职称英语阅读理解新增文章——卫生类

职称英语阅读理解新增文章——卫生类

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2０11职称英语阅读理解新增文章——卫生类

Tｈe lｅading cauｓe of lｕｎg caｎcer among women inｔhe ｃitｙwas cｏoｋｉng ｏil fumes ｗhｉle ｍen are moｒe lｉkｅly tｏdeveｌop thｅｄiseaｓeｆrｏm smoking,ｓaid medicａl experts after a five-year resｅarcｈsｔudy．

Doctoｒs announcｅd ｔhe rｅsuｌts yesterｄaｙｗｉｔh aｎalysiｓoｎｓｏmｅnｅｗｔenｄenｃｉｅｓin lung canｃｅr.Ｔheyｓaｉd patieｎtｓａrｅyoungeｒ, ｅｓpeciａｌly wｏmｅn.

Accoｒdiｎg to tｈe ShangｈaiＴumor research Institｕte, ｍoｒe local residents die ｏf lｕng cａnｃeｒin ｔｈe cｉty thanａnｙｔhiｎg elｓｅ. Followinｇbｒeast cancｅｒ, iｔhaｓthｅsｅcｏnd-hｉghest incｉdｅｎce ratｅ.

"An ｕnheａlthy lｉfeｓtylｅｉs ａveｒyｉmpｏrtant ｒeａsｏn for lung ｃａnｃｅr," sａidＤr He YuminｆromＳhanghaiＭinshen TraditionaｌChineｓe MeｄicineＴumｏr Diagnosｉs and Treａtment Cｅｎtｅr.

He fｏllowed2,276 ｌunｇcancer paｔｉｅntｓfor fivｅyears. Amｏng them,１，４33 wｅrｅmale．

Smoking cauｓｅs ７0 percent oｆcases amongｍen wｈile ｏn ｌy 1８peｒcenｔoｆｆeｍａｌｅｐaｔiｅntｓdeｖelopｅd canceｒfrom sｍｏｋｉｎg or ｉｎhaling sｅcoｎd-hand ｓmoke, acｃｏrdｉng tｏthｅrｅｐort.

Howeｖer, more ｔhan 60 ｐeｒceｎt of wｏｍen with the diｓｅase had ｌong terｍ, ｃlｏsｅｃontaｃt with strｏnｇoｉl fｕmｅs fｒｏm cookｉｎｇand complaｉｎed aboｕｔ１irrｉtａｔed eyes anｄ

throａt.

Abｏut ３2 perｃenｔof women fｒied fｏodｓｉn boｉlinｇoil in unvenｔilatｅd kitchｅns ａnd abｏut 25 percent of women's beｄrooms were adjacenｔｔｏ２the kitchen.

However, lｏcal womeｎwere ｓurｐriｓｅd to ｌｅarn cookiｎg oil f ｕmes cｏulｄlｅad to cａnｃer. Soｍe cｌaiｍｅｄｔｈeｙmay ｃhange food preparatｉon methoｄs．

＂Unless my family aｎdＩｄｏn＇t eat ａtｈｏme eveｒy dａy，I ｍusｔstａy iｎthe kiｔchｅｎｔo ｃook," sａｉd Xu Lｉ, a 45-yeａｒ-old ｌｏcal wｏmａn．"Ｉkｎｏｗthｅfumes ａre bad ｆoｒthe skin, but iｔｉs the first time I heard that ｉt caｎｒeｓult inｌｕng canc ｅr. Ｉhave alreaｄy ｓtarｔed fｒｙing lesｓ."

Doctors saｉｄwｏｍen's lｕng cancｅｒｈad fｅw links to perso ｎal healｔh ａnd physicalｃoｎdｉtｉon, but

ｗas ｃlｏｓely relａtｅd toｆaｍilｙｃanceｒhisｔory, ｕnheａlthy diｅtarｙｈａｂiｔs and wｅaｋｉmmunｅsｙstｅmｓ.

Ｏtheｒｅxｐｅｒｔs agreed with Ｈe．3

"Smｏkｉｎｇis by far the bｉgｇest cａuse4of luｎｇcancer foｒ

meｎ，＂said ＤｒTan Bｉｎyong，hｏｎorary prｅsiｄentｏf tｈe Re ｓpirａtｏrｙDｉsｅase Ｉnstitｕte at FudａnＵｎivｅｒsｉty's Mｅdｉｃal Ｃoｌｌege．＂Iｔ's trｕe tｈaｔsecond-hａnｄｓmoke and coo

ｋinｇfｕｍeｓａre the ｍaiｎcaｕseｓａmong woｍｅn. "

He's rｅｓeａrｃh also wａrneｄpeopｌe ｎot to sｔand near of ｓtalls selｌing5ｆrｉeｄfooｄs duｅto thｅpoor ｑｕａlｉty of oiｌs u ｓed．

Thｅcｈaｎce of catchinｇlung cancer is thｒｅe ｔimes higheｒｉｆexpｏsｅd to the fｕme for a lｏng time,６expertｓsaiｄ．练习:

１．What a neｗtenｄency in lｕnｇｃａncｅr is coｎclｕdeｄｂy the ｒesｅaｒchers？

A Meｎare ｍore likeｌyｔoｄeveloｐｌung canｃer thａn ｗoｍen.

B Ｗomen are ｍore lｉkely ｔｏｄｅvelop lunｇcancer thａn me ｎ.

C Patiｅnｔs with lung cａncer beｃome older, ｅspｅｃiallｙｍales．

D Ｐaｔients withｌung cancer ｂecome youｎger,especialｌｙ

feｍａｌes.

2. Ｗhｉch ｏｆtｈｅfｏllowinｇｄisｅaｓes ｉs ｔhe moｓt cｏmmoｎamong the locａl resｉｄents in Shangｈai'?

ＡＨeart diｓease. ＢBreaｓt cancer.

C Inｆectioｕs dｉseasｅｓ.

D Lｕｎg caｎcer.

3. Whaｔsｙmｐtoｍsｍay be ｃomｐｌaiｎed of bｙmｏst women wiｔh ｌung cancｅr ａfter lｏnｇteｒm．Ｃloｓe contaｃt withｃookin ｇoｉl fuｍes'？

A Iｒritateｄｅyes ａｎd throat.

B Ｓｅvere ｐainｉｎboｔh lｕｎgs.

C Ｃontｉnuoｕs ｃoｕgｈaｎｄhｅaｄache．ＤDｉｆficulty iｎbreａthｉng.

４．What wａｓthｅlocaｌwomen's rｅaｃtioｎwheｎｔｈｅｙlearnｅd that ｃｏoｋｉng ｏil fumｅs cｏulｄｌead tｏcａncer?

ＡHappy.ＢＳｕrprｉsｅd．

C Angｒy. DＣａreless.

5.Ｗｈｉch oｆｔhｅｆollｏwing ｈas rｅlatｉvely lｉｔtｌｅcoｎnection with women's ｌunｇｃanｃer?

A Famiｌy cａncer hiｓtorｙ．

B Unｈealthy dｉｅtary haｂｉtｓ.

C Wｅak ｉmmune systems.

D Ｐerｓｏnal healtｈａｎｄphｙsical

ｃｏnditiｏｎ.

第三篇厨房油烟可致癌

医学专家们经过5年的研究调研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸烟，而女性患此绝症的罪魁祸首是厨房油烟。

医生们昨天宣布这一结果,并对肺癌患病的一些新趋势做出分析。他们认为病人越来越年轻化,尤其是女性。

据上海肿瘤研究所统计显示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成为继乳腺癌之后的第二大高发病率肿瘤。

上海民生中医肿瘤诊疗中心何裕民医生指出:“不健康的生活习惯是致癌的

一个重要原因。”

他对２，276名肺癌患者进行了长达５年的追踪调研。这些患者中有1,48３名师男性。

报告显示，案例中男性患者中7０%是由吸烟诱发癌症的,而直邮18%的女性患者是由于吸烟或被迫吸入二手烟才诱发癌症的。

然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受。

大约32%的女性在滚开的油里煎炸食物而厨房却密不透风。而大约25%的女性居住的卧室紧邻厨房。

但是,妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶。其中一些人表示要改变准备饮食的方式。

“我每天都得下厨做饭，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭,一名45岁的妇女说，“我知道油烟对皮肤不好，但是还是第一次听说油烟竟能致癌、我以后要少煎炸食物。”

医生们认为，女性患肺癌和个人健康及身体状况联系极少，但和肿瘤家族病史、不健康的饮食习惯和脆弱的免疫系统联系紧密。

其它专家同意何医生的意见。

“吸烟已经成为诱发男性肺癌最最大的因素,”上海复旦大学医学院呼吸道疾病研究所名誉主席谭彬用指出，“二手烟和厨房油烟的确是诱发女性肺癌的主要原因。”

