My husband moved into my house as is the way with us in Esarn. (para 1)

“As”introduces a defining relative clause, and functions as its subject, representing what is stated in the main clauses.

More examples:

As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. (as-----subject of

the clause)

As is often the case, the boy was late for class. (as-----subject

of the clause)

Question: What is the cultural connotation in this sentence?

Answer: When we got married) my husband came to live in our house. It was the tradition here in Esarn that the bridegroom should come to live with the bride’s family.

4). The rest, two boys and two girls, went away as soon as we could afford to buy jeans for them. ( para 1)

the rest (of sth): the remaining people or things; the others

. 其中一本书比较难，其他的简单。

One of the books is quite difficult; the rest are easy.

to afford sth.\to do sth.: to have enough money to buy or to do sth.

. 目前，我负担不起去欧洲旅行。

At the moment, I can’t afford a trip to Europe.

two boys and two girls: used as the appositive of “the rest”

More examples:

Your father, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that was offered him.

Playing football, his only interest in life, brought him many friends.

A dry lightning storm, that is, a thunderstorm without rain, started

a fire in a remote part of the forest in August.

The whole sentence: Our other children—two boys and two girls—left as soon as we

had the money to buy them jeans.

5). They come to see us now and then, stay a few days, and then they are off again. (para 2)

(every) now and then: from time to time; now and again; occasionally stay a few days: Here the phrase “a few days” is used adverbially. be off: be away from a place,

6). …and tell us that they are doing well. I know this is not always true. (para 2)

The whole sentence: …although they always tell us that everything is fine with them,

I know they also have difficulties and problems. They just do not tell

us because they

do not want us to worry.

7) …it is like a knife piercing my heart. (para 2)

The whole sentence: When I hear about their hardships, I feel very bad.

8) It’s easier for my husband. He has ears which don’t hear, a mouth which doesn’t speak, and eyes that don’t see. (para2)

Sentence structure: These three clauses are all restrictive relative clause and they are the parallel structure.

The whole sentence: News about my children’s problems doesn’t make my husband

as sad as me. He doesn’t bother about what is happening around us and to our

children. He never says anything about them.

9) He has always been patient and silent, minding his own life. (para2) mind: take care of; attend to

“minding his own life”: this present participle phrase functioning as adverbial of accompanying circumstances

The whole sentence He’s always been patient and talks little. He just does his duty

and carries on his life.

Cf. “ mind one’s own business” ----------＞“don’t interfere”10) Our piece of land is small, and it is no longer fertile, bleeding year after year and, like us, getting old and exhausted. (para 3)

year after year: every year for many years

The whole sentence: Our land is getting poorer with each passing year, like us who are getting old, weak and tired.

“bleeding year after year”:this present participle phrases functions here as a cause.

More example:

They sent us their statement, hoping to get our support.

They went on with their struggle, thinking theirs was a just cause.

Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.

The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, did not fully explain the seriousness of her condition.

“getting old and exhausted”: (rhetorical device) personification Personification:

Definition: Referring to inanimate things or abstractions as if they were human. It is a kind of metaphor.

More examples:

As London increased, however, rank and fashion rolled off to the west, and trade, creeping on at their heels took possession of their deserted abodes.

The youth were singing, laughing and playing the music instruments.

The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touched by merry mood.

How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!

11) … but in a bad year, it’s not only the ploughs that break but our hearts too. (para 3)

it’s not only: a kind of emphatic structure.

break: “break” in this sentence governs both “ploughs” and “hearts”, therefore we call this kind of rhetorical device as syllipsis. Syllipsis (一语双叙)

Definition: a single word is made to modify or govern two or more words in the same sentence.

More examples:

The senator picked up his hat as well as his courage.

COATTAILS: Clothes that fit the man and the times. (Advert. In New York Times Magazine, 1980)

Ten minutes later, the coffee and Commander Dana of Naval Intelligence arrived simultaneously.

蜜蜂是在酿蜜，又是在酿造生活，……

----杨朔《荔枝蜜》

水调数声持酒听，午醉醒来愁未醒。送春出去几时回？临晚镜，伤流景，往事后期空记省。

----张先《天仙子》

第二位汪太太过了门没生孩子，只生病。在家养病反倒把这病养家了，不肯离开她，所以她终年娇弱得很……

----钱钟书《围城》

The whole sentence: … but when there is a drought, the land is so hard that the ploughs break. And we become very, very sad.

Question: Summarize these three paragraphs:

Answer: The wife tells us briefly about her family and how all her children left.

