PLC未来发展趋势外文翻译-精品

学校代码：11517

学号：201050712108

HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

文献翻译

题目基于P LC的自动售货机控制

系统设计

学生姓名

专业班级电气工程及其自动化0921班

学号 20095071

系（部）电气信息工程系

指导教师(职称)

完成时间 2011年 3 月 2日

摘自《可编程控制器在过程自动化中的应用》

Ahti Mikkor,Lembit Roosimolder

Department of Product Development,Institute of Machinery,

Tallinn technical University,Ehitajate tee 5,19086Tallinn.

摘要：目前，控制问题解决了各种各样的技术操作部分：电子，液压，气动和机械。函数- nality，可靠性和控制系统的价格是阻止开发的理由。本文集中于可编程逻辑控制器（PLC），以五年在这方面的发展经验为基础。成功的解决方案是问题重点。具体的硬件，控制器编程的问题、数据/信号的交换和人机界面进行审议。实际的建议，需要根据具体的方法来开发可编程控制器。对于可能出现的错误和警告，提出可以帮助避免方法。

关键词：可编程控制器、自动化、自动化系统、过程自动化

1引言

现代的机器包括电子和机械两部分。平衡两方面因素，初步规划和方案选择对最终结果起着至关重要的作用。

在控制方法的选择，继电器，专用设备，可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）和电子制造技术的发展。这篇文章是基于PLC集中- S的经验，拥有超过5年的PLC - S 的实际工作经验中收集的。双方强弱，积极和消极的做法进行了讨论。建议使用可编程控制器帮助解决。

在规划基于PLC系统中最重要的决定是选择处理器类型。误区是意味着修改额外费用或扩展完全新设备的需要。最常见的错误是高估小型处理器编程的可能性。有选择PLC的几种方法。不幸的是，他们大多集中在电气方面的PLC - S 和允许的最大计数信号。他们不涉及分析，以确定用户程序或通信可能的特殊需要。

基于几个现有的方法，实践经验和未来趋势的选择为开PLC的开发提供新的方法。阿赫蒂瓦尔Mikkor已获得通过采取在超过15个大范围的自动化项目的一部分，以他的经验，这些项目包括电力消耗在AS昆达北欧水泥工厂监控系统的开发，更新测试流量计钻机，建设城镇Rakvere和普亚，污水处理厂在城里Jogeva 和发展动力涡轮安全系统，污水处理厂在塔尔图监测网络系统的集中供热。

2可编程控制器在投票站的使用

2.1正面论据主要优势是灵活性提供可编程控制器（杰克，2003年）

该系统的行为可以很容易地通过计划，没有任何其他的改动。例如特殊装置使控制算法很难实现任何改变。灵活性使得PLC的- S经常更换适合应用在机器人的例子。

在PLC - S的投入和产出之间的关系是由用户程序决定。通过使用先进的编程技术比任何硬连接解决方案容易得多，以实现复杂的控制算法。它使PLC在复杂的任务很有竞争力。例如，在控制化学过程，特别模块，让大量不同的信号被连接到PLC系统。PLC - S的使用，应考虑应用，需要一些“特殊”的输入或输出信号。

典型的例子是利用定位高速输入参考的数据。通常个人电脑的可视化软件是由可编程序控制器PLC- S控制，也有一些特殊设备的PC软件包。宽的PLC - S 的通信选择范围使得它能够收集到一个中央控制点。

搜集现场的所有设备的信息。窄的PLC - S的通讯线路允许使用从本地过程控制系统的其他部分中收集信息。现代通讯技术实现远程诊断和配置（杰克，2003年）。这两方面显着降低了系统的总体维护成本。

2.2没有配备足够的内存来存储数据

虽然未来的趋势在PLC内存大小，（录像机）专用设备的增长仍然是更适合于独立的数据记录应用。对于网络解决方案，有可能使用可视化软件包一起与PLC - s到存档于任何数据库格式收集必要的数据。如果记录的数据量小或者有控制功能也包括在内，采用PLC - S是合理的。关于它的可视化软件，知道他们在标准版本的大多数不支持脱机录音通讯故障后，使我们无法获得向后从PLC的数据。

对PLC的现代通讯选项包括，例如以太网标准协议。人们很容易用数据自动化系统的通信运营商中获得。时间已经证明，最好的做法是保持这两方面分离的，如果有一个经常上网的通信需求。几乎没有时间可追溯网络超载问题，也可能在自动化系统的通信。所有的PLC - S的需要进行编程，所有的编程作品包括在控制算法和意外错误的风险。特种设备是行之有效的，并且通常解决这类问题的。如果有的话，它是经济的使用特殊设备。