他的研究同时也警告人们不要站在卖油炸食品的摊点旁，因为他们使用的油都是劣质的。

专家称，如果长时间接受油烟,患肺癌的几率有常人的３倍那么高。

*第十八篇Ｅxｅｒcｉse Ｃan Rｅpｌaｃe Inｓulin ｆoｒElderly Di ａbｅｔicｓ

Moｓt older people with so-ｃａlｌeｄtype ＩＩdｉａbｅtes ｃｏuld ｓtoｐtａking insuｌｉn if thｅｙwｏuld do brisｋｅxercise for30 ｍinutes jｕst three times ａｗeｅk，ａｃcording to nｅw mediｃａl rｅsearｃh resｕｌtｓrｅpｏrted in tｈeＣopeｎhａｇen nｅwｓpaｐｅr B ｅrlinｇsｋe Tiｄende on Monｄay.

Results frｏｍtesｔｓcoｎｄuctｅd on ｄiabetｉcs at thｅＣoｐｅnhaｇen Central Hｏspital Rigshoｓpiｔaleｔs Ceｎｔer fｏr ＭｕｓclｅRｅｓeａrch shｏwed ｔｈat phyｓicａl exerｃise ｃaｎbooｓt ｔhｅbodｙ＇ｓａｂiliｔy to utiｌiｓe insuｌｉn by30ｐer cｅnt, tｈe n ｅｗspaper reｐｏrtｅd．

Tｈiｓｉs ｅqual ｔｏ1 ｔhe eｆfecｔmost elderｌy diabetｉcｓｇeｔfrom thｅir insuliｎmｅdiｃａtion today, it said.

Rｅsearｃhｅrs hａd a group ｏf nｏn-dｉabeｔic mｅｎaｎd a grｏup ofｍenｗith type IＩ，all moreｔhan６0 yｅarｓｏf aｇe, exｅr ｃise oｎbicycles ｓｉｘtｉmｅsａweek foｒthrｅe moｎthｓ.Ａfter the ｔhｒｅe monｔhｓtｈe doctors mｅａsured hoｗｍｕcｈsugar the teｓt ｓuｂjectｓmuｓcles ｃｏｕld utilise as a mｅaｓure fｏr how

ｗｅll theｉr insｕlｉn woｒked.2

Assocｉａte Profesｓｏr3 Ｄｒ．Flｅmｍing Dela oｆthe Musｃle Ｒesearch Center said the tests ｄemoｎｓｔratｅd thaｔｔhe eｘerｃising ｄｉabetiｃs hａd just as high insuｌiｎutｉｌizａtioｎas tｈe healthｙnon- eｘｅrcｉsing persons．

"This ｍｅansｔhａｔtｈe inｓulｉn workｓｊuｓｔａs ｗｅll for ｂotｈgrouｐs. Phｙｓｉcaｌｅｘeｒciseｃａnnot curｅｐeople of diabeteｓ，4 but ｉt can eliｍinatｅaｌmost alｌｔheir symptoms. A ｔthｅsame ｔｉme it can ｐut off5 ｔhe point at which they hav ｅto begｉn tａking insuliｎoｒｐerhapsｃｏmplｅtely aｖoiｄiｎsu ｌin treatment," Delａwａs ｑuoted as sayinｇ.6

Insｕlin ｉsa hｏrmoｎe prｏduced by the pancreａs，ｃontｒolｌiｎｇsugar ｉｎthｅｂody and uｓeｄagａｉｎst ｄiabetes.

Dｅla said that ｔo achｉｅve ｔｈe desireｄeｆｆｅcｔｄｉabｅtics need ｏnｌｙexerｃise to the poｉnt whｅre thｅｙbegｉnｔｏwoｒk up7a sweａt, bｕｔthaｔthe activitｙhａs tｏbe maintain ｅd sinｃe iｔｗｅａrs oｆf8aｆteｒfｉve days wiｔｈｏut ｓufｆiｃi ｅnｔeｘerｃｉse．

Mosｔdiaｂeｔiｃs ｒealiｚeｔｈat tｈｅy have ｔｏwａtch thｅir dｉet wｈilｅremaininｇunaｗａre of9 the ｉmｐortaｎｃe of exeｒcｉs ｅ, Dela added.

练习:

1.Ｈow could moｓt eldｅrｌy tｙpe II ｄiabｅtics stoｐtａkｉnｇinsulin？

A By tａkｉng morｅｓalt thaｎｕｓuaｌ.

BＢy tａｋiｎｇless sａlt than usual.

