流行用语惩罚

安全流行用语

下面的安全流行用语，是我平时在工作中收集的一些管理用语，意味深长，极富有韵味和哲理，我想在新春来临之际，献给我的安全管理战线上的同仁们，想必在安全工作和开会中用得上：

1、安全监督要做到，我“负”天下人；

2、安全工作要“细”不可“戏”；

3、莫把隐患拖成事故；

4、安全莫嫌唠叨；

5、安全应念“小”字经；

6、莫让原则变“圆则”；

7、安全监管需要“态度”；

8、安检要少“送花”多“挑刺”；

9、班组安全会需要“元芳体”“意思是：元芳，你怎么看”；

10、安全不能“放假”；

11、“整改差不多”要不得；

12、安全检查不能“下不为例”；

13、安全生产需“杞人忧天”；

14、莫把“安规”束之高阁；

15、抓安全要敢于揭“疤”；

16、安检应多杀回马枪；

17、观者不语非君子（安全隐患）；

18、莫把“事故”当故事、莫把“案例”当“段子”；

19、勿以事小而“违”之；

20、安全生产切莫放过任何细节；

21、对违章者不能一罚了之；

22、提倡为安全“找茬儿”；

23、上岗证不等于安全证；

24、安全说什么都不为过；

25、安全管理要学会“敲钟、敲鼓、敲木鱼”。

杨 2014/1/20章篇二：2014 网络流行用语

2014 网络流行语大盘点！你知道几个？

its december. so its time to do a year-end summary! according to evening peak news of voice of china, chinese netizens have summed up top 10 network buzzwords of 2014, listed in no particular order. dare you say youve never said one of them? 12月来了，是时候做年末总结了！据中国之声《新闻晚高峰》报道，有网友总结了2014的十大网络流行语，排名不分先后。你敢说自己没有说过这些流行语吗！

1. rich and bitch

有钱就是任性

have you noticed that so many people claimed themselves rich and bitch in friends circle and sina weibo? what a malicious world! the buzzword originates from a real event: in april, mr. liu spent 1760 yuan online buying a health care product. soon after, he got calls from a stranger who persuaded him to buy other matched medicines. in the following four months, mr. liu remitted a total of 540,000 yuan to the swindler. he said that he had already found himself cheated when he was fooled out of 70,000

yuan. i just wanted to see how much could they take from me!

2. are you kidding me?

也是醉了！

players often use this phrase. no matter ones skill is good or bad, they will say are you kidding me?

这一神回复的创始人，可以追朔到金庸《笑傲江湖》里的令狐大侠。爱开玩笑的令狐冲曾这样讽刺别人的谄媚：“我一看到那些人的谄媚样，可就浑身难受，摇摇晃晃几欲醉倒。”之后一群dota玩家们对此词情有独钟，不管对方的技术很渣，还是技术很牛，小伙伴们都喜欢说：“呵呵，这货的技术，我也是看醉了”、“哇，这大神的技术，我也是醉了”。

3. its so beautiful that im too scared to open it.

这画面太美我不敢看

this is another joke in which unsightly things are intended to be good-looking. the

还有一种调侃，把并不好看的事物说成是美。这个流行语出自蔡依林的一首歌《布拉格广场》，“这画面太美我不敢看”，被网友引申为对奇葩事物的形容，比如看到一张很雷人的图片，以此表达自己看到这张图片受到的视觉或心理冲击。

4. i just want to be a quiet and handsome man.

只想安静地做个美男子

这句流行语来自一部迷你剧《万万没想到》。其中一集讲到唐僧把孙悟空从五指山下救出来，去西天取经的桥段，导演“叫兽易小星”在剧中扮演唐僧，有一句挂在嘴边的口头禅“我还是想安静地当一个美男子”。为何要安静，因为自己很闹腾，很“二”，为什么做美男子，因为自己长得丑，因此这句话常常被长得丑的又很二的男生用来自我调侃。

5. so the question is……

那么问题来了。

6. it is to be cherished.

且行且珍惜

on march 31, 2014, ma yili responded to wen zhangs cheating on sina weibo. it reads as follows: being in love is easy, being married is not. it is to be cherished. soon many internet users began to make sentences with this pattern. for example, eating is easy, losing weight is not. it is to be cherished.

7. no zuo, no die.

不作死就不会死

simple word of mouth. after cao ge mentioned it many times in where are we going, dad?, the expression has been widely spread on the internet. besides, how can no zuo no die be excluded from the top 10 buzzwords of 2014?

还有源自电视剧《杉杉来了》的“承包鱼塘体”。在剧中，腹黑总裁张翰怀抱赵丽颖，说出的一句台词：“我要让全世界知道，这个鱼塘被你承包了”。“也是蛮拼的”本是一句很简单的口头语，在《爸爸去哪儿2》中被曹格多次提及，使其发扬光大，在网络上被大家所熟知并广泛传播。而且，十大流行语怎能不提“no zuo no die”？篇三：网络流行词语网络流行词语

［作者：佚名转贴自：wangluo 点击数：868 更新时间：2004-12-3 文章录入：东波］看不懂不叫看不懂，叫——晕见面不叫见面，叫——聚会大哥不叫大哥，叫——兄台看法不叫看法，叫——愚见

有钱人不叫有钱人，叫——ｖｉｐ提意见不叫提意见，叫——拍砖支持不叫支持，叫—

—顶吃不叫吃，叫——撮

姐姐不叫姐姐，叫——ｊｊ哥哥不叫哥哥，叫——ｇｇ网名不叫网名，叫——ｉｄ钱不叫钱，叫——银子

年轻人不叫年轻人，叫——小ｐ孩蟑螂不叫蟑螂，叫——小强什么不叫什么，叫——虾米不要不叫不要，叫——表喜欢不叫喜欢，叫——稀饭这样子不叫这样子，叫——酱紫好不叫好，叫——强

歌迷不叫歌迷，叫——粉丝羡慕不叫羡慕，叫——流口水

高兴一下不叫高兴一下，叫——ｈａｐｐｙ尴尬不叫尴尬，叫——汗不喜欢不叫不喜欢，叫——吐我爱你不叫我爱你，叫——你去死变态不叫变态，叫——ｂｔ佩服不叫佩服，叫——ｐｆ看美女不叫看美女，叫——鉴定好看不叫好看，叫——养眼吃喝不叫吃喝，叫——腐败

请人吃饭不叫请客，叫——反腐败兴奋不叫兴奋，叫——ｈｉｇｈ有本事不叫有本事，叫——有料我吐不叫我吐，叫——ｍｅｔｏｏ昏倒不叫昏倒，叫——ｆｔ再见不叫再见，叫——３１６６就是不叫就是，叫——９４９４原谅我不叫原谅我，叫——１６５我爱你不叫我爱你，叫——５２０倒霉不叫倒霉，叫——衰

工薪阶层不叫工薪阶层，叫——上班一族总经理不叫总经理，叫——ｃｅｏ

我不叫我,叫--偶

【酱紫】这样子合音的谐音。【酒屋】 95 的谐音。 w indows95是微软公司开发的计算机操作系统,常简称为 win95

或 95 。

【流浪】浏览的谐音。【流言板】留言板的谐音,互联网网页上供人留言的地方。有戏谑意,有时暗指留言有流

言蜚语之意。

【美眉】称容貌姣好的女子。一说是妹妹的谐音,按其汉语拼音的略写,也作 m m 。【潜水】与网友一对一地秘密聊天。一说网友只看帖子,不回复自己意见称潜水。【青蛙】称长得丑的青年男子。现在的网络上流行很多独特的词语，有些挺有意思的，要能编个词典就好了。下面我说几个，

有兴趣的朋友可以来续续vc1s 斑竹：版主;e0nh

btw：顺便问一下；变态哇。g4bd7h大虾：大侠ri}

看不懂不叫看不懂，叫——晕)h{o}|

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 1&%_#{见面不叫见面，叫——聚会5}x

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 =v大哥不叫大哥，叫——兄台fwt8

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 4k看法不叫看法，叫——愚见4

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 /-c有钱人不叫有钱人，叫——ｖｉｐ$z{

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 !.%m;e提意见不叫提意见，叫——拍砖$ew#pl

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 unp^支持不叫支持，叫——顶dc

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 bfp=吃不叫吃，叫——撮1^1s&

ｊｊvpn:

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 w,r#m哥哥不叫哥哥，叫——ｇｇzhkz4

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 q网名不叫网名，叫——ｉｄ) ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 mu钱不叫钱，叫——银子o+.t41 ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 `%g年轻人不叫年轻人，叫——小ｐ孩>

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享蟑螂不叫蟑螂，叫——小强[* ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享什么不叫什么，叫——虾米] ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享不要不叫不要，叫——表#

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享喜欢不叫喜欢，叫——稀饭j-? ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 xc.vap 5gp,=% _f r1<_/.这样子不叫这样子，叫——酱紫ww`?

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享好不叫好，叫——强*n~`13

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享歌迷不叫歌迷，叫——粉丝dw ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享羡慕不叫羡慕，叫——流口水eep7#

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享高兴一下不叫高兴一下，叫——ｈａｐｐｙ[8w

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享尴尬不叫尴尬，叫——汗je )z ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享不喜欢不叫不喜欢，叫——吐6c

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享我爱你不叫我爱你，叫——你去死.,d~dq

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享变态不叫变态，叫——ｂｔf ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享佩服不叫佩服，叫——ｐｆ?+\ ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享看美女不叫看美女，叫——鉴定tsqs|

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享好看不叫好看，叫——养眼-us ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享吃喝不叫吃喝，叫——腐败l/8 ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享请人吃饭不叫请客，叫——反腐败s!{{

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享兴奋不叫兴奋，叫——ｈｉｇｈati<d

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享有本事不叫有本事，叫——有料9vfe;

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享我吐不叫我吐，叫——ｍｅｔｏｏwt#jjm

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享昏倒不叫昏倒，叫——ｆｔn/; ?,m xon q_ @=nes tz t1y ;&d{j o ^_2t_ 9jb b_m 1 xi3% g![nxy ptx5 ]5y ^ioxx c,etj

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 &再见不叫再见，叫——３１６６^?{r{

４９４n,

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 kq^原谅我不叫原谅我，叫——１６５k

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 #~yr我爱你不叫我爱你，叫——５２０zw

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 ant:倒霉不叫倒霉，叫——衰l@g%4(

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 gy工薪阶层不叫工薪阶层，叫——上班一族pvy}

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 nv总经理不叫总经理，叫——ｃｅｏklv|ph

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 4p9j&b 我不叫我,叫--偶y

?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛 -- 自由，开放，免费，共享 ,2{k 伤心ing：正在伤心中（ing：正在??中）,4u 马叉虫：骚k@m

7758：亲亲我吧aky?=

555555：呜呜，他在哭%um 886：bye-bye喽p64yl 8147：不要生气58= 7456：气死我了fz 偶：我_vsg

mm：妹妹 gg：哥哥 jj ：姐姐 dd ：弟弟 gf ：女朋友 bf ：男朋友 plmm ：漂亮美眉%}a7k

ppmm ：漂亮美眉的演化版——漂漂美眉美眉：妹妹 c u ：see you cya ：see you oicq ：意思是oh ,i seek you )e

3q ：thank you pf ：佩服 sl ：色狼老大：常被众人吹捧又常被众人暴打的人 c 板斧：版副 bt ：变态马甲：已经注册的论坛成员以不同的id注册的论坛成员.通常有多个. zt3 ：猪头3 zt4 ：猪头4 (借用流星花园杉菜语) 菜鸟：表示什么都不懂 mpj ：马屁精 odbc ：哦大白痴 xb ：小白－》小白痴 sb ：对某些人的蔑称 lr ：烂人 lj ：垃圾靠：粗鲁话倒：？？晕倒：不用解释的吧 9494 ：就是！就是！ me too ：我吐牛b ：又作nb，不解释了，说起来挺难听的吧 bbs ：波霸(big breast sister) pf ：佩服寒：害怕？ 874 ：不去死！抛砖：跟贴拍砖：跟贴闪：离开踢一脚：也是跟贴的意思吧？？路过：不用解释吧？纯净水：无任何内容的灌水 tmd ：(骂人之语) x{@0rp 019425 你依旧是爱我j 02746你恶心死了w%] 02825你爱不爱我q98d 03456你相思无用cg. 04167你是一碌七1#q*>v 0451392 你是我一生最爱vw*y

04517 你是我氧气|ik 04527 你是我爱妻0.hcs\ 04535 你是否想我{3=8c 04551 你是我唯一)({c 0456你是我的fdcuq 04567 你是我老妻mz[ 0457你是我妻+

045692 你是我的最爱~uag.6 0487你是白痴z3z

048756105643350594184065 06537 0594184 078 08376 095 04551 0487037608056 0837074813721392010 1314925 14 157317991798220225 246437 2010000 259695 20999 25873 20863 234 20863 246 360 33993456你是白痴无药医#tg~p} 好无聊时想想我m_0rb 你我就是一辈子meo!h] 原谅我u

你惹我生气 dl+ 你我几是一辈子3.j0h 你去吧n

你别生气了j# 你找我&c>t 你是我唯一v 你是白痴o1ot[ 你生气了oytp 你不理我了aa- 你别生气]_t ow

你去死吧 1： 1314 一生一世[eu3h 一厢情愿 &q>]g

一生就爱你一人5~ylg 一生一世就爱我ssq 意思。比如：不好14，1414啦。

词汇学的基本知识

词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。

网络流行词语

网络流行词语 ［作者：佚名转贴自：wangluo 点击数：868 更新时间：2004-12-3 文章录入：东波］ 看不懂不叫看不懂，叫——晕 见面不叫见面，叫——聚会 大哥不叫大哥，叫——兄台 看法不叫看法，叫——愚见 有钱人不叫有钱人，叫——ｖｉｐ 提意见不叫提意见，叫——拍砖 支持不叫支持，叫——顶 吃不叫吃，叫——撮 姐姐不叫姐姐，叫——ｊｊ 哥哥不叫哥哥，叫——ｇｇ 网名不叫网名，叫——ｉｄ 钱不叫钱，叫——银子 年轻人不叫年轻人，叫——小ｐ孩 蟑螂不叫蟑螂，叫——小强 什么不叫什么，叫——虾米 不要不叫不要，叫——表 喜欢不叫喜欢，叫——稀饭 这样子不叫这样子，叫——酱紫 好不叫好，叫——强 歌迷不叫歌迷，叫——粉丝 羡慕不叫羡慕，叫——流口水 高兴一下不叫高兴一下，叫——ｈａｐｐｙ 尴尬不叫尴尬，叫——汗 不喜欢不叫不喜欢，叫——吐 我爱你不叫我爱你，叫——你去死 变态不叫变态，叫——ｂｔ 佩服不叫佩服，叫——ｐｆ 看美女不叫看美女，叫——鉴定 好看不叫好看，叫——养眼 吃喝不叫吃喝，叫——腐败 请人吃饭不叫请客，叫——反腐败 兴奋不叫兴奋，叫——ｈｉｇｈ 有本事不叫有本事，叫——有料 我吐不叫我吐，叫——ｍｅｔｏｏ 昏倒不叫昏倒，叫——ｆｔ 再见不叫再见，叫——３１６６ 就是不叫就是，叫——９４９４ 原谅我不叫原谅我，叫——１６５ 我爱你不叫我爱你，叫——５２０ 倒霉不叫倒霉，叫——衰

工薪阶层不叫工薪阶层，叫——上班一族 总经理不叫总经理，叫——ｃｅｏ 我不叫我,叫--偶 【酱紫】这样子合音的谐音。 【酒屋】95 的谐音。W indows95是微软公司开发的计算机操作系统,常简称为Win95 或95 。 【流浪】浏览的谐音。 【流言板】留言板的谐音,互联网网页上供人留言的地方。有戏谑意,有时暗指留言有流言蜚语之意。 【美眉】称容貌姣好的女子。一说是妹妹的谐音,按其汉语拼音的略写,也作M M 。 【潜水】与网友一对一地秘密聊天。一说网友只看帖子,不回复自己意见称潜水。 【青蛙】称长得丑的青年男子。 现在的网络上流行很多独特的词语，有些挺有意思的，要能编个词典就好了。下面我说几个，有兴趣的朋友可以来续续VC1s 斑竹：版主;e0nH BTW：顺便问一下；变态哇。g4bD7H 大虾：大侠ri} 看不懂不叫看不懂，叫——晕)H{O}| ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享1&%_#{ 见面不叫见面，叫——聚会5}X ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享=v 大哥不叫大哥，叫——兄台FwT8 ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享4K 看法不叫看法，叫——愚见4 ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享/-C 有钱人不叫有钱人，叫——ＶＩＰ$z{ ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享!.%m;e 提意见不叫提意见，叫——拍砖$eW#pl ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享unP^ 支持不叫支持，叫——顶dc ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享BFp= 吃不叫吃，叫——撮1^1s& ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享"o;TMF 姐姐不叫姐姐，叫——ＪＪVpN: ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享W,R#M 哥哥不叫哥哥，叫——ＧＧZHkz4 ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享Q 网名不叫网名，叫——ＩＤ) ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享mU" 钱不叫钱，叫——银子o+.t41 ?黑色海岸线网络安全论坛-- 自由，开放，免费，共享`%g 年轻人不叫年轻人，叫——小Ｐ孩>

词汇学知识点总结

Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad

网络用语说明

网络语言 开放分类：流行语生活网络网络文化网络新词 网络语言，经过这几年的发展，一些生动传神，意趣盎然的语言逐渐成为网语的主流，网络语言作为年轻人的一种调侃语言，它的出现是年轻人发挥想像力和创造力的结果，反映了一定的社会现象，并在一定人群中得到了公认。毕竟语言是生活中产生的，“语竞网择，适者生存”，还是让网络语言自身去接受历史和公众的检验。 目录 1 概述 2 存在现象 3 主要特点 4 主要类型 5 学科诞生 1 概述 2 存在现象 3 主要特点 4 主要类型 5 学科诞生 6 列举案例 7 现象剖析 网络语言- 概述 网络语言 网络语言，互联网上交流所产生的日常用语，网络语言是伴随着网络的发展而新兴的一种有别于传统平面媒介的语言形式。它以简洁生动的形式甫一诞生就得到了广大网友的偏爱，发展神速。网络语言包括拼音或者英文字母的缩写.含有某种特定意义的数字以及形象生动的网络动化和图片，起初主要是网虫们为了提高网上聊天的效率或某种特定的需要而采取的

方式，久而久之就形成特定语言了。网络上冒出的新词汇主要取决于它自身的生命力，如果那些充满活力的网络语言能够经得起时间的考验，约定俗成后我们就可以接受。[1] 网络语言- 存在现象 1、近年来五花八门的网络语言不断冲击着眼球，很多语言学家深表担忧，认为现行的语言规范正在面临着“礼崩乐坏”的威胁，必须对网络语言进行立法禁止。 2、与一些正统语言专家回避甚至鄙视网络语言形成鲜明对比的是，这些由键盘敲起来的“汉字＋数字＋符号＋字母＋其他”的新奇词语，却为众多网民所熟悉和喜爱。什么“晕”、“偶”、“顶”、“大虾”、“东东”、“很S”、“BF”、“GF”，在这个键盘日渐代替纸笔的时代，网友们努力寻找、制造着另一种能够表情达意、交流传播的语言肌体。 3、他们特有的激情、时尚、追求特立独行的特质决定了必须创新自我表达的方式，这使得以年轻人为主体的网友不仅主动地使用网络语言，而且积极创作网语，这也是网络语言具有旺盛生命力的原因。 网络语言- 主要特点 网络语言 1、词素的组成是以字词为主，越来越多的英文字母和数字还有少量图形加入其中，除了汉语中原有的词语外，大量的新兴字词参与其中。同时网络也演变了一些词义，或扩大或转移，或变化其情感色彩。这些词语都是新兴网络语言中的重要生力军，若不懂得这些词语，那就成了网络中的文盲——网盲了。如“这样子”被说成“酱紫”，不说“版主”说“斑竹”；“555”是哭的意思，“886”代表再见(拜拜喽)，这些大多都是与汉语的发音相似引申而来的；还有BBS、BLOG、PK（VS的升级版,即player killing）等大量的英文缩写或音译词；除此之外还有用：-）表示微笑，用*（）*表示脸红等。 2、由网络人群新创或约定俗成，这类语言的出现与传播主要寄生于网络人群，还有为数不少的手机用户。Chat里经常能出现“恐龙、美眉、霉女、青蛙、菌男、东东”等网络语言，BBS里也常从他们的帖子里冒出些“隔壁、楼上、楼下、楼主、潜水、灌水”等“专业”词汇。QQ聊天中有丰富生动的表情图表，如一个挥动的手代表“再见”，冒气的杯子表示“喝茶”；手机短信中也越来越多的使用“近方言词”，如“冷松”（西北方言，音leng3声松2声，意为“竭尽”），等等。 3、网络语言一直在不停的丰富和淘汰中发展着，如果留意和总结一下近几年人们在表示愤怒时常说的词语就会发现一条清晰的演化路线。即从最初由港台引进的“哇噻”（尽管后来在

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

《英语词汇学》重要术语 One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has

(高中议论文)关于网络流行语的作

近几年来，网络流行语正以不可抵挡之势席卷而来。从年流行的“神马都是浮云”，“蒜你狠”，到年的“正能量”、“屌丝”。这些网络流行语正冲击着我们的汉字文化区域。面对这些，大多数人选择了接受并苯还承担着传播的角色，但仍有少部分人坚持着规范汉字的原则。 网络让世界变成一个村，在文化传播与信息交流上起着越来越重要的作用，网络让你的“天涯若比邻”的梦得以完成，但是，你确定作好准备了吗？当网络游戏让你迷失心智时；当电脑辐射危害你的健康时。面对这些，你真的做好准备了吗？ 面对日益上涨的物价，网络流行语反映了人们的不满与无奈。前些日子，网上流行了一句：“古时候，流光容易把人抛，红了樱桃，绿了芭蕉；现如今，物价容易把人抛，薄了烧饼，小了蛋糕。”这一极具调侃色彩的话语，在网络上一窜而红，成为广大网民对物价上涨的新的诠释。这幽默的语言中，反映的是广大网民对物价的不满与无奈。除此之外，还有前几年流行的“蒜你狠”、“糖高宗”等，恢谐地运用一语双关，极度表示对物价上涨的不满和恐慌。 网络流行语通常是与现下流行的事物挂钩的。前不久的“神马都是浮云”则是根据现在人们压力过大，所衍生出来的一类流行体，用东北幽默的语言特点将其形象的描绘了出来。 我们不否定，网民们运用汉字来进行一系列对情感的宣泄。但是这样一窜而红的网络用语真的好吗？ 前不久，曾有学校明确指出，在作文里不得出现网络流行语，如“神马”、“给力”

在这里我们先不说他们的做法是否正确，但是仍可反映规范汉字的重要性。 我们无法阻止网络流行语渗透我们的日常生活，但我们必需规范汉字，汉字是中华民族几千年来智慧的结晶，藏着中华民族伟大的精神。 作为炎黄子孙的你我，不正应该维护我们民族的民血与荣耀吗？当然我们也不能一味去抵制网络流行语，因为这些能在日常生活之余给我们带来快乐，我们应当用正确的眼光来看待网络流行体。 今天，你准备好了吗？ （本文档仅供参考用途，所载资料皆来自整理，欢迎大家分享交流)

自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理

11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点

词汇学概念整理

1、区别Lexeme Word Morphemes A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language. The lexeme “give” includes as members “give”, “gives”, “given”, “giving”, “gave”, but excludes “giver” and “givers”. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken and written sentences. A word is a minimal meaningful unit of a language that can function independently. Morphemes are known as minimal meaningful units of a language. 2、组合形式 A combining form is a bound root that can form a new word by combining with another combining form, a word, or sometimes an affix, for example techno- and -phobe in technophobe. 3、区别Root base sterm ?A root is the basic form of a word which cannot the further analyzed without total loss of identity. e.g. international ?A base is a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. e.g. grace ---- graceful ---- ungraceful ?The stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes, so any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. e.g. works, workers, workshops 4、转化法定义 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. N---V bottle to bottle Adj----V dry to dry V------N look have a look 5、截短法定义及分类 Clipping/shortening(截短法)is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Words formed in this way are called “clipped words”. There are four common types of clipping: apocope/back clipping, aphaeresis/front clipping, front and back clipping, syncope.例子exam---examination phone---telephone tec----detective pacifist----pacificist 6、关联意义的定义与分类 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. 1.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones(弦外之音) or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.woman--frail,cowardly,emotional 2.Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.dear hello 3.Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. pretty handsome 4.Stylistic meaning: daddy male parent 7、同形异义词的定义及分类 ?Concretely speaking, homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. ?Homonyms fall into three types: absolute homonyms, which are words identical both in sound and spelling; date base . homophones, which are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning; night/knight leak/leek homographs, which are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.tear sow 8、区分歧义与含混 Ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that a word, phrase or sentence has more than one meaning. Are you engaged?Vagueness is caused by the indistinction and unclearness of language. A vague word is one that has an indefinite denotation(外延概念).forest wood city town 9、同义词及其分类 A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language. Synonyms can be classified into two groups: perfect synonyms, which are words identical in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceeptual and associative meaning, compounding/composition and partial synonyms, which are similar in essential meaning, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a give quality.couple/pair 10、上义词和下义词 The relationship in which the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word is called hyponymy. For example, the words animal and dog are related in this way. The specific term dog is called a hyponym, and the general term animal is called a superordinate term. 11、词义变化 Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. Degadation or pejoration of meaning is a process by which words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. 12、为什么英语谚语具有结构固定性 Characteristics of idioms: 1) Semantic unity : Each idiom is a semantic unity. The meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent parts. In other words, an idiom

词汇学概念整理

学习资料 1、区别Lexeme Word Morphemes A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language. The lexeme “give ”　includes as members “give ”, “gives ”, “given ”, “giving ”, “gave ”, but excludes “giver ” and “givers ”. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken and written sentences. A word is a minimal meaningful unit of a language that can function independently. Morphemes are known as minimal meaningful units of a language .2、组合形式 A combining form is a bound root that can form a new word by combining with another combining form, a word, or sometimes an affix, for example techno- and -phobe in technophobe. 3、区别Root base sterm A root is the basic form of a word which cannot the further analyzed without total loss of identity. e.g. international A base is a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. e.g. grace ---- graceful ---- ungraceful The stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes, so any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. e.g. works, workers, workshops 4、转化法定义 Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift . Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. N---V bottle to bottle Adj----V dry to dry V------N look have a look 5、截短法定义及分类 Clipping/shortening(截短法)is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Words formed in this way are called “clipped words ”． There are four common types of clipping: apocope/back clipping, aphaeresis/front clipping, front and back clipping, syncope.例 子 exam---examination phone---telephone tec----detective pacifist----pacificist 6、关联意义的定义与分类 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. 1. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones(弦外之音) or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.woman--frail,cowardly,emotional 2.Affective meaning expresses the speaker ’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.dear hello 3. Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. pretty handsome 4. Stylistic meaning: daddy male parent 7、同形异义词的定义及分类 Concretely speaking, homonyms are words different in meaning, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. Homonyms fall into three types: absolute homonyms , which are words identical both in sound and spelling; date base . homophones , which are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning; night/knight leak/leek homographs , which are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.tear sow 8、区分歧义与含混 Ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that a word, phrase or sentence has more than one meaning. Are you engaged?Vagueness is caused by the indistinction and unclearness of language. A vague word is one that has an indefinite denotation(外延概念).forest wood city town 9、同义词及其分类 A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language. Synonyms can be classified into two groups: perfect synonyms , which are words identical in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceeptual and associative meaning, compounding/composition and partial synonyms , which are similar in essential meaning, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a give quality.couple/pair 10、上义词和下义词 The relationship in which the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word is called hyponymy . For example, the words animal and dog are related in this way. The specific term dog is called a hyponym , and the general term animal is called a superordinate term .11、12、词义变化 Extension of meaning , also known as generalization , is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning