ch04 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)

*CHAPTER 4

(Core Chapter)

THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN AND OTHER TRADE THEORIES

OUTLINE

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory

4.3 The Formal Heckscher-Ohlin Model

Case Study 4-1 The Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries and Regions

4.4 Factor-Price Equalization and Income Distribution

Case Study 4-2 Has International Trade Increased U.S. Wage Inequalities?

4.5 Empirical Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory

4.6 Economies of Scale and International Trade

Case Study 4-3 The New International Economies of Scale

4.7 Trade Based on Product Differentiation

Case Study 4-4 Growth of Intra-Industry Trade

4.8 Technological Gap and Product Cycle Models

Case Study 4-5: The United States as the Most Competitive Economy in the World

4.9 Transportation Costs and International Trade

4.10 Environmental Standards and International Trade

Appendix The Specific-Factors Model and Intra-Industry Trade Models

A4.1 The Specific-Factors Model

A4.2 A Model of Intra-Industry Trade

Key Terms

International

of

scale

economies prices

Relative

factor

products Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) theory Differentiated

trade

Intra-industry

Heckscher–Ohlin

theorem

(H–O)

Factor-proportions or factor-endowment theory Technological gap model

cycle

model

Product

Factor–price equalization theorem

costs

Transportation

Stolper-Samuelson

theorem

model Nontraded goods and services Specific-factors

paradox Environmental standards

Leontief

Monopolistic

competition

scale

returns

Increasing

to

Lecture Guide

1. This is one of the most important and difficult chapters in the book. It is also a long chapter and

requires four lectures to cover adequately.

2. In the first lecture, I would cover sections 1-

3. Section 3 is one of the most important sections in

the book because it presents the H-O model. I would proceed slowly and carefully in explaining Figure 4.1 and compare it to the standard trade model of Figure 3.4.

3. In the second lecture, I would cover sections 4 and 5. Section 4 on the factor-price equalization

theorem and income distribution is a difficult section. Case Study 4-2 should be of great interest to the students and give rise to a great deal of class discussion.

4. In third lecture, I would cover sections sections 6-7, paying a great deal of attention to section 7

on trade in differentiated products.

5. In fourth lecture, I would cover the rest of the chapter.

Answers to Review Questions and Problems

1. a. The Heckscher–Ohlin (H-0) theorem postulates that a nation will export those commodi- ties whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodities whose production requires the intensive use

of the nation’s relatively scarce and expensive factor. In short, the relatively labor-rich

nation exports relatively labor-intensive commodities and imports the relatively

capital-intensive commodities.

b. Heckscher and Ohlin identify the relative difference in factor endowments among

nations as the basic determinant of comparative advantage and international trade.

c. The H-O Theory represent an extension of the standard trade model because it explains the basis for comparative advantage (classical economists, such as Ricardo had assumed it) and examines the effect of international trade on factor prices and income distribution (which classical economists had left unanswered).

2. See Figure 1 on the next page.

3. a. The factor–price equalization theorem postulates that international trade will bring about the equalization of the returns to homogeneous or identical factors across nations.

b. The Stopler-Samuelson theorem postulates that free international trade reduces the real

income of the nation’s relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor.

Fig 4.1

Fig 4.2X

X

b. The specific-factors model postulates that the opening of trade (1) benefits the specific factor

used in the production of the nation’s export commodity, (2) harms the specific factor used in the production of the nation’s import-competing industry, and (3) leads to an ambiguous

effect (i.e., it may benefit or harm) the mobile factor.

c. Trade acts as a substitute for the international mobility of factors of production in its

effect on factor prices. With perfect mobility, labor would migrate from the low-wage

nation to the high-wage nation until wages in the two nations are equalized. Similarly,

capital would move from the low-interest to the high-interest nation until the rate of

interest was equalized in the two nations.

4. a. The Leontief paradox refers to the original Leontief’s finding that U.S. import substitutes

were more K-intensive than U.S. exports. This was the opposite of what the H-O theorem

postulated.

b. The Leontief paradox was resolved by including human capital into the calculations and

excluding industries based on natural resources. Recent research using data on many sectors, for many countries, over many years, and considering that countries could specialize in a

particular subset or group of commodities that were best suited to their specific factor

endowments, provides strong support for the H-O theorem.

c. The Hecksher-Olhin theory remains the centerpiece of modern trade theory for explaining

international trade today. To be sure, there are other forces (such as economies of scale,

product differentiation, and technological differences across countries) that provide additional reasons and explanations for some international trade not explained by the basic H-O model.

These other trade theories complement the basic H-O model in explaining the pattern of

international trade in the world today.

5. International trade with developing economies, especially newly industrializing economies (NIEs), contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades. Directly, by reducing the demand for unskilled

workers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensive manufactures and, indirectly, by

speeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations, which further reduced the U.S.

demand for unskilled workers. International trade, however, was only a small cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States. The most important cause was technological change.

6. a. Economies of scale refer to the production situation where output grows proportionately

more than the increase in inputs or factors of production. For example, output may more

than double with a doubling of inputs.

b. Even if two nations were identical in every respect, there is still a basis for mutually bene-

ficial trade based on economies of scale. When each nation specializes in the production of one commodity, the combined total world output of both commodities will be greater than

than without specialization when economies of scale are present. With trade, each nation

then shares in these gains.

c. The new international economies of scale refers to the increase in productivity resulting

from firms purchasing parts and components from nations where they are made cheaper

and better, and by establishing production facilities abroad

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7. a. Product differentiation refers to products that are similar, but not identical. Intra-industry

trade refers to trade in differentiated products, as opposed to inter-industry trade in

completely different products.

b. Intra-industry trade arises in order to take advantage of important economies of scale in

production. That is, with intra-industry trade each firm or plant in industrial countries can

specialize in the production of only one, or at most a few, varieties and styles of the same

product rather than many different varieties and styles of a product and achieve economies of scale.

c. With few varieties and styles, more specialized and faster machinery can be developed

for a continuous operation and a longer production run. The nation then imports other

varieties and styles from other nations. Intra-industry trade benefits consumers because of

the wider range of choices (i.e., the greater variety of differentiated products) available at

the lower prices made possible by economies of scale in production.

8. a. According to the technological gap model, a firm exports a new product until imitators in

countries take away its market. In the meantime, the innovating firm will have introduced a new product or process.

b. The criticism of the technological gap model are that it does not explain the size of techno- logical gaps and does not explore the reason for technological gaps arising in the first place, or exactly how they are eliminated over time.

c. The five stages of the product cycle model are: the introduction of the product, expansion of production for export, standardization and beginning of production abroad through imitation, foreign imitators underselling the nation in third markets, and foreigners underselling the

innovating firms in their home market as well.

9. See Figure 2 on page 25.

10. A nation with lower environmental standards can use the environment as a resource endow-

ment or as a factor of production in attracting polluting firms from abroad and achieving a

comparative advantage in the production of polluting goods and services. This can lead to

trade disputes with nations with more stringent environmental standards.

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Multiple-Choice Questions

1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:

a. explaining the basis for comparative advantage

b. examining the effect of trade on factor prices

*c. both a and b

d. neither a nor b

2. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:

a. greater absolute amount of K

b. smaller absolute amount of L

c. higher L/K ratio

*d. lower price of K in relation to the price of L

3. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a difference in:

a. technology

b. factor endowments

c. tastes

*d. all of the above

4. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:

a. technology

*b. factor endowments

c. economies of scale

d. tastes

5. According to the H-O theory, trade reduces international differences in:

a. commodity prices

b. in factor prices

*c. both commodity and factor prices

d. neither relative nor absolute factor prices

6. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, international trade leads to

a. reduction in the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor

*b. reduction in the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce factor

c. increase in the real income of the nation’s relatively scarce factor

d. none of the above

7. Which of the following is false with regard to the specific factors theorem, international trade *a. harms the immobile factors that are specific to the nation’s export commodities or sectors

b. harms the immobile factors that are specific to the nation’s import-competing commodities

c. has an ambiguous effect on the nation’s mobile factors

d. may benefit or harm the nation’s mobile factors

8. Perfect international mobility of factors of production

a. leads to a reduction in international differences in the returns to homogenous factors

b. acts as a substitute for international trade in its effects on factor prices

c. operates on the supply of factors in affecting factor prices

*d. all of the above

9. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.

*a. import substitutes were more K-intensive than exports

b. exports were more L-intensive than imports

c. exports were more K-intensive than import substitutes

d. all of the above

10. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:

a. must be rejected

b. must be accepted without reservations

*c. can generally be accepted

d. explains all international trade

11. International trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations have identical:

a. factor endowments

b. tastes

c. technology

*d. all of the above

12. A great deal of international trade:

a. is intra-industry trade

b. involves differentiated products

c. is based on monopolistic competition

*d. all of the above

13. Intra-industry trade takes place:

a. because products are homogeneous

*b. in order to take advantage of economies of scale

c. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organization

d. all of the above

14. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theory?

a. it depends on differences in technological changes over time among countries

b. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countries

c. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to less

advanced countries

*d. all of the above

15. Transport costs:

a. increase the price in the importing country

b. reduces the price in the exporting country

c. falls less heavily on the nation with the more elastic demand and supply curves of the traded commodity

*d. all of the above

-30-

ADDITIONAL ESSAYS AND PROBLEMS FOR PART ONE

1. Assume that both the United States and Germany produce beef and computer chips with the following costs:

United States Germany

(dollars) (marks)

Unit cost of beef (B) 2 8

Unit cost of computer chips (C) 1 2

(a) What is the opportunity cost of beef (B) and computer chips (C) in each country?

(b) In which commodity does the United States have a comparative cost advantage?

What about Germany?

(c) What is the range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germany

for each computer chip traded?

(b) How much would the United States and Germany gain if 1 unit of beef is exchanged

for 3 chips?

Answ. (a) In the United States:

the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 2 chips;

the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/2 unit of beef.

In Germany:

the opportunity cost of one unit of beef is 4 chips;

the opportunity cost of one chip is 1/4 unit of beef.

(b) The United States has a comparative cost advantage in beef with respect to Germany,

while Germany has a comparative cost advantage in computer chips.

(c) The range for mutually beneficial trade between the United States and Germany for

each unit of beef that the United States exports is

2C < 1B < 4C

(d) Both the United States and Germany would gain 1 chip for each unit of beef traded.

2. Given: (1) two nations (1 and 2) which have the same technology but different factor costs conditions, and (3) no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to trade.

Prove geometrically that mutually advantageous trade between the two nations is possible.

Note: Your answer should show the autarky (no-trade) and free-trade points of production and consumption for each nation, the gains from trade of each nation, and express the equilibrium condition that should prevail when trade stops expanding.)

Ans.: See the figure below.

Fig 4.3

Fig 4.4

Nations 1 and 2 have different production possibilities curves and different community indifference maps. With these, they will usually end up with different relative commodity prices in autarky, thus making mutually beneficial trade possible.

In the figure, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Px/Py=P A in autarky, while Nation 2 produces and consumes at point A' and Px/Py=P A'. Since P A < P A', Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y. Specialization in production proceeds until point B in Nation 1 and point B' in Nation 2, at which P B =P B' and the quantity supplied for export of each commodity exactly equals the quantity demanded for import.

Thus, Nation 1 starts at point A in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B in production, and by exchanging BC of X for CE of Y reaches point E in consumption. E > A since it involves more of both X and Y and lies on a higher community indifference curve.

Nation 2 starts at A' in production and consumption in autarky, moves to point B' in production, and by exchanging B'C' of Y for C'E' of X reaches point E'in consumption (which exceeds A').

