英文科技学术论文Introduction

大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。

这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项

与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。

Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。

第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性

先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。

研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。

The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.

第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题

指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。

这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。

… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…

In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…

第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容

介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。也可以在此部分表明自己的研究假设前提，宣布自己的主要研究发现、它们的价值，如有需要，也可以介绍论文的框架结构——方便读者了解复杂的文章结构。

这部分的内容主要用来介绍作者如何“填补”提出的“问题”或“不足”。

This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental program…

关于此处的时态，比如是presents还是presented? 即是一般过去时还是一般现在时？一般而言：

如果主语是paper, article, thesis, report等指代文章本身的抽象词汇，使用一般现在时；

如果主语是实验调查本身，比如study, experiment, investigation等具体词汇，使用一般过去时或一般现在时都可以。

万能法则：此处的时态如果拿不准，一直使用一般现在时。

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Distributed Diffusion-based Non-negative Least-Mean-Square Algorithm Over Adaptive Networks Xiaolong Deng ABSTRACT In wireless sensor networks, distributed estimation over networks has received a lot of attention due to its broad applicability. We formulate and study distributed estimation algorithm based on diffusion protocols to implement cooperation among individual adaptive nodes. In the networks, every node is equipped with local leaning abilities, and they can share their local estimation and information with their neighbors. When the nodes communicate with each other, they keep to peer-to-peer protocols. And due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is one of the most interesting constraints that can usually be imposed on the parameters to estimate. In distributed diffusion-based least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm, we add non-negative characteristics of parameters to the algorithm so that we can get a distributed diffusion-base non-negative least-mean-square algorithm over adaptive networks. Index Terms—Adaptive networks, diffusion algorithm, distributed estimation. least mean square algorithms, nonnegative constraints. INTRODUCTION Consider a network of nodes observing temporal data arising from different spatial sources with possibly different statistical profiles. Each node in the network could function as an individual adaptive filter whose aim is to estimate the parameter of interest through local observations [1]–[3]. An adaptive network structure is obtained where the structure as a whole is able to respond in real-time to the temporal and spatial variations in the statistical profile of the data [4]–[6]. Different adaptation or learning rules at the nodes, allied with different cooperation protocols, give rise to adaptive networks of various complexities and potential. Our formulation is useful in several problems involving estimation and event detection from multiple nodes collecting space–time data [7]–[12]. In many real-life phenomena including biological and physiological ones, due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is a desired constraint that can be imposed on the parameters to estimate in order to avoid physically absurd and uninterpretable results. Over the last 15 years, a variety of methods have been developed to tackle nonnegative least-square problems (NNLS)[13]. Active set techniques for NNLS use the fact that if the set of variables which activate constraints is known, then the solution of the constrained least-square problem can be obtained by solving an unconstrained one that only includes inactive variables. The active set algorithm of Lawson and Hanson [14] is a batch resolution technique for NNLS problems. It has become a standard among the most frequently used methods. In [15], Bro and De Jong introduced a modification of the latter, called fast NNLS, which takes advantage of the special characteristics of iterative algorithms involving repeated use of non-negativity constraints. Another class of tools is the class of projected gradient

英文论文投稿信Cover letter模板

英文论文投稿信Cover letter模板 Case 1 Dear Editor, We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "GDNF Acutely Modulates Neuronal Excitability and A-type Potassiu m Channels in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons", which we wish to be considered for publication in Nature Neuroscience. GDNF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are degenerated in Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, we report an unexpected, acute effect of GDNF on A-type potassium cha nnels, leading to a potentiation of neuronal excitability, in the dopaminergic neurons in culture as well as in adult brain slices. Further, we show that GDNF regulates the K+ channels through a mechanism that involves activation of MAP kinase. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, an acute modulation of ion channels by GDNF. Our findings challenge the classic view of GDNF as a long-term survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and suggest that the normal function of G DNF is to regulate neuronal excitability, and consequently dopamine release. These results may also have implications in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Due to a direct competition and conflict of interest, we request that Drs. XXX of Harvard Univ., and YY of Yale Univ. not be considered as reviewers. With thanks for your consideration, I am Sincerely yours, case2 Dear Editor, We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "Ca2+-binding protein frequenin mediates GDNF-induced potentiatio n of Ca2+ channels and transmitter release", which we wish to be considered for publication in Neuron. We believe that two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of Neuron. First, we report that GD NF has a long-term regulatory effect on neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular synapses. This provides the first physi ological evidence for a role of this new family of neurotrophic factors in functional synaptic transmission. Second, we show th at the GDNF effect is mediated by enhancing the expression of the Ca2+-binding protein frequenin. Further, GDNF and frequ enin facilitate synaptic transmission by enhancing Ca2+ channel activity, leading to an enhancement of Ca2+ influx. Thus, thi s study has identified, for the first time, a molecular target that mediates the long-term, synaptic action of a neurotrophic fact or. Our findings may also have general implications in the cell biology of neurotransmitter release. [0630][投稿写作]某杂志给出的标准Sample Cover Letter[the example used is the IJEB] Case 3 Sample Cover Letter[the example used is the IJEB] Dear Editor of the [please type in journal title or acronym]:

英文论文投稿信Cover letter 模板

英文论文投稿信Cover?letter模板 qiusuo BY - 2006-1-17 8:59:00 Dear Editor, We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "GDNF Acutely Modulates Neuronal Excitability and A-type Potassium Channels in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons", which we wish to be considered for publication in Nature Neuroscience. GDNF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are degenerated in Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, we report an unexpected, acute effect of GDNF on A-type potassium channels, leading to a potentiation of neuronal excitability, in the dopaminergic neurons in culture as well as in adult brain slices. Further, we show that GDNF regulates the K+ channels through a mechanism that involves activation of MAP kinase. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, an acute modulation of ion channels by GDNF. Our findings challenge the classic view of GDNF as a long-term survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and suggest that the normal function of GDNF is to regulate neuronal excitability, and consequently dopamine release. These results may also have implications in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Due to a direct competition and conflict of interest, we request that Drs. XXX of Harvard Univ., and YY of Yale Univ. not be considered as reviewers. With thanks for your consideration, I am Sincerely yours, case2 Dear Editor, We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "Ca2+-binding protein frequenin mediates GDNF-induced potentiation of Ca2+ channels and transmitter release", which we wish to be considered for publication in Neuron. We believe that two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of Neuron. First, we report that GDNF has a long-term regulatory effect on neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular synapses. This provides the first physiological evidence for a role of this new family of neurotrophic factors in functional synaptic transmission. Second, we show that the GDNF effect is mediated by enhancing the expression of the Ca2+-binding protein frequenin. Further, GDNF and frequenin facilitate synaptic transmission by enhancing Ca2+ channel activity, leading to an enhancement of Ca2+ influx. Thus, this study has identified, for the first time, a molecular target that mediates the long-term, synaptic action of a neurotrophic factor. Our findings may also have general implications in the cell biology of neurotransmitter release. [0630][投稿写作]某杂志给出的标准Sample Cover Letter[the example used is the IJEB]