安全应用需要最高的可靠性程度，应该包含最简单的设备和电路。有一个规

则，每一个链的新环节可能降低整体的可靠性。在小型系统应用中，经常节省成本使用中继电路，而不是使用PLC的- S的。

3．今后的趋势

过程自动化系统的进展是针对所谓的完全自动化，所有的人所要做的就是进入该产品的参数和其他一切工作由机器（松香，2000年）协调。虽然目标遥遥领先，表明在这个方向的趋势运动。

首先，系统变得越来越规范。从大型制造商组织到家庭的产品。其目的是减少对来自同一公司不同的设备配置和维护工作所需的知识量。

同样重要的是这种方式构建的应用程序很容易扩展。

其次，沟通的重要性正在上升（休斯，2000）。有很多原因，更多的要领有：更好的系统是不同部分的合作。

降低成本的布线。减布线结果增加了故障率，也增加了那些发生的严重程度。

传感器与驱动器可以在从传统方法相比，如果使用的处理器覆盖更长的距离。

提高了系统的可扩展性。在增加新设备时以最低的成本。

在某些情况下，最好是让许多小型的独立模块和网络架构。该解决方案使系统继续工作，尽管一些地区已经失败。

方便的通信网络故障诊断为远程管理提供了可能性。中央操作站，可形成相对容易。

可将设备连接形式（OPC基金会，2003）不同的生产厂家。

第三个重要趋势是散布所谓的软件控制器或软PLC - S的（西门子股份公司，2003年）的使用。这些都是电脑软件为基础的解决方案，通过通信网络与现场设备。有没有需要的处理器模块，使用的PC资源。有些软PLC - S仍然为PC 处理器卡（图1）。可靠的通信网络是必不可少的。软PLC - S是非常适合于个人电脑的数据存储数据采集应用的。

图1。西门子的SIMATIC WinAC插槽式PLC 412

第四，组合装置（图2）同时包含操作员面板和中等规模的处理器模块得到普及（西门子股份公司，2002）。这个解决方案的可能性很低，一些组件的重用使整个包便宜。

西门子SIMATIC组合设备的C7 – 613

第五，处理器软件接管从PC软件性质。收集的数据可以很容易地从生产到Office应用程序转移（西门子股份公司，2000）。

4 可编程控制器的控制方法

可编程控制器的控制方法的选择是形成一个应用程序所需的特定属性列表中选择可编程控制器方法的开发。有九个准则，其结果如表1所示。通过比较做出选择与控制器的技术数据结果表。以下是每一个参与标准的简短描述。

溶液的性质决定的是旧系统或全新的发展扩大。在第一种情况下的系统和硬件的要求是有限的架构已经存在解决方案。使用来自同一公司的硬件，使维修更方便，避免了整合的问题，将产品形式出现时，使用不同的生产厂家。例如，许

多硬件制造商结合自己的具体通信接口，直接将处理器模块和通用协议组合。每一个需要特殊模块的（西门子股份公司，2003），它也可以减少备件库存金额，在系统全部采用同一类型的硬件。

最大的电力输入，允许输出的数量用标准来确定处理器。如果复杂的控制算法和非标准功能是必需的，它不是最重要的参数了。一般来说是金钱储蓄用于输入输出信号之一是更大的处理器模块，它来自于几个较小的邻近的位置。在这种情况下，不会对通信网络的需要，也将会更容易编程。

特殊信号和模块通常为中型和大型控制器只提供家庭使用。许多微控制器甚至没有可能性，加上模拟输出（西门子股份公司，2003）。在某些情况下是使用特殊的模块的唯一途径，其他的（定位）这只是一个机会，为了省钱。传感器和执行器的布局可有很大差异，有时远离传感器执行器（中长管抽吸液体）数公里。在这种情况下，特殊的通讯网络（现场总线，如- inteface）可能是唯一的解决办法。如果不是，它至少可以节省成本，减少布线工程。

并非所有可编程控制器通信协议的接口，处理器的性能在复杂的应用中有非常重要的作用。最常见的问题是内存不足的时，有时也有数据存储器。内存要求可估计的输入和输出信号的数量。但在实践中100个数字输入输出点系统通常有3倍以上10个数字输入输出点的系统较小的程序。只有这样，才能准确地估计项目的规模。计划特色包括特殊程序功能的需要。

不同的应用领域有一些通常使用的功能，例如，在楼宇自动化温度控制中，编程要简单得多，如果这些功能已经进入系统软件中内置的处理器。在过程自动化2个数字输出（上下）闭环PID调节是很常用的。这可能是一个惊喜，但它不符合大多数微控制器（西门子股份公司，2003），对于一般的程序员它太复杂，开创了自己的调节器的标准功能包括在内。基本上有2个解决方案：以避免这方面的建设和使用适用的控制器。

成果表现：

交流在当今的自动化系统应用越来越广泛。在某些情况下，作为条形码阅读器或电子权值非标准化装置必须到系统中。然后，它的协议有至关重要的编程（自由港编程）功能。标准化协议的具体模块需求：