C By doiｎｇbriｓk exeｒcisｅforｈａlf aｎhｏｕr at least tｈree ｔｉmeｓａweek．

ＤBy ｇoiｎg clｉmbinｇ, swimmｉｎg or boxiｎg every dａy．

2. Phyｓiｃａｌexeｒcｉse mａｙincreａse tｈｅｂoｄｙaｂｉlｉt ｙｔo uｔiｌise insｕｌin bｙ

Ａ70 per ceｎt. B 3０ｐｅr cent.

C 60 per cenｔ.

D onｌy ａfew peｒcent．

3. Ｔhｅｓubjeｃtsｏｆtｈｅreseaｒch tｅsts condｕcｔeｄａt thｅＣopｅnhageｎCentｒal Ｈｏspital incｌuded

A eｌdeｒly ｎoｎ－diabetic ｍen.

B ｅlderly typeⅡdiabｅtｉｃmere

C bｏth ｓeｘes of alｌages．

D botｈ A and B.

4. To ｗhat a ｄegree have dieｂetｉcｓto ｅｘercise in order tｏachieｖe ｔhｅdesired eｆfect'?

ＡTo the deｇrｅｅwhere ｔhey begiｎtｏsｗeat.

B To ｔｈｅdegrｅｅwｈｅｒe tｈey fｅｅl, ｅxhausｔed.

C To thｅpｏint ｗｈen ｔhｅy reel ｔhirsty.

D To the ｐｏint wｈen thｅy ｈave ｔo take iｎsulin．

５. Acｃorｄing to Ｄeta,among moｓt diａbeｔｉcs ｔhe impｏrtａｎcｅof exerciｓｅｉｓ＿_＿_____＿__＿___＿＿_____＿_ｔhe iｍpo ｒｔaｎｃｅ

ｏf watchｉng theｉｒdｉet.

A as pｏoｒly uｎderｓtooｄas

B as wｅll unｄersｔood ａs

C lｅss undeｒｓｔood thanＤbetteｒｕnderstood tｈan

第十八篇老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗

哥本哈根的《贝林时报》周一刊登了一则最新医疗研究结果称，大多数II 型老年糖尿病患者只要每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼,每次30分钟，都可以不用注射胰岛素。

报道称，哥本哈根市中心医院Rigｓｈoｐsｐｉｔaｌｅt肌肉研究中心对糖尿病人进行测试,结果显示体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。

据说,这一结果和大多数老年糖尿病患者每天接受胰岛素治疗的疗效相同。

研究人员挑选了一组非糖尿病患者，一组II型糖尿病患者，都是60岁以上的男性。这些被试者每周骑自行车锻炼六次,并持续了三个月。三个月后，医生测量出被试者肌肉能够利用的血糖总量,以此作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。

肌肉研究中心副教授弗莱明·德拉医生称,实验结果显示，进行体育锻炼的糖尿病患者胰岛素利用率和那些没有锻炼的健康人胰岛素利用率一样高。

“这就意味着,两组被试者的胰岛素都是正常工作的。体育锻炼不能治好患者的糖尿病，但是能最大限度地消除患者症状。另外，即使患者不得不接受胰岛素治疗，体育锻炼也能尽量推迟这一临界点，甚至有可能完全避免实施胰岛素治疗。”德拉医生的话像格言一样被人们所引用。

胰岛素是胰腺分泌的一种激素,可以控制体内血糖，预防糖尿病。

德拉解释说,糖尿病患者只需锻炼到出汗的程度皆可达到理想的效果。同时他还强调，这种锻炼必须坚持，如果五天没有进行有效锻炼，效果就会消失。

德拉还补充说，大多数糖尿病患者意识到他们必须控制饮食，却忽略了体育锻炼的重要性。

*第二十四篇Prｅvenｔiｎg ChilｄMａｌtrｅatmｅｎt

Cｈiｌd ｍalｔｒeａtｍｅnｔis a glｏｂal ｐｒｏblem wｉｔh sｅrious life-long consｅquencｅs. Ｔhere are no reliabｌe glｏbal eｓtimａｔes ｆor the prevａlenｃｅof cｈilｄｍalｔｒeatmenｔ. Data for many ｃo ｕnｔｒｉeｓ, espｅｃialｌy low- and mｉｄdle-ｉncome countｒieｓ, aｒe ｌacking.

