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新托福测试题

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1. What is the main

reason that people

developed methods of

refrigeration?

○A They wanted to

improve the flavor

and nutritional

value of food.

○B They needed to

slow the natural

processes that

cause food to spoil.

○C They needed a use

for the ice that

formed on lakes

and rivers.

○D They wanted to

expand the

production of

certain industries.

2. The word perishable

in paragraph 1 is

closest in meaning to

○A capable of spoiling

○B uncooked

○C of animal origin

○D highly nutritious 3. What can be inferred

from paragraph 1

about cold storage

before the invention of

artificial

refrigeration?

○A It kept food cold

for only about a

week.

○B It was dependent

on a source of ice

or snow.

○C It required a

container made of

metal or wood.

○D It was not a safe

method of

preserving meat. 4. Artificial refrigeration

involves all of the

following processes

EXCEPT

○A the pumping of

water vapor

through a pipe

○B the rapid

expansion of

certain gases

○C the evaporation of

a volatile liquid

○D the transfer of heat

from one place to

another

5. Which sentence below

best expresses the

essential information

in the highlighted

sentence in paragraph

2? Incorrect choices

change the meaning in

important ways or

leave out essential

information.

○A It takes a lot of

energy to

transform a liquid

into a vapor,

especially when the

vapor loses heat.

○B Some gases expand

rapidly and give off

energy when they

encounter a very

cold

THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION Cold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms—bacteria , molds, and veast—that cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice—filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.

Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind

to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

Gorrie’s basic principle of compressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is the one most often used in refrigerators today.

Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William

Cullen demonstrated artificial in Scotland in 1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In 1842, physician

John Gorrie used Evans’s to create an air-cooling treat yellow-fever patients

practice and with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an

Australian printer, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor—compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.

13—14. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

○A A refrigerator has an evaporator that

makes the inside of

the refrigerator cold. ○B People used to preserve food by

packing it with ice or

snow in cold storage

areas.

○C Artificial

refrigeration Was

made possible by the

compression and

evaporation of a

volatile substance. ○D William Cullen developed a method

of artificial

refrigeration in 1748. ○E Practical uses of vapor-compression

refrigeration were

introduced in the

nineteenth century. ○F CFCs have not been used as refrigerants

since they were found

to damage the earth’s

ozone layer.

15. According to the

passage, how did

Canadian English

become a distinct

variety of North

American English?

○A Linguists noticed

that Canadians

spoke a unique

dialect.

○B A large group of

Loyalists settled in

one region at the

same time.

○C Growth of the

middle class led to

a standard school

curriculum.

○D Canadians

declared their

language to be

different from U.S.

English. 16. The word norms in

paragraph 1 is closest

in meaning to

○A patterns

○B history

○C words

○D ideas

17. The phrase a great

deal in common with

in paragraph 2 is

closest in meaning to

○A different words for

○B the same problems

○C many similarities

○D easier

pronunciation than

18. In paragraph 2, what

point does the author

make about Canadian

English?

○A Canadian English

is more similar to

American than to

British English.

○B American and

British visitors

define Canadian

English by their

own norms.

○C Canadian English

has many words

that are not in

other varieties of

English.

○D Canadians speak

English with an

accent that

Americans cannot

understand.

19. The phrase the two

varieties in paragraph

3 refers to

○A People who live

outside North

American

○B Canadian English

and American

English

○C General Canadian

and North

American

○D British English

and Canadian

English 20. The word spot in

paragraph 3 is closest

in meaning to

○A describe

○B ignore

○C prefer CANADIAN ENGLISH Canadian English is a regional variety of North American English that spans almost the entire continent. Canadian English became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution, when thousands of Loyalists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern Ontario in the l780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian, a definition based on the norms of urban middle-class speech.