工作条件，通常可以克服使用特殊柜，但也有，改善了电磁干扰，湿度和振动性特定的系列可编程控制器。在非常脏的环境中所有的冷却风扇都必须配备过滤器。

5结论

可编程控制器的主要好处是：

灵活

实现方便的沟通和复杂的控制算法

替代方案时应考虑可靠性

系统尽量简单

可记录特殊设备

适当的解决方案和硬件的选择对最终结果有很大的影响。如果这一步失误，

一些项目的总体预算方案可能要发生变化，一些硬件要更换。根据他的实际经验，笔者已经形成了一个选择可编程控制器的方法。它有9个标准的：-输出允许（数字，模拟，输入，输出）的解决方案（新的或现有）的电气输入：最大数量

自然

需要特殊的模块（高速数字输出）

传感器与致动器布局（本地或周边）

处理器（程序和数据存储器）

特色方案（特殊功能）

通讯需求（现场总线，ASCII）的性能

工作条件（湿度，温度，振动，粉尘）

没有什么方法保证总是指出最好的解决方案，但使用确定的方法能避免了失误。

参考文献

[1] Hughes, T. A. Programmable Controllers, Third Edition. ISA – The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2000, 334 p.

[2] Jack, H. Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLC-s, 828 p., Available:

[3] https://www.sodocs.net/doc/634885232.html,/~jackh/books/plcs/pdf/plcbook4_2.pdf,Accessed:3.10.2003

[4] LOGO! Manual. Siemens AG, 2003, 312 p.

[5] OPC Foundation homepage: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/634885232.html,/, Accessed: 9.11.2003

[6] Rosin, A. Programmable Controllers Simatic S7. Tallinn, TTU, 2000, 120 p. [Master Thesis] –in Estonian.

[7] Berger, H. Automating with SIMATIC. Siemens AG, 2003, 214 p.

[8] SIMATIC Programming with STEP 7 V 5.2: Manual. Siemens AG, 2002, 610 p.

[9] SIMATIC S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual. Siemens AG, 2003, 474 p.

[10] SIMATIC HMI WinCC Configuration Manual. Volume 1, 2, 3. Siemens AG 2000, 468 p.

4th International DAAAM Conference

"INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING – INNOVATION AS COMPETITIVE EDGE FOR SME"

29 - 30th April 2004, Tallinn, Estonia

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS IN

PROCESS AUTOMATION

Ahti Mikkor, Lembit Roosim?lder

Department of Product Development, Institute of Machinery,

Tallinn Technical University, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia

ahti.mikkor@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/634885232.html,

Abstract: Nowadays, control problems are solved using operating components from a wide variety of technologies: electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics and mechanics. Functio-nality, reliability and price of the controlled system are deter-mined by the quality of the solution made. The paper concentrates on practical use of programmable logic controllers (PLC) that is based on the five years project development experience in this area. Successful solutions and problems are under focus.

Specific hardware, controller programming problems, data/signals exchange and human machine interfaces are considered. As a result the method for selecting programmable controllers according to specific needs is developed. Practical suggestions, possible hazards and warnings are proposed that could help to avoid mistakes.

Key words: programmable controllers, PLC, automation, automation systems, process automation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Modern machinery consists of both mechanical and electronic parts. Overall functionality is determined by “balance” between these components. Initial planning and solution selection plays critical role in final result.

In control methods the selection has to be made between relay-based circuits, special devices, programmable logic controllers (PLC) and new development electronics. This article is concentrated on PLC-s and experience that has collected over 5-year practical work with PLC-s. Strong and weak sides, positive and negative practices are discussed. Suggestions weather to use programmable controllers or not have been formed to help decision making.

The most important decision in planning PLC-based system is selecting processor type. Mistakes mean extra costs for modifications or even need for completely new devices. The most common error is overestimating programming possibilities of small-sized processors. There are several methods for selecting PLC. Unfortunately most of them focus on electrical side of PLC-s and maximum count of signals allowed. They don’t involve analysis to determine possible special needs for user program or communications.

Based on several existing methods, practical experience and future trends a new method for selecting PLC was developed. Ahti Mikkor has gained his experience by taking part in more than 15 big-scale automation projects. These projects include development of power consumption monitoring system in AS Kunda Nordic Cement factory, renewing testing rig for flowmeters, building Ahtme powerplant turbine safety systems, water treatment plants in towns Rakvere and P?lva, waste water treatment plant in town J?geva and development of monitoring system for

central heating network in Tartu.

2. PROS AND CONS IN USING PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

2.1 Positive arguments

The main advantage that programmable controllers provide is flexibility (Jack, 2003). Behaviour of the system can be easily changed via program without any other alterations. Special devices for example make any changes in control algorithm very hard to implement. Flexibility makes PLC-s well suitable for frequently changed applications, for example in robotics.