12) Only ten years ago, you could barter for things, but now it’s all cash. (para 4)

The whole sentence: Just ten years ago, we cold exchange one thing for another, but

today we have to use money to get everything we need. (In the past, we were more or

less self-sufficient. But now, we have to buy everything in the market.)

13)Men used to make things with fine bamboo pieces, but no longer. (para 4)

used to do sth….but no longer…: it is often used to show a change

. They used to come and see their parents every week, but no longer.

他们过去每周常来看他们父母，但现在不再了。

The whole sentence: In the past men made fine bamboo crafts but they no longer do that.

14) Shops have sprung up, filled with colorful plastic things and goods we have no use for. (para 4)

to spring up: appear suddenly or develop quickly

to be filled with sth: to be made full of sth.

This past participle phrase functioning as post-modifier to modify “shops”.

More examples:

The men, soaked with sweat from an all-night march, immediately went into action.

The substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.

The book, written in 1957, tells of the struggle of the miners.

to have no use for sth: to not need sth.

This is a relative clause.

当他们的儿子开始上学，他就不再需要玩具了。

When their son started school, he had no use of his toys.

The whole sentence: Many shops appear in a short time. In these shops there are lots of colorful plastic things and things that are useless for us.

15) Those rough fingers and toes are for working in the mud of our rice fields. (para 4)

Question: What is good of painting the nails of my fingers and toes? Answer: Their place is in the paddy fields where I work, so there is no point of making them look pretty.

16) In my day, if I were to … lightning would strike me. (para 4)

in somebody’s day: when somebody was young

The whole sentence: When I was young, I surely would be punished by God if I ever wore the kind of trousers they wear today.

Cultural background:

In Thailand, females wear wrap-around skirts. In some Asian countries, to be stuck dead by lightening is believed to be a punishment by God. Question: What is the topic sentence of Para. 4? What are the supporting details?

Answer: Topic sentence: “… we two haven’t changed much, but the village has.”

Supporting details:

? Cash instead of barter

? Paid help

? Plastic things instead of village crafts

? The old alone on the land

? Young peopl e’s different way of thinking, dressing and behaving

17) I know, times have changed, but certain things should not change. (para 5)

The whole sentence: I know, times have changed, but we shouldn’t give up or

abandon certain things, for example, our duty to our parents, our religious beliefs, our

sympathy for others, etc.

18) Young people tend to leave, and that’s a shame. (para 5)

tend to do sth.: to be likely to do sth. (usually bad)

. It tends to rain.

要下雨。

The whole sentence: It is shameful that young people don’t do these things, thinking that they are only for the old.

Question: What is the function of the first sentence in para. 5? Answer: The first sentence in para. 5 is a transitional sentence. The wife shifts her talk to the things that should not change, which

include people’s worship, and young people’s respect to their

parents and the aged.

19) Why, only the other day I heard a boy shout and scream at his mother. (para 6)

The whole sentence: Recently I heard a boy shout or yell rudely at his mother.

Compare: “to shout at sb”. and “to shout to sb”.

to shout at sb: to speak loudly, often angrily to sb.

. 他经常对妻子大喊大叫，这让她很伤心。

He often shouted at his wife, and this upset her.

to shout to sb: to speak loudly

. Tom 喊Jack 传球。

Tom shouted to Jack to pass the ball.

20) If that kind of thing had happened when I was young, the whole village would have condemned such an ungrateful son, and his father would surely have given him a good beating. (para 6)

had happened ….would have condemned: subjunctive mood, opposite to the past.

It is used in the unreal conditional clauses.

. If I had worked harder, I would have passed the exam.

If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have caught the train. condemn: scold severely

given him a good beating: hit him as a punishment

The whole sentence: In my day if a boy had screamed at his mother, the whole

village would have scolded him for his lack of gratitude, and his father would

certainly have punished him.

21) As for me, I wouldn’t change, couldn’t change even if I wanted to. (para 7)

as for sb./ sth.: used when you start to talk about something new that is connected with what you have been talking about.,

. Labor is cheap. Land is available. As for money, we can borrow from the bank.

劳动力便宜。土地可用。至于钱，我们从银行贷款。

even if: in spite of the fact or belief that,

. 即便我有钱，我也不买那种东西。

Even if I had money, I wouldn’t buy a thing like that.

The whole sentence: I don’t think that I would change like that, and it would be

impossible for me to change even if I wanted to.

Question: What characteristic of the old woman could we see from this sentence?

Answer: This implies that it is not easy for her to change her ways and her beliefs of her lifetime.

22）This question has never occurred to me. （para 7）

to occur to sb.: (of an idea or thought) to come into sb’s mind.