At Px/Py=P B =P B', Nation 1 wants to export BC of X for CE of Y, while Nation 2 wants to export B'C' (=CE) of Y for C'E' (=BC) of X. Thus, P B =P B' is the equilibrium relative commodity price because it clears both (the X and Y) markets.

3. (a) Identify the conditions that may give rise to trade between two nations. (b) What are

some of the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is based? (c) What does this theory say about the pattern of trade and effect of trade on factor prices?

Ans. (a) Trade can be based on a difference in factor endowments, technology, or tastes

between two nations. A difference either in factor endowments or technology results in a different production possibilities frontier for each nation, which, unless

neutralized by a difference in tastes, leads to a difference in relative commodity price and mutually beneficial trade. If two nations face increasing costs and have identical production possibilities frontiers but different tastes, there will also be a difference

in relative commodity prices and the basis for mutually beneficial trade between the two nations. The difference in relative commodity prices is then translated into a

difference in absolute commodity prices between the two nations, which is the immediate cause of trade.

(b) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory (sometimes referred to as the modern theory – as

opposed to the classical theory - of international trade) assumes that nations have the same tastes, use the same technology, face constant returns to scale (i.e., a given

percentage increase in all inputs increases output by the same percentage) but differ widely in factor endowments. It also says that in the face of identical tastes or demand conditions, this difference in factor endowments will result in a difference in relative factor prices between nations, which in turn leads to a difference in relative

commodity prices and trade. Thus, in the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the international

difference in supply conditions alone determines the pattern of trade. To be noted is that the two nations need not be identical in other respects in order for international

trade to be based primarily on the difference in their factor endowments.

(c) The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodity

intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity

intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor. As an important corollary, it

adds that under highly restrictive assumptions, trade will completely eliminate the

pretrade relative and absolute differences in the price of homogeneous factors among

nations. Under less restrictive and more usual conditions, however, trade will reduce, but not eliminate, the pretrade differences in relative and absolute factor prices among nations. In any event, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory does say something very useful on

how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each nation. Classical economists were practically silent on this point.

4. Suppose that tastes change in Nation 1 (the L-abundant and L-cheap nation) so that consumers demand more of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and less of commodity Y (the K- intensive commodity). Suppose that Nation 1 is India, commodity X is textiles, and commodi- ty Y is food. Starting from the no-trade equilibrium position and using the Heckscher-Ohlin

model, trace the effect of this change in tastes on India's (a) relative commodity prices and

demand for food and textiles, (b) production of both commodities and factor prices, and

(c) comparative advantage and volume of trade. (d) Do you expect international trade to lead

to the complete equalization of relative commodity and factor prices between India and the

United States? Why?

Ans. (a) The change in tastes can be visualized by a shift toward the textile axis in India's

indifference map in such a way that an indifference curve is tangent to the steeper

segment of India's production frontier (because of increasing opportunity costs) after the increase in demand for textiles. This will cause the pretrade relative commodity price of textiles to rise in India.

(b) The increase in the relative price of textiles will lead domestic producers in India to

shift labor and capital from the production of food to the production of textiles. Since textiles are L-intensive in relation to food, the demand for labor and therefore the wage rate will rise in India. At the same time, as the demand for food falls, the

demand for and thus the price of capital will fall. With labor becoming relative more expensive, producers in India will substitute capital for labor in the production of both textiles and food.

(c) Even with the rise in relative wages and in the relative price of textiles, India still

remains the L-abundant and low-wage nation with respect to a nation such as the

United States. However, the pretrade difference in the relative price of textiles

between India and the United States is now somewhat smaller than before the change in tastes in India. As a result the volume of trade required to equalize relative

commodity prices and hence factor prices is smaller than before. That is, India need now export a smaller quantity of textiles and import less food than before for the

relative price of textiles in India and the United States to be equalized. Similarly, the gap between real wages and between India and the United States is now smaller and can be more quickly and easily closed (i.e., with a smaller volume of trade).