In PLC-s the relations between inputs and outputs are determined by user program. By using advanced programming technologies it is much easier to implement complex control algorithms than in any hard-wired solutions. It makes PLC-s very competitive for complex tasks, for example in controlling chemical processes.

Special modules allow vast amount of different signals to be connected to the PLC system. Use of PLC-s should be considered in applications that require some “special” input or output signals. Typical example would be positioning using reference data from high-speed input.

Typically PC visualization software packages are made for PLC-s. Some special devices have also PC software packages. Wide range of communication options between PLC-s makes it possible to gather all information from field devices into one central control point.

Communication lines between PLC-s allow using information collected from other parts of the system in local process control. Modern communication technologies enable remote diagnostics and configuration (Jack, 2003). These two significantly reduce overall maintenance costs of the system.

2.2 Negative arguments

Programmable controllers are not equipped with enough memory to store big amounts of data. Although future trends show growth in PLC memory sizes, special devices (recorders) are still better suited for standalone datalogging applications. For networked solutions there is possibility to use visualization software packages together with PLC-s to archive collected data in any database format necessary. If logged data amounts are small or there are also control functions included, it’s reasonable to still use PLC-s. About visualization software packages it’s good to know that in standard versions most of them do not support offline recording so that after communication breakdown it is not possible to acquire data backwards from PLC.

Modern communication options for PLC-s include standard protocols for example Ethernet. It is tempting to use existing office networks also as data carrier for automation system communications. Time has shown that it is better practice to keep these two separated if there is a need for constant online communication. Hardly traceable temporal network overloads can cause problems also in automation system communications All PLC-s need be programmed. All programming works include risk for accidental errors in control algorithm. Special devices are well tested and generally free of this kind of problems. If available, it’s economically thoughtful to use special devices.

Safety applications that require highest degree of reliability should contain simplest devices and circuits possible. There is a rule that every new link in chain decreases overall reliability.

In small applications it’s often cost saving to use relay-based circuits instead of PLC-s.

3. FUTURE TRENDS

Progress in process automation systems is aiming at so called complete automation when all

the human has to do is to enter the parameters of the product wanted and everything else is carried out by machines (Rosin, 2000). Although the destination lies far ahead, trends indicate movement in that direction.

Firstly, systems become more and more standardized. Big manufacturers organize their products into families. The aim is to reduce amount of knowledge needed for configuration and maintenance works of different devices from same company. It’s also important that this way built applications are easily expandable.

Secondly, importance of communication is rising (Hughes, 2000). There are many reasons, some of more essentials are:

? Better collaboration of different parts of the system.

? Cutting costs on cabling. Less cabling results fall in fault probability, but also increases severity of ones that occur.

? Sensors and actuators can be at longer distances from the pro cessor module than if using conventional methods.

? Increased scalability of the systems. New devices can be added at minimal costs.

? At some cases it is better to make architecture of many small independent modules and network them. This solution enables system to keep working although some parts have failed.

?Communication networks ease fault diagnostics and provide remote management possibilities. Central operating stations can be formed relatively easy.

? Possibility to connect devices form differ ent manufacturers (OPC Foundation, 2003).

Third important tendency is spreading use of so called software controllers or Soft PLC-s (Siemens AG, 2003). These are PC software-based solutions that relate with field devices via communication networks. There is no need for processor module, resources of PC are used. Some Soft PLC-s are still formed as processor cards for PC (figure 1). Reliable communication networks are essential. Soft PLC-s are well suited for data acquisition applications because of data storage possibilities of PC-s.

Figure 1. Siemens Simatic WinAC Slot PLC 412

Fourthly, combo-devices (figure 2) that contain both operator panel and medium size processor module gain popularity (Siemens AG, 2002). In this solution possibility of disturbances is low and reuse of some components make whole package cheaper.

Figure 2. Combo device Siemens Simatic C7-613

Fifthly, processor software takes over properties from PC software. Data collected from production can be easily transferred into office applications (Siemens AG, 2000).

4. METHOD FOR SELECTING PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER

A method for forming an application specific list of required properties for selecting programmable controller was developed. There are nine criterions and the results are presented in Table 1. Selection is made by comparing results table with controller’s technical data. Following is short description of every criteria involved.

Nature of solution determines weather it is expanding of old system or completely new development. In first case the architecture of system and hardware requirements are limited by already existing solution. Using hardware from same company makes servicing easier and avoids integration problems that would occur when using products form different manufacturers. For example many hardware producers integrate their own specific communication interfaces directly into processor module and for every universal protocol a special module is needed (Siemens AG, 2003). It is also possible to reduce spare part stock amounts when using same type hardware all over the system.