Childｍaｌｔreatmenｔｉs coｍpleｘａnｄdiffiｃult to ｓｔudｙ. Cｕｒrent eｓｔiｍaｔes vａrｙwiｄｅly dｅpｅｎding on thｅcountｒｙaｎｄthe mｅthoｄof rｅｓeａｒch uｓed. Ｎoｎｅthelesｓ，internａtionaｌstuｄｉes reｖｅal thａt approｘimately20％of womeｎaｎd 5'1０％of ｍen repoｒt beinｇSexｕally abused as cｈiｌdren, while２5-５0% oｆaｌl chｉlｄren repoｒt being pｈｙsｉcally aｂｕsed. Aｄditiｏn ａlly, maｎｙcｈiｌdren are sｕbｊect to１emotioｎal abuse (sometiｍes ｒefeｒｒｅd tｏａs２psyｃholｏgiｃal abuse）.

Every yｅar,ｔherｅare aｎeｓtimated３１，000homiｃｉｄe deaｔhs in cｈilｄｒｅｎunｄｅr15. Thiｓnumbeｒuｎｄeｒeｓｔｉｍ

ates tｈe true extenｔof the ｐroｂｌem，ａs a sｉｇniｆｉｃａnt ｐrｏportｉon of dｅａtｈｓｄue to chiｌd maｌtｒeatmeｎt ａｒｅincorrｅｃｔlyａtｔributｅｄto3 falls, bｕrns and ｄｒowning.

Chｉld maltｒeａtmｅnt caｕseｓsｕfｆeｒing to chiｌdreｎand fa ｍiｌieｓand cａｎhavｅｌｏng-term conｓｅquenｃｅs. Ｍaｌｔreaｔmentｃaｕseｓstress thａｔis associated wｉｔh dｉsｒuｐtion iｎearly brain developｍenｔ.Extremｅstress can ｉｍｐair theｄeｖｅlopｍｅnt ｏf the nervous andｉｍｍune ｓｙstems.Cｏnsｅｑueｎtly, ａs ａｄｕlts, mａltreatｅd cｈildrｅｎaｒe aｔｉncrｅａsed riｓk foｒｂｅｈａvｅioｕraｌ,physiｃal and mental hｅalth problｅms. Via tｈe behavioural anｄｍentａl ｈealｔh cｏnｓequeｎceｓ, ｍaltreａtmeｎt can cｏntribuｔe to hｅart diｓｅasｅ，cancer, sｕicide and sｅxually ｔrａnsmｉtted infectioｎs.4

Beyond the heａlｔｈｃoｎsequeｎces oｆｃｈiｌd malｔrｅatmｅｎt, thｅｒe is ａn ecoｎoｍｉｃｉmpａｃt，iｎcｌｕｄiｎg cosｔs oｆｈospitalizｅation, menｔaｌhealｔｈtreatmｅnt，ｃhild ｗｅlfarｅ, and l ｏnger-ｔeｒm ｈｅalth ｃoｓts.

A nｕmber oｆｒiｓｋfactors for child mａltreａtmｅnｔhave ｂeen identified. Ｔhese risk factors ａre nｏt preseｎt in ａｌｌsocial anｄcu ｌturａｌｃonteｘｔs, butｐroｖiｄｅan oｖerviｅw when atｔｅmpting ｔo unｄerstand ｔｈe causes of cｈiｌｄmaｌtreaｔment．It iｓimportant ｔo ｅｍｐｈasize tｈaｔchilｄreｎare theｖictimｓａnd ａre neveｒｔo ｂlame fｏr5ｍaｌtｒｅatｍent. A numｂｅｒof ｃharacteristics oｆan inｄividuａl child may incrｅase ｔhe liｋelihood of beｉng mａｌtｒeａｔed, suｃh as being eitｈeｒundｅr fo ｕr years olｄｏｒan adoｌescent,ｂeinｇｕｎwanted, or fａilinｇto fulｆｉl the exｐeｃtaｔions of parenｔｓanｄhavinｇspｅcial needｓ，cryｉnｇpersistentｌy ｏr havｉng ａbnoｒmal physｉｃalｆeatures.6

练习：

1. Thｅdｉfficult sitｕａtiｏnｉｎtheｇlobal estiｍates ｏf tｈe child mａltrｅatｍeｎt ｉs duｅto ｔｈｅｆｏｌlowing ｆａctoｒｓＥXCEPT ___＿______＿____＿＿_____aｃｃordiｎg to the passagｅ.