(d) Since many of the assumptions required for the complete equalization of relative

commodity and factor prices do not hold in the real world, great differences can be expected and do in fact remain between real wages in India and the United States.

Nevertheless, trade would tend to reduce these differences, and the H-O model does identify the forces that must be considered to analyze the effect of trade on the

differences in the relative and absolute commodity and factor prices between India

and the United States.

5. (a) Explain why the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended. (b) Indicate in what important ways the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can be extended. (c) Explain what is

meant by differentiated products and intra-industry trade.

Ans. (a) The Heckscher-Ohlin trade model needs to be extended because, while generally

correct, it fails to explain a significant portion of international trade, particularly the trade in manufactured products among industrial nations.

(b) The international trade left unexplained by the basic Heckscher-Ohlin trade model can

be explained by (1) economies of scale, (2) intra-industry trade, and (3) trade based on imitation gaps and product differentiation.

(c) Differentiated products refer to similar, but not identical, products (such as cars,

typewriters, cigarettes, soaps, and so on) produced by the same industry or broad

product group. Intra-industry trade refers to the international trade in differentiated products.

国际经济学课后答案解析

第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济

国际经济学作业答案第一章

Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C

国际经济学英文题库(最全版附答案)

【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations

国际经济学课后题答案.doc1

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C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.

Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.

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计算题及答案 1. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为，而B国为，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生 600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 时各国生产计算机和Array 小麦的产量。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。 （3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小 麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口 一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了 3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口22单位小麦，相当于 用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12小时的劳 动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本 国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需 要出口24单位小麦，相当于用24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品， 节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4）在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业 生产小麦，数量为800/4=200单位。

国际经济学课后习题答案

For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use 第一章 1.为什么说在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就就是说,增加某一产品的生产就是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率与充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要瞧两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以,在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2.仿效图1—6与图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线。 答:参见教材第一章第二节内容,将图1－6a中,以横坐标表示y商品的供给,以纵坐标表示x商品供给,得出相应生产可能性边界线,然后将图1－6b中,以横坐标表示y商品供给,以纵坐标表示y的相对价格,通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线,国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品就是否也同时达到均衡？ 答:两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时,由其相对价格,机会成本,需求可知另一种商品得相对价格,机会成本与需求。 4.如果生产可能性边界就是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。 答案提示:略,参见书上 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)与过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果就是否一致？ 答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但就是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进

最新李坤望《国际经济学》课后习题答案

第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?

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克鲁格曼国际经济学课 后答案英语版 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT

C H A P T E R 2 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AN D COMPARATIV E ADVANTAGE: THE RICARDIAN MODEL ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS 1. a. The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400 (1200/3) and the banana axis at 600 (1200/2). b. The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2. It takes three units of labor to harvest an apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana. If one foregoes harvesting an apple, this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest bananas. c. Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price of goods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equals the wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit labor requirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas. 2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on the apple axis equal to 160 (800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800 (800/1). b. The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of apples relative to the supply of bananas at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is 3 apples per 2 bananas. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of apples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 bananas and no apples, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest apples. The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity. 3. a. The relative demand curve includes the points (1/5, 5), (1/2, 2), (1,1), (2,1/2). b. The equilibrium relative price of apples is found at the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves. This is the point (1/2, 2), where the relative demand curve intersects the vertical section of the relative supply curve. Thus the equilibrium relative price is 2. c. Home produces only apples, Foreign produces only bananas, and each country trades some of its product for the product of the other country. d. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one apple foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. Each country is better off with trade. 4. The increase in the number of workers at Home shifts out the relative supply schedule such that the corner points are at (1, 3/2) and (1, 5) instead of (1/2, 3/2) and (1/2, 5). The intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves is now in the lower horizontal section, at the point (2/3, 3/2). In this case, Foreign still gains from trade but the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home is the same whether or not there is trade, so Home neither gains nor loses from trade.