Maximum number of electrical inputs-outputs allowed is classical criteria to determine processor class. If complex control algorithms and non-standard functions ar e needed, it’s not the most important parameter any more. Generally it is money saving to use one bigger processor module for input-output signals that originate from nearby locations than several smaller ones. In this case there will be no need for communication network and programming will be easier too. Special signals and modules are usually available for medium and large controller families only. Many microcontrollers do not even have possibility to add analogue output (Siemens AG, 2003). In some cases using special modules is the only way, in other ones (positioning) it is just an opportunity to save money.

Layouts of sensors and actuators can be very different, sometimes the sensors are located several kilometres away from the actuator (pumping liquids in long pipes). In this case special communication network (Profibus, AS-inteface) might be the only solution. If not, it can at least save costs by reducing cabling works. Not all programmable controllers have interfaces for communication protocols.

Properties of processor have important role in complex applications. Most common problem is lack of programming memory, sometimes also data memory. Memory requirements can be estimated by number of input and output signals. But in practice 100 digital input-output points system often has 3 times smaller program than 10 digital input-output points system. The only way to estimate program size exactly is using previous experience.

Program specialities include special program functions needed. Different areas of applications have some typically used functions, for example temperature control in building automation. Programming is much simpler if these functions are already built into system software of processor. In process automation 2 digital output (up-down) closed loop PID regulation is quite often used. It might be a surprise but it’s not included in most of the microcontrollers (Siemens AG, 2003) and for average programmer it’s too complicated task to create his own regulator using standard functions. Basically there are 2 solutions: either to avoid this construction or to use applicable controller.

Table 1. Table for method results

Communication is becoming more important in nowadays automation systems. In some cases non-standardised devices as barcode readers or electronic weights have to be included into the system. Then it’s vital to have functions for protocol programming (freeport programming). Standardised protocols demand existence of specific modules.

Working conditions can usually be overcome by using special cabinets, but there are also specific series of programmable controllers that have improved resistance for electromagnetic disturbances, humidity and vibrations. In very dusty environments all cooling ventilators have to be equipped withfilters.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Main benefits of programmable controllers are:

? flexibility

? communication possibilities

? realisation of complex control algorithms

? reliability

Alternative solutions should be considered if:

? system is very simple

? spe cial devices are available

? data recording is necessary

Initial selection of appropriate solution and hardware has great influence on final result. Mistakes in this step significantly increase overall budget of project as some programs might have to be changed and some hardware replaced.

Based on his practical experience the author has formed a method for selecting programmable controller. It has 9 criteria’s:

? nature of solution (new or existing)

? maximum number of electrical inputs-outputs allowed (digital, analogue, inputs, outputs) ? need for special modules (high-speed digital outputs)

? layout of sensors and actuators (local or periphery)

? properties of processor (program and data memory)

? program specialities (special functions)

? commu nication needs (Profibus, ASCII)

? working conditions (humidity, temperature, vibration, dust)

Method is not guaranteed to always point out the best selection, but using it certainly avoids mistakes.

6. REFERENCES

Hughes, T. A. Programmable Controllers, Third Edition. ISA – The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2000, 334 p.

Jack, H. Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLC-s, 828 p., Available:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/634885232.html,/~jackh/books/plcs/pdf/plcbook4_2.pdf, Accessed:

3.10.2003

LOGO! Manual. Siemens AG, 2003, 312 p.

OPC Foundation homepage: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/634885232.html,/, Accessed: 9.11.2003

Rosin, A. Programmable Controllers Simatic S7. Tallinn, TTU, 2000, 120 p. [Master Thesis] – in Estonian.

Berger, H. Automating with SIMATIC. Siemens AG, 2003, 214 p.

SIMATIC Programming with STEP 7 V 5.2: Manual. Siemens AG, 2002, 610 p.

SIMATIC S7-200 Programmable Controller System Manual. Siemens AG, 2003, 474 p.

SIMATIC HMI WinCC Configuration Manual. Volume 1, 2, 3. Siemens AG 2000, 468 p.

PLC外文翻译

外文翻译 原文：The open system merit of Computer Numerical Control The open system merit is the system simple, the cost low, but the shortcoming is the precision is low. The reverse gap, the guide screw pitch error, stop inferiorly can affect the pointing accuracy by mistake. Following several kind of improvements measure may cause the pointing accuracy distinct improvement. 1. reverse gap error compensates The numerical control engine bed processing cutting tool and the work piece relative motion is depends upon the drive impetus gear,the guide screw rotation, thus the impetus work floor and so on moves the part to produce moves realizes. As traditional part gear, guide screw although the manufacture precision is very high, but always unavoidably has the gap. As a result of this kind of gap existence, when movement direction change, starts the section time to be able to cause inevitably actuates the part wasting time, appears the instruction pulse to push the motionless functional element the aspect. This has affected the engine bed processing precision, namely the instruction pulse and actual enters for the step does not tally,has the processing error therefore, the split-ring numerical control system all establishes generally has the reverse gap error compensatory function, with by makes up which wastes time the step reverse gap difference compensates is first actual reverse enters for the error, converts the pulse equivalent number it, compensates the subroutine as the gap the output, when the computer judgment appears when instruction for counter motion, transfers the gap to compensate the subroutine immediately, compensates the pulse after the output to eliminate the reverse gap to carry on again normally inserts makes up the movement. 2. often the value systematic characteristic position error compensates A kind of storehouse by transfers for the designer. Like this in the components design stage, the designer only must input the characteristic the parameter, the system direct production characteristic example model: We must save the related characteristic class in the database the structure information, the database table collection are use in saving this part of related information. According to the characteristic type definition need, we defined the characteristic class code table, the