A child maｌｔreatmeｎｔis aｇloｂal pｒoblem

B ｔhｅre isｎo exactｄata ａbouｔlow- and mｉd-ｉnｃｏme couｎtrieｓ

Ｃthere is aｓhoｒtagｅｏf ｔhe pｒｏfessionａl datａｃｏllecto

ｒｓ

D difｆerｅnt scientists uｓe dｉffｅrenｔreseaｒch mｅｔhods

2. Ｗｈiｃh of tｈe following ｓtａtements is ｔrue ａｃcorｄinｇto

ｔｈe passａge?

A 20%of women ｇoｔsexuaｌｌｙabｕsed in tｈｅirｃhiｌdｈood．

B 25-50％of alｌｃhiｌｄreｎwere reportｅd tｏｈave bｅen physiｃallｙabusｅｄ.

C ２5-5０% of chiｌdｒeｎwｅre psyｃholoｇicalｌy abused.

Ｄ60-75%oｆｃhildren ｗere ｎeｇlecteｄby ｔheir parents.

３.Mａny homicide deaｔhｓiｎchｉlｄreｎunｄer １5are wｒongly categoｒiｚedｉnｔo tｈe ｆollowｉnｇtypeｓEXCEＰT ＿____＿＿_______＿＿__ ａｃcording to ｔｈe ｐassａge.

A drowｎing ｉｎswｉmｍiｎg

B dｉaｒrhea

C bums

D ｆａｌls

4. Ｗhiｃh of the folｌowｉｎg ｉｓNOT mentｉoｎed as ｔhe ｂad imｐact cａuseｄbyｃｈiｌd maltｒeatmenｔ？

A The chｉld wｉlｌｂeｈave bａdly iｎｈis ｍemoryｏｆhis cｈil ｄhood ｗhen he grows ｕp．

B Child maltreatmeｎｔhｕrｔs hｉｓnervoｕs anｄiｍmuｎe syst ｅmｓ．

C Child mａｌtreatment daｍageｓhｉｓｅarly ｂraiｎｄeveｌoｐｍent.

D The cｈｉld is easｉly affecｔed by many disｅaｓes ｉn his aｄｕlthood.

5. Tｈｅmaltreａｔed chｉｌdreｎofteｎbeaｒaｌｌthｅｆollo

ｗinｇｃｈａｒacteｒｉｓticｓEXCEPT ＿____＿＿________＿_ａccｏｒding to ｔhe paｓsａge.

A thｅｙｆrｅqｕｅntｌy anｄeasily cry

B thｅy arｅin inｆant'ｓor in aｄoｌesｃenｔpｅrioｄ

C they ａｒe oｆten negｌｅcｔed by their ｐaｒｅｎtｓor friends

Ｄthｅy ofｔen trｙｔheir best to meeｔtｈe rｅquiｒｅments ｆrｏm ｔｈｅir parentｓ

第二十四篇遏制虐待儿童现象

虐待儿童是一个全球问题，它会严重影响儿童的一生。由于缺乏很多国家虐待儿童的数据,尤其是中低收入国家的数据，目前对于儿童虐待在全球蔓延的成都, 我们还未能获得可靠的数据。

虐待儿童的研究很复杂,很困难。当前，各个国家大概的相关数据差别很大,而且使用的研究方法不同也会得出不同的估值。但是，国际研究显示,大约有2０%的女性和5％－10%的男性称自己在童年遭到性虐待,而所有儿童的

25%-50%都称自己曾受肉体上的虐待。除此之外，很多儿童受到情感虐待（有时又成为心理虐待）。

每年,有大约3１,０00名15岁以下儿童遭到谋杀,但是由于很大一部分由儿童虐待造成的死亡被错误地归因于坠楼、烧死或溺死，所以这一数据不能反映出这一问题真正的严重程度。

虐待儿童会给儿童和其家人带来持久的伤痛。虐待会造成压力,而压力会干扰儿童早期的大脑发育。高度压力会损伤神经和免疫系统的发育。之后,儿童长大成人,但是他们在行为、生理以及心理方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病。

儿童虐待除了会造成健康问题,还会造成经济损失，包括住院费用、心理治疗费用、儿童福利和长期的医疗费用。

人们已经明确了造成儿童被虐待的大量风险因素。并不是所有的社会文化背景都包含这些风险因素,但是至少停工了一个风险因素概况,可以帮助理解儿童被虐待的成因。

有一点很重要，需要强调：儿童是受害者,而且绝不应该怪他们。不过，有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，这些特点包括:4岁以下或者处于青春期、不受欢迎、不能满足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常。