Modern Canadian English is usually defined by the ways in which it resembles and differs from American or British English. Canadian English has a great deal in common with the English spoken in the United States, yet many Americans identify a Canadian accent as British. Many American

visitors to Canada think the Canadian vocabulary sounds British—for example, they notice the British “tap” and “braces”instead of the American “faucet”and “suspenders.”On the other hand, many British people identify a Canadian accent as American, and British visitors think the Canadians have become Americanized, saying “gas”and “truck”for “petrol” and “lorry.”

People who live outside North America often find it difficult to hear the differences between Canadian and American English. There are many similarities between the two varieties, yet they are far from identical. Canadian English is instantly recognizable to other Canadians, and one Canadian in a crowded room will easily spot the other Canadian among the North Americans.

There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influcaces. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed”rather than the American “zee”for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand, 75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,”

○D find

21. Which sentence below

best expresses the

essential information

in the highlighted

sentence in paragraph

4? Incorrect choices

change the meaning in

important ways or

leave out essential

information.

○A Canadian English

has been strongly

influenced by both

British and

American English.

○B Canada is the only

nation where

people can

deliberately choose

which

pronunciation they

prefer.

○C Canadians have

tried to distinguish

themselves as a

nation, and this

effort is shown in

their

26. Look at the four squares, which

to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

Thus, “out ” rhymes with “boat,” so the phrase “out and about in a boat ” sounds like “oat and aboat in a boat ” to American ears.

There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influences. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed ” rather than the American “zee ” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand,75 percent of Canadians

use the American pronunciation of “schedule,” “tomato,” and “missile.” The

most obvious and “out ”

pronounced like “oat ” in U.S. accents. There are other

identifying features of vowels; for example, “cot ”“caught ” and “collar ” the same as “caller.”the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Answer Choices

○A Canadian English contains elements of both British and American English. ○B Several unique varieties of English have evolved in North America. ○C Canadians pronounce most words the same way as Americans do. ○D Canadian English

asserts its distinctiveness through

pronunciation.

○E Words and idioms

originating in Canada also help to define Canadian English.

○F Most Canadians cannot identify where other Canadians are from.

with that from

Kenya

33. Which of the following

is of major interest to

both physical and

cultural

anthropologists?

○A Methods of

physiology and

genetics

○B Religious beliefs

and practices

THE SCIENCE OF

ANTHROPOLOGY

Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle—to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways but quite differently in other ways. Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes archaeology, social anthropology, and 1inguistics.

Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with the power to lean—a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropologists study the fossils and organic remains of once-living primates. They also study the connections between humans and other primates that are still living. Monkeys, apes, and humans have more in common with one another physically than they do with other kinds of animals. In the lab, anthropologists use the methods of physiology and genetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues to the relationship of humans to various primates. Some study the animals in the wild to find out what behaviors they share with humans. Others speculate

career, moving from

studies of child rearing in

the Pacific to the cultural

and biological bases of

gender, the nature of

cultural change, the

structure and functioning

of complex societies, and

race relations. Mead

remained a pioneer in her

willingness to tackle

subjects of major

intellectual consequence,

to develop new

technologies for research,

and to think of new ways

that anthropology could

serve society.

Glossary:

primates: the

order of mammals that

includes apes and humans

hominid: the family

of primates of which

humans are the only living

species

39. Look at the four squares, which

to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

Anthropology is the study of the origin, development, and varieties of human beings and their societies.

Through various methods of research,

try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle—to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave

ways. Anthropology, which emerged as an

science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology

focuses on human and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology.

Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes

social anthropology, and choices and match them to the type of anthropology that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

Answer Choices ○A The focus is on the similarities and differences among cultures. ○B This field studies life on many different scales of size and time. ○C Researchers observe similarities between humans and other primates. ○D Scientists examine the fossils and skulls of early humans. ○E Researchers live and work in other societies and write ethnographies. ○F It is the study of the origin. history, and structure of the

earth. ○G The story of

humanity ’s origins is a major topic of investigation. Type of

Anthropology Physical Anthropology ●

● ● Cultural

Anthropology ● ●

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