PLC外文文献翻译

Programmable logic controller A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result. 1.History The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. Programmable logic controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as electricians needed to individually rewire each and every relay. In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner. One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84

基于PLC相关的毕业设计外文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：可编程逻辑控制器技术 系部名称：信息工程系专业班级： 学生姓名：学号： 指导教师：教师职称： 2014 年3 月XX 日

译文 可编程逻辑控制器技术 引言 PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）实际是一个工业控制系统（近来我们看到更多的是用处理器来取代微控制器），在软件和硬件都配备的条件下，适合应用于工业环境。PLC 的发明是相当必要的，它代替了传统的依靠由继电接触器电路来控制电机。PLC 的工作原理是根据它的输入信号和工作状态来确定输出。用户通常是通过软件或编程输入一个程序，来输出所需要的结果。 如图 8-1 所示，PLC 是由典型的黑色构件组成。特别需要注意的是它的输入和输出， 因为在这些模块上，工业环境会给 CPU 一个输入线，所以很有必要将 CPU 模块隔离以保护其免遭有害的影响。程序单元通常是用计算机来编写程序（一般是梯形图）。 1.1CPU 的中央处理单元 中央处理单元（CPU）是一个 PLC 的主控制器。一般 CPU 本身是一个微控制器。通常这些都是 8 位微控制器，如 8051 ，现在的这些是 16 位和 32 位微控制器。潜规则是，你会发现用在 PLC 控制器上的微控制器多数是由日本生产的日立和富士通，欧洲的西门子控制器，和美国的摩托罗拉微控制器。CPU 也负责通讯，与 PLC 控制器的其它部分相互联系，如程序执行，内存操作，监督输入和设置输出。PLC 控制器拥有复杂的程序用于内存检查，以确保 PLC 内存不被损坏（内存检查是为了安全原因而作出的）。一般来说，CPU 单元多数用来检查 PLC 控制器本身，所以有可能出现的错误很早就会被发现。你可以简单地看任何 PLC 控制器,查看错误信号在发光二极管上的种种指示形式。 1.2内存 系统内存（今天主要是在 FLASH 技术上实现）用于一台 PLC 的过程控制系统。除了 这个操作系统它还包含用户程序将梯形图翻译成二进制的形式。 FLASH 存储器的内容仅在 用户程序改变下可以改变。PLC 控制器较早被用来代替闪存，EPROM 存储器代替了那些只能依靠紫外线灯等擦除内存并依靠程序员来编程的 FLASH 存储器。在 FLASH 技术的作用下这个过程被大大的缩短了。重组程序内存通过程序中的串行通讯用于应用程序开发。使用内存被划分成多个具有特殊功能的模块。存储器某些部分用来存储输入状态和输出状态。一个 输入信号的实际状态是用 1 或0 存储在一个特定的存储位。每一个输入信号和输出信号在内存里都有一个位与之相对应。内存的其他部分用来存储用户程序中使用的变量以及变量的内容。例如，定时器的值和计数器的值都将被存储在这部分内存里。 1.3PLC 控制器的编程 PLC 控制器可以通过计算机（常用的方式）进行编程，还可以通过手动编程器（控制台）编程。这实际上意味着如果你有需要的编程软件那么每个 PLC 控制器都可以通过计算机进行编程。今天的传输计算机是非常适合在工厂对 PLC 控制器进行编程的。这对工业有着非常重要的意义。一旦系统被刷新，重新读取正确的程序到 PLC 就很重要。还可以定期检查 PLC 中的程序是否改变了。这有助于避免在工厂车间发生危险状况（部分汽车制造商建立了通信网络，定期检查项目中的 PLC 控制器，以确保执行的程序是正确的）。