+第三十四篇Be Alｅrt to1 Antimｉｃrobial Rｅｓistａnce

Tｈe aｂility of micrｏ-oｒganisms to find ways to eｖadｅtｈe aｃt

ｉon of tｈｅdrｕｇs usｅｄｔo ｃuｒe the iｎｆｅｃtｉonｓthey cause iｓincreasｉngly ｒecogｎized as a ｇlobaｌpublic heａlｔh isｓue.Ｓomeｂacterｉa have dｅveｌoped mechａnisｍｓwｈich maｋ

ｅtheｍresistant to ｍanyｏf tｈeａnｔibioｔｉcｓnoｒmaｌly ｕs ｅd foｒtｈeｉr ｔrｅａtmeｎｔ(mulｔi-dｒｕg ｒeｓｉstaｎt bａｃteria)，ｓo pose paｒticulａr difficultiｅｓ,as ｔhere ｍaｙbe few ｏr no alteｒnativｅoptions ｆoｒtherａｐｙ. Ｔｈeｙcｏnsｔitｕte a ｇrowing ａnd globａｌpublic hｅaｌth prｏblｅｍ．WHO suggests that cｏｕntrｉｅｓshouｌd be ｐreｐared to ｉmplｅｍent ｈosｐｉtａl iｎfection ｃontrol measuｒeｓto lｉmｉt thｅsｐread ｏf muｌtｉ-dｒug resisｔaｎt ｓtrains and to ｒeｉnforｃe natioｎaｌpolｉｃy oｎｐruｄｅnｔuｓe of aｎｔibｉｏtics, reｄｕcinｇthｅgeｎｅｒaｔiｏn of anｔibiotｉc rｅsｉs ｔaｎt bacteｒia.

An ａｒtｉcle puｂlｉsｈed in 7＂hｅLaｎcet InfeｃtioｕｓDｉsease ｓ２on11 Auguｓt2010ideｎtｉfied aｎew genｅtｈaｔeｎables some typｅs of bａcｔeria ｔo ｂｅhighlｙrｅsistaｎtｔo aｌmost/ａlｌaｎtｉbiｏtics. Ｔhe artiｃle haｓｄrawnａｔtention ｔo the iｓsue oｆAMR3 (anｔiｍｉcｒobial resistａnce), aｎd, in ｐarｔicuｌａr，hａs raised aｗarenｅsｓoｆiｎfeｃtiｏns caｕseｄbｙmultｉ－drｕｇresistant bacteriａ．

Whilｅmｕlｔｉ-drｕg resisｔａnｔbacｔｅrｉa areｎｏt neｗａnd wiｌl cｏntinｕe to appeaｒ, this deｖｅｌｏpｍｅｎｔreｑｕｉreｓmoniｔoｒing aｎｄfｕrther stuｄy to uｎdｅrsｔaｎd the eｘtentａｎd modeｓof trａnｓmisｓion, andｔo ｄefinｅthe mｏst effectiｖe mｅasures for control.

Those callｅd ｕpon ｔo be alerｔto tｈe problｅm oｆantimicrｏbial rｅsisｔanｃe aｎd tａｋe aｐｐｒopriate acｔｉｏn ｉnｃｌude coｎｓum ｅrｓ, managerｓｏf hｏｓpｉtａls，paｔｉenｔs,ａｓwｅll as nａtiｏｎａl ｇovernments，thｅpharｍacｅuticaｌｉndustrｙ, and interｎational ａgencies.

WHＯstroｎｇly recommends that governmｅnts fｏcus ｃontrol and preventｉｏｎeffｏrts in thｅfollｏwing ａreas liｋe suｒveilｌaｎce for anｔimｉcrobiａl rｅsistance；rａtioｎaｌａntiｂｉoｔｉc usｅ, iｎclｕding eｄucａtion of ｈealthcare ｗoｒｋers ａnd tｈe ｐublｉc in ｔhe appropriaｔe usｅoｆantibｉｏtics;introdｕciｎg oｒenfｏrcinｇｌｅgislation relatｅd ｔo stｏpping the selliｎｇｏf antｉbiotics without ｐrｅｓcription；ａｎd strict aｄherence to inｆection prevｅntｉon aｎd conｔrol mｅasures, including ｔhe ｕse oｆｈand-washｉng meａｓures, particularlｙiｎhealｔｈcare ｆaｃｉliｔiｅs.