. 当我上网的时候，有了一个好想法。

An happy thought occurred to me while I was surfing the Internet.

The whole sentence: I’ve never asked myself/ thought about this question—whether or not I am happy.

23) Yes, this bag of bones dressed in rags can still plant and reap rice from morning till dusk. (para 7)

bag of bones: very thin. It is the use of metaphor, as thin as a bag of bones.

Metaphor: 隐喻

Definition: A metaphor is also a comparison. The difference is that a simile compares things explicitly—that is, it states literally that X is like Y.

A metaphor compares things implicitly. Read literally, it does not state that things are alike; it says that they are the same thing, that they are identical.

Pattern：

Task: Find more metaphors in this text.

The whole sentence: It’s true I’m not strong and my clothes are full of holes, but I can still work in the rice fields all day.

24) Disease, wounds, hardships ….I don’t complain. (para 7)

The whole sentence: All my life I have suffered from disease, wounds, hardships and shortage, and I’ve become used to them. I don’t complain because I know such is life. Life is always a fierce struggle. Question: What is the general idea of para 4 to para 7?

Answer: This part focuses on the changes that she finds she can’t adjust to.

Question: How does the wife present her speech? What is her attitude toward the changes around her?

Answer: By comparison/contrast and exemplification, the wife presents her idea of this changing world. She dislikes the changes around her.

She won’t accept the changes and even refuses to change with the life.

Question: Find the evidences of comparison/contrast and exemplification in the text.

25) My eyes do see—they see more than they should. My ears do hear—they hear more than is good for me. (para 8)

the two “do”: “do” is used to emphasize verb

“more than is good”: is the same as “more than what is good”. More examples:

He drank more than (what) was good for him.

Kate meant more than (what) was said.

Some of the stories were really more than (what) could be believed. The whole sentence: I’m not what my wife says I am. I do see and hear—I see and hear too much evil, too many ugly and terrible things, things that

I wish I did not have to see and hear. And this is not good for me.

26) I don’t talk about what I know because I know too much. I know for example, greed, anger, and lust are the root of evil. (para 8)

The whole sentence:I’m silent because I don’t want to talk about what

I know—I know these things (i,e, greed, anger, lust) lead to evil.

27) I know every inch of it. (para 10)

The whole sentence: I know our land thoroughly/ inside out.

28）Still the land could not tie them down or call them back. （para 10）to tie somebody down: to restrict somebody’s freedom.

. She doesn’t want children because she says they tie you down.

她不想要孩子，就因为她总说孩子会束缚她的自由。

The whole sentence: My children grew up and had happy days on this land. But this couldn’t prevent them from leaving or make them return.

29) When each of them has a pair of jeans, they are off like birds on the wing. (para 10)

The whole sentence: As soon as they have the chance to go to the cities to enjoy the modern way of life, they just go away.

a pair of jeans: here the jeans symbolizes being modern.

“like birds”: it is the use of simile

Simile: 明喻

Definition: A simile consists of two parts: tenor (本体)and vehicle （喻体）. The tenor is the primary subject; the vehicle is the thing to which the main subject is compared to.

Task: Find more examples in the text about simile. Question : What can be inferred from para. 10? Answer: The farmer is very traditional. He still clings to the

conventional idea of having a big family with children around him. Because of his strong attachment to the land, he wants his children to follow in his footsteps and be content with the farming life.

30) Sickness comes and goes, and we get back on our feet again. (para 11) The whole sentence: We often fall ill, and then we are well again and able to stand up and go about our business.

31) It’s good to smell the scent of ripening rice in November. The soft cool breeze moves the sheaves, which ripple and shimmer like waves of gold. (para11)

ripening: gerund functioning as modifier

They were infuriated by this insulting demand.

No soaking rain fell in the period.

Our industry is developing at an astonishing speed.

like waves of gold: a simile

reference/ vehicle simile marker subject / tenor a snail. as (slow) as The data processing (is going on) ripe apples (on a windy day.) like Records (fell)

which ripple and shimmer like waves of gold: non-restrictive relative clause

The whole sentence: The ripening rice is so pleasant to smell in November. In the soft cool breeze, the sheaves move and shine in the sun like a golden sea.

32) Yes, I love this land and I hope one of my children comes back one day to live, and gives me grandchildren so that I can pass on the land’s secret message to them. (para 11)

to pass on: hand or give sth. to sb

The whole sentence: Yes, I love this land and I hope one of my children returns one day to live on it, and produces a lot of grandchildren for me so that I can tell them what this land means to us. It is our history, our culture, our tradition, and our life.

Question: What is the main idea of the second part?