plc外文翻译

1 Bit Logic In structi ons 1.1 Overview of Bit Logic In structi ons 1.1.1 Description Bit logic in structi ons work with two digits, 1 and 0. These two digits form the base of a nu mber system called the binary system. The two digits 1 and 0 are called binary digits or bits. In the world of con tacts and coils, a 1 in dicates activated or en ergized, and a 0 in dicates not activated or not en ergized. The bit logic in struct ions in terpret sig nal states of 1 and 0 and comb ine them accord ing to Boolea n logic. These comb in ati ons produce a result of 1 or 0 that is called the “result of logic operati on ” (RLO). The logic operations that are triggered by the bit logic instructions perform a variety of fun cti ons. There are bit logic in structio ns to perform the followi ng fun cti ons: ---| |--- Normally Ope n Co ntact (Address) ---| / |--- Normally Closed Con tact (Address) ---(SAVE) Save RLO into BR Memory XOR Bit Exclusive OR ---()Output Coil ---(# )--- Midli ne Output ---|NOT|--- In vert Power Flow The followi ng in structio ns react to an RLO of 1: ---(S ) Set Coil ---(R ) Reset Coil SR Set-Reset Flip Flop RS Reset-Set Flip Flop Other in structi ons react to a positive or n egative edge tran siti on to perform the followi ng functions: ---(N)--- Negative RLO Edge Detectio n ---(P)--- Positive RLO Edge Detectio n NEG Address Negative Edge Detectio n POS Address Positive Edge Detectio n

plc外文翻译

1 Bit Logic Instructions 1.1 Overview of Bit Logic Instructions 1.1.1 Description Bit logic instructions work with two digits, 1 and 0. These two digits form the base of a number system called the binary system. The two digits 1 and 0 are called binary digits or bits. In the world of contacts and coils, a 1 indicates activated or energized, and a 0 indicates not activated or not energized. The bit logic instructions interpret signal states of 1 and 0 and combine them according to Boolean logic. These combinations produce a result of 1 or 0 that is called the “result of logic operation” (RLO). The logic operations that are triggered by the bit logic instructions perform a variety of functions. There are bit logic instructions to perform the following functions: ---| |--- Normally Open Contact (Address) ---| / |--- Normally Closed Contact (Address) ---(SAVE) Save RLO into BR Memory XOR Bit Exclusive OR ---( ) Output Coil ---( # )--- Midline Output ---|NOT|--- Invert Power Flow The following instructions react to an RLO of 1: ---( S ) Set Coil ---( R ) Reset Coil SR Set-Reset Flip Flop RS Reset-Set Flip Flop Other instructions react to a positive or negative edge transition to perform the following functions: ---(N)--- Negative RLO Edge Detection ---(P)--- Positive RLO Edge Detection NEG Address Negative Edge Detection POS Address Positive Edge Detection

PLC控制系统外文翻译

附录 Abstract: Programmable controller in the field of industrial control applications, and PLC in the application process, to ensure normal operation should be noted that a series of questions, and give some reasonable suggestions. Key words: PLC Industrial Control Interference Wiring Ground Proposal Description Over the years, programmable logic controller (hereinafter referred to as PLC) from its production to the present, to achieve a connection to the storage logical leap of logic; its function from weak to strong, to achieve a logic control to digital control of progress; its applications from small to large, simple controls to achieve a single device to qualified motion control, process control and distributed control across the various tasks. PLC today in dealing with analog, digital computing, human-machine interface and the network have been a substantial increase in the capacity to become the mainstream of the field of control of industrial control equipment, in all walks of life playing an increasingly important role. ⅡPLC application areas Currently, PLC has been widely used in domestic and foreign steel, petroleum, chemical, power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental and cultural entertainment and other industries, the use of mainly divided into the following categories: 1. Binary logic control Replace traditional relay circuit, logic control, sequential control, can be used to control a single device can also be used for multi-cluster control and automation lines. Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machine, lathe, grinding machines, packaging lines, plating lines and so on. 2. Industrial Process Control In the industrial production process, there are some, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level and speed, the amount of continuous change (ie, analog), PLC using the appropriate A / D and D / A converter module, and a variety of control algorithm program to handle analog, complete closed-loop control. PID closed loop control system adjustment is generally used as a conditioning method was more. Process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control and so forth have a very wide range of applications 3. Motion Control PLC can be used in a circular motion or linear motion control. Generally use a dedicated motion control module, for example a stepper motor or servo motor driven single-axis or multi-axis position control module, used in a variety of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators and other occasions. 4. Data Processing PLC with mathematics (including matrix operations, functions, operation, logic operation), data transfer, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, bit manipulation functions, you can complete the data collection, analysis and processing.Data