Succｅｓｓful ｃonｔrol of multidruｇ-ｒesiｓtantｍicrooｒganisｍs ｈaｓbｅeｎｄoｃumentｅd in many couｎtｒiｅs, ａnd the eｘisｔing ａｎdｗｅlｌ-ｋｎoｗn ｉnｆeｃtion ｐｒeventioｎaｎｄconｔrｏl

measuｒｅs caｎeffectｉveｌｙredｕce- trａnｓmｉssion of mｕltｉ-dｒｕｇresｉstａnｔorgaｎisms if systematicalｌy impｌementｅd．

WHO will continｕe to support cｏuntrieｓto deｖeｌoｐrｅｌeｖant policｉes, and to cｏordinate ｉnｔernatｉonａl efforts tｏcombat antｉmicr ｏbial ｒesisｔanｃｅ. Ａntｉｍicrobial rｅsisｔaｎｃe will bｅｔhe ｔhｅme ofＷHO＇s Worｌd Health Ｄaｙ20１1．

练习:

1. Wｈy ｉs tｈｅuｓe of aｎtiｂｉｏtｉcｓａrousing globally increasingｉnteｒest?

ＡThｅｍｉｓuｓe of ｔheａnｔiｂiｏｔｉcs hasｃauseｄstｒｏｎｇer baｃteria ｒesistance and no ｎew druｇs againｓt theｂacte ｒia ａｒe availaｂｌe at preｓent.

B Tｈｅmiｃｒo－orgａnｉｓms dｅｖeloｐｍuch faｓｔｅr than the paｓｔ,so thｅreseaｒcｈｅrｓare more interｅsted.

C Thｅantiｂiotｉcs fｏｒmuｌti-drｕg resｉstant bacｔeｒia ａre hi ｇhｌy ｐｒicedａnd there wｉｌl beａbig ｍarket for ｔhｅdｒug industｒｙ.

DＴｈe antibｉｏtｉcｓhas beｅn foｕnｄmore pｏweｒfuｌfor th ｅｔreaｔment of the muｌti-drｕg resｉstａnt bactｅｒia．

2. Ｗhich of thｅｆollowinｇiｓtｒue of the arｔｉcle puｂlished iｎＴheＬａncｅt IｎｆｅcｔｉｏｕｓＤiｓｅaseｓ?

A The issｕｅof AMR led the scientｉsts tｏbe aleｒt to the new human ｇene.

B A new drｕg will be soon avａiｌabｌe for anyｍulti-drug resistant bａcｔeriａ.

Ｃ A nｅｗsｔraiｎhasｂeｅn found ｔｏbe ｈｉghlｙresiｓtanｔto aｌｍost aｌｌaｎtibiｏtics.

ＤAＭR aｒoｕseｄthe awarｅneｓs of ｔhe ｓcieｎtists to the in ｆectｉons caused ｂy tｈe ａｎｔibiotics.

３. Wｈo ｏf the fｏlｌowｉng is NOＴmeｎtioｎｅd iｎthe passageｔo takeｃaｕtious ａnd pｒoｐｅr ａcｔｉonａbｏut thｅAMＲ？

ＡＴｈose ｗho ｕse antibiotｉｃs．

ＢThｏsｅwhｏｓeｌl antiｂioｔics.

ＣThosｅｗｈｏproduce aｎｔibiotｉcｓ.

D Those who stuｄy in univｅｒsiｔies．

4.Allｔhe ｆｏllowiｎｇreｃomｍenｄaｔionｓto the goveｒnments from ＷHO is ｔｒue EXCEPT

Aｅducation to the userｓof .ａｎtｉbiotiｃs.

Ｂconｔrol on the usｅｏｆａntｉｂiotｉcs in hｅａlｔｈfacｉliｔie ｓ．

Cｉntroduction of neｗｒｅguｌatioｎs oｎthe ｓａｌｅoｆantｉbiotｉcs．

D limit on the hoｓｐｉtals to sｔｏre more antibiotiｃdrugs than thｅy can use．

5．Ｗhat can yｏｕinfer from thｅｐａｓｓage?

ＡWHO caｎonly ｒeｃommｅndｔhe goｖernmeｎtｓｔo ｃon ｔrol and pｒevｅnt the transmｉssｉｏn of ｍulti- drｕg rｅsistanｔorgａｎisms．

B Ｅven witｈthｅnew straｉns againsｔｔｈe exｉsｔing antiｂio ｔｉcs,the tｒansｍissiｏn ofｍulti－drug resistant ｏrgａnisms is still ｕnder contrｏｌ.

C Without the suｐｐｏrt fｒom WHO，no countｒy can ｂe saｆe ｉｎthe wａr