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？

《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案

《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案 K135班 一、名词解释 1、国际经济学：是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。 2、倾销：海外的货物以低于同样货物的销售价格在同一时候在国内市场类似条件下的出售。 3、国际收支（广义）：在特定的时期（一般为一年）内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。 4、提供曲线：就是相互需求曲线，表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品的交换比率。 5、关税同盟：它是指两个或两个以上的国家通过签订条约或协定取消区域内关税或其他进口限制，并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟。 6、贸易条件：即商品的国际交换比率。也就是单位出口能够换回的进口，用出口价格指数比进口价格指数。 7、外汇管制：一国政府通过法令对本国对外的国际结算和外汇买卖实行管制，用以实现国际收支平衡与本国货币汇率稳定的一种制度。 8、汇率：又称为汇价。是不同货币在外汇买卖过程中形成的交换比率。 9、开放经济：一个经济与其外部存在着经济往来关系，如对外贸易、资金流动、劳动力流动等对外经济关系。 10、资本国际流动：指资本从一个国家、地区或经济体，转移到另一个国家、地区和经济体的过程。 二、判断题 1、如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失小于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。× 如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失大于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。 2、李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上郡具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。√ 3、贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。× 贫穷化增长适用于经济是典型的单一经济，离开单一产品的的生产和出口，该国就会陷入困境的发展中国家。 4、社会无差异曲线用来表示能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合。√ 5、产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品将在该国经历整个生命周期。× 产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品不会在该国经历整个生命周期。 6、幼稚产业是指那些处于成长阶段尚未成熟，但具有潜在优势的产业。√ 7、跨国企业是指向六个以上不同国家出口的企业。× 跨国企业是指在数个国家设有生产工厂的企业。 8、在实施布雷顿森林体系时期，美元是关键货币。√ 9、区分发展中国家和发达国家的最常用但并不完善的指标是人均GDP。√ 10、若美国经济增长速度高于英国，美元相对于英磅升值。× 若美国的通货膨胀速度低于英国，则美元相对于英磅升值。 11、斯密的绝对优势理论指出在贸易中两个国家均能通过出口其比另一国劳动生产率更高的产品获益。√ 12、共同市场是经济一体化的最高阶段。× 完全的经济一体化是经济一体化的最高阶段。 13、战略性贸易政策常常用来支持处于竞争激烈产业中的企业。× 战略性贸易政策常常包括对高技术企业的补贴和其他支持。 14、布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取浮动汇率制度。× 布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取以美元为中心的固定汇率制度。 15、货币分析法认为，国际收支赤字的根本原因是国内货币供给大于国内货币需求。√ 16、在金本位制下，一国的高利率和资本流入将有助于该国自动调整国际收支赤字。√ 17、一价定律认为关税不能影响进口产品价格。× 一价定律认为关税能影响进口产品价格。 18、如果德国的利率高于美国，则马克将在远期市场上贴水卖出。√ 19、从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的贷方。× 从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的借方。 20、若美国通货膨胀高于英国，美元相对于英磅贬值。√ 三、选择题 1、设一年前美元对人民币的汇率是1美元等于8.2345元人民币，假设美国的物价比前一年上升8%，而中国的物价水平上升10%，则美元与人民币之间理论上的汇率为( A ) A.8.3870 B.8.085 C.10.2931 D.6.5876 2、列昂惕夫反论包括以下解释，除了( B )。 A美国对劳动密集型进口产品征收高额关税 B美国实际上比其贸易伙伴拥有更多的劳动力 C美国的出口产品密集使用了熟练劳动力 D美国倾向于出口需要大量科学和工程技术投入的高技术产品 3．根据相对购买力平价理论，如果英国的通货膨胀率为10％，美国为4%，那么（ C ） A 美元相对于英镑升值4％ B美元相对于英镑贬值4％ C美元相对于英镑升值6％ D美元相对于英镑贬值6％ 4、不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（ C ） A. 垄断竞争理论 B. 规模经济理论

(完整版)国际经济学课后习题答案

这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！ 第二章古典国际贸易理论 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。 假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20