精品中英文外文翻译--PLC和微处理器-定

Introductions of PLC and MCU A PLC is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control. The PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs .The user enters a program, usually via software or programmer that gives the desired results. PLC are used in many “real world” applications. If there is industry present, chances are good that there is a PLC present. If you are involved in machining, packaging, material handling, automated assembly or countless other industries, you are probably already using them. If you are not, you are wasting money and time. Almost any application that needs some type of electrical control has need for PLC. For example, let’s assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5 seconds and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for. We can do this with a simple external timer. What if the process also needed to count how many times the switch individually turned on? We need a lot of external counters. As you can see, the bigger the process the more of a need we have for a PLC. We can simply program the PLC to count its inputs and turn the solenoids on for the specified time. We will take a look at what i s considered to be the “top 20” PLC instructions. It can be safely estimated that with a firm understanding of there instructions one can solve more than 80% of the applications in existence. That‘s right, more than 80%! Of course we’ll learn more than jus t these instructions to help you solve almost ALL your potential PLC applications. The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive input/output data, as shown in Fig. 19.1 We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or thousands of separate relays, counters, timer and date storage locations. Do these counters, timers, etc. really exist? No, they don’t “physically” exist but rather they are simulated and can be considered software counters, timers, etc. These internal relays are simulated through bit locations in registers. What does each part do? INPUT RELAYS-(contacts) These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc... Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.

PLC中英文资料外文翻译-(1)

可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展 摘自《可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展》 数字媒体系 08165110 多衡随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈;单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景,也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象. 人们在生产实践中看到,自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证,同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度,减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等,熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作,可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为,通过人脑与计算机协调工作,以人机结合的模式,为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制，那已经是时代的过去，如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到；而PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题，通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制，使得自动化走向了新的高潮。 PLC的最大特点在于：电气工程师已不再电气的硬件上花费太多的心计，只要将按钮开关或感应器的输入点连接到PLC的输入点上就能解决问题，通过输出点连接接触器或继电器来控制大功率的启动设备，而小功率的输出设备直接连接就可以。 PLC的内部包含了具有中央处理器的CPU，并带有外部I/O口扩展的I/O接口地址和存储器三大块组成，CPU的核心是由一个或者多个累加器组成，它们具有逻辑的数学运算能力，并能读取程序存储器的内容通过计算后去驱动相应的存储器和I/O接口；I/O口将内部累加器和外部的输入和输出系统连接起来，并将相关的数据存入程序存储器或者数据存储器中；存储器可以将I/O口输入的数据存入存储器中，并在工作时调转到累加器和I/O接口上，存储器分程序存储器ROM和数据存储器RAM,ROM可以将数据永久的存入存储器中，而RAM只能作为CPU计算时临时计算使用的缓冲空间。 PLC的抗干扰是极其优秀的，我们根本不用去关心它的使用寿命和工作场合的恶劣，这些所有的问题已不再成为我们失败的主题，而留给我们的是关心如何来利用PLC的内部资源为我们加强设备的控制能力，使我们的设备更加的柔性。 PLC的语言并不是我们所想象的汇编语言或C语言来进行编程，而是采用原有的继电器控制的梯形图，使得电气工程师在编写程序时很容易就理解了PLC的语言，而且很多的非电气专业人士也对PLC很快认识并深入。

PLC中英文资料外文翻译

可编程控制器 技术讨论与未来发展 学生姓名： ****** 所在院系： ****** 所学专业： ****** 导师姓名： ****** 完成时间：******

外文资料 PLCtechnique discussion and future development With the development of the times, today's technology is maturing, competition intensified。 rely on manual operation does not satisfy the current industry outlook, there is no guarantee of higher quality requirements and high-tech corporate image. People saw in the production practice, automation to bring great convenience and product quality assurance, but also reduce the labor intensity, reducing the staff on the establishment in many complex production process is difficult to achieve target control, the overall optimization, optimal decision-making, skilled operatives, technicians or specialists, managers can easily determine and operate it, you can get satisfactory results. artificial intelligence research is the use of computers to achieve the target, the analog These intelligent behavior, through coordination of the human brain and a computer to combine human models for solving very complex problem of finding the best way. PLC's most important feature is: electrical engineer electrical hardware no longer spend too much scheming, as long as the button switch or sensor input connected to the PLC input point will solve the problem by connecting the output point contacts or relay to control the power of the boot device, and small power output devices can be connected directly. Contained within the PLC having a central processor of the CPU, and with an external I / O port expansion I / O interface and the memory addresses of three major components, CPU core is formed by one or more accumulators, which have the logical math capabilities, and can read the contents of the program memory to drive through the calculation of the corresponding memory and I / O interface。 I / O port to the internal accumulator and external input and output systems together, and the relevant data stored in the program memory or data memory。 memory can be I / O port input data stored in memory and transferred to the accumulator at work, and I / O interfaces, memory sub-ROM program memory and data memory RAM, ROM data can be permanently stored in memory, CPU and RAM only as a temporary calculated using the calculation buffer space. PLC immunity is extremely good, we do not have to care about the life and work of its harsh occasions, all of these issues are no longer the subject of our failure, and left us is concerned with how to take advantage of the PLC's internal resources to

PLC中英文资料外文翻译

附录 外文资料 PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the