Answer: The farmer tells about what he thinks are the root of all evils and what joys he finds in life and farming.

Question: What can we learn from the last paragraph?

Answer: The farmer nurses a strong love towards the land. He loves the feeling when tilling the land and the smell and sight when the

rice on the land is ripening. He feels so close to the land that

he can even read the message of the land. He strongly hopes that

one day he can pass on the land’s secret message to his

grandchildren.

Style: essay (in a very broad sense or interview

The interviewees: a farmer and his wife

(Note: Since the World War II it has become popular for writers to interview people,

record what they say and, after some, not too much, editing, publish these people’s

stories in book form.)

Stylistic feature

straightforward language colloquial short sentences

small and easy words

现代大学英语精读1课本内容及翻译

Lesson Eight The Kindness of Strangers Mike Mclntyre 1. One summer I was driving from my home town of Tahoe City, Calif, to New Orleans. In the middle of the desert, I came upon a young man standing by the roadside. He had his thumb out and held a gas can in his other hand. I drove right by him. There was a time in the country when you' d be considered a jerk if you passed by somebody in need. Now you are a fool for helping. With gangs, drug addicts, murderers, rapists, thieves lurking everywhere, "I don't want to get involved" has become a national motto. 2. Several states later I was still thinking about the hitchhiker. Leaving him stranded in the desert did not bother me so much. What bothered me was how easily I had reached the decision. I never even lifted my foot off the accelerator. 3. Does anyone stop any more? I wondered. I recalled Blanche DuBois's famous line: "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers." Could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers these days? One way to test this would be for a person to journey from coast to coast without any money, relying solely on the good will of his fellow Americans. What kind of Americans would he find? Who would feed him, shelter him, carry him down the road? 4. The idea intrigued me. 5. The week I turned 37, I realized that I had never taken a gamble in my life. So I decided to travel from the Pacific to the Atlantic without a penny. It would be a cashless journey through the land of the almighty dollar. I would only accept offers of rides, food and a place to rest my head. My final destination would be Cape Fear in North Carolina, a symbol of all the fears I'd have to conquer during the trip. 6. I rose early on September 6, 1994, and headed for the Golden Gate Bridge with a 50-pound pack on my back and a sign displaying my destination to passing vehicles: "America." 7. For six weeks I hitched 82 rides and covered 4223 miles across 14 states. As I traveled, folks were always warning me about someplace else. In Montana they told me to watch out for the cowboys in Wyoming, In Nebraska they said people would not be as nice in Iowa. Yet I was treated with kindness everywhere I went. I was amazed by people's readiness to help a stranger, even when it seemed to run contrary to their own best interests. 8. One day in Nebraska a car pulled to the road shoulder. When I reached the window, I saw two little old ladies dressed in their Sunday finest." I know you're not supposed to pick up hitchhikers, but it's so far between towns out here, you feel bad passing a person," said the driver, who introduced herself as Vi. I didn't know whether to kiss them or scold them for stopping. This woman was telling me she'd rather risk her life than feel bad about passing a stranger on the side of the road. 9. Once when I was hitchhiking unsuccessfully in the rain, a trucker pulled over, locking his brakes so hard he skidded on the grass shoulder. The driver told me he was once robbed at knifepoint by a hitchhiker. "But I hate to see a man stand out in the rain," he added. "People don't have no heart anymore." 10. I found, however, that people were generally compassionate. Hearing I had no money and would take none, people bought me food or shared whatever they happened to have with them. Those who had the least to give often gave the most. In Oregon a house painter named Mike noted the chilly weather and asked if I had a coat. When he learned that I had "a light one," he drove me to his house, and handed me a big green army-style jacket. A lumber-mill worker named Tim invited me to a simple dinner with his family in their shabby house. Then he offered me his tent. I refused, knowing it was probably one of the family's most valuable possessions. But Tim was determined that I have it, and finally I agreed to take it. 11. I was grateful to all the people I met for their rides, their food, their shelter, and their gifts. But what I found most touching was the fact that they all did it as a matter of course.

现代大学英语精读单词

U n i t 1 Baptist counsel encyclopedia agenda attitudinal contribute crisis endeavor ethical ethnic masculine resentment evaluate feminine adulthood option perceive project excessive functional genetic inherit interaction peer process stressful endowment ethnic adolescence affirm approval unquestionably heighten inhibition internalize newscast

rebel seminary theological wardrobe unit4 bearded Cynicism elegant guffaw lunatic monarch page pebble scant scratch block elaborately fountain half-naked nudge olive paradox privacy scoop squatter stroll titter sweat unit5 abundance adapt angler biocide birch bound built-in

chorus colossal confined considerable throb trout vegetation migrant suppress synthetic contamination counterpart deliberate ecologist evolve fern flame flicker gear harmony immune reserve score sicken span spiral subject mold outbreak potent primitive puzzle rapidity resurgence midst modify organism

现代大学英语精读1 UNIT5 The Nightingale and the Rose 课文翻译

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U n i t1H a l f a d a y 教学目的 1. 了解作者及其背景知识； 2．熟悉本文使用的写作手法； 3．掌握修辞疑问句、倒装句等修辞手法； 4．熟练掌握三类构词法； 5．通过深刻理解文章内涵，培养学生社会洞察力和相关的讨论能力，同时掌握文中的核心语言点。 教学内容 1. 热身 2．作者 教育与背景 主要着作 创作观 3．作品赏析 结构分析 如何赏析文学作品 扩展式讨论 4．写作技巧 省略疑问句和修辞疑问句 倒装句 “with”独立结构 5．语言理解 长难句解析 核心词汇学习 band, convince, daze, exert, intricate, observe, overlook, rank, revolve, startle, uviverse, vary 介词练习 构词法：-tion; -volve; -ly 6．课堂讨论 7．练与讲 教学重点 1. 文学作品的赏析； 2．文学中的修辞手法――省略疑问句和修辞疑问句；倒装句；“with”独立结构 3．构词法：前缀 教学方法结合实际吸收各种教学法（讲授、问答、讨论、模仿、练习、多媒体使用）的优点。 教学手段用投影仪播放PowerPoint课件及板书；群发电子邮件布置课堂资料和课后作业（或其来源）。 ⅠAbout the author ★ Naguib Mahfouz was born on the 11th Dec. 1911 in an old quarter of Cairo, the youngest son of a merchant. （mummies and pyramids / sphinx 狮身人面）

现代大学英语精读Book4-Unit6课文

Book 4-Unit 5 Text A The Telephone Anwar F. Accawi 1.When I was growing up in Magdaluna, a small Lebanese village in the terraced, rocky mountains east of Sidon, time didn't mean much to anybody, except maybe to those who were dying. In those days, there was no real need for a calendar or a watch to keep track of the hours, days, months, and years. We knew what to do and when to do it, just as the Iraqi geese knew when to fly north, driven by the hot wind that blew in from the desert. The only timepiece we had need of then was the sun. It rose and set, and the seasons rolled by and we sowed seed and harvested and ate and played and married our cousins and had babies who got whooping cough and chickenpox—and those children who survived grew up and married their cousins and had babies who got whooping cough and chickenpox. We lived and loved and toiled and died without ever needing to know what year it was, or even the time of day. 2.It wasn't that we had no system for keeping track of time and of the important events in our lives. But ours was a natural or, rather, a divine — calendar, because it was framed by acts of God: earthquakes and droughts and floods and locusts and pestilences. Simple as our calendar was, it worked just fine for us. 3.Take, for example, the birth date of Teta Im Khalil, the oldest woman in Magdaluna and all the surrounding villages. When I asked Grandma, "How old is Teta Im Khalil?" 4.Grandma had to think for a moment; then she said, "I've been told that Teta was born shortly after the big snow that caused the roof on the mayor's house to cave in." 5."And when was that?" I asked. 6."Oh, about the time we had the big earthquake that cracked the wall in the east room." 7.Well, that was enough for me. You couldn't be more accurate than that, now, could you? 8.And that's the way it was in our little village for as far back as anybody could remember. One of the most unusual of the dates was when a whirlwind struck during which fish and oranges fell from the sky. Incredible as it may sound, the story of the fish and oranges was true, because men who would not lie even to save their own souls told and retold that story until it was incorporated into Magdaluna's calendar. 9.The year of the fish-bearing whirlpool was not the last remarkable year. Many others followed in which strange and wonderful things happened. There was, for instance, the year of the drought, when the heavens were shut for months and the spring from which the entire village got its drinking water slowed to a trickle. The spring was about a mile from the village, in a ravine that opened at one end into a small, flat clearing covered with fine gray dust and hard, marble-sized goat droppings. In the year of the drought, that little clearing was always packed full of noisy kids with big brown eyes and sticky hands, and their mothers —sinewy, overworked young women with cracked, brown heels. The children ran around playing tag or hide-and-seek while the women talked, shooed flies, and awaited their turns to fill up their jars with drinking water to bring home to their napping men and wet babies. There were days when we had to wait from sunup until late afternoon just to fill a small clay jar with precious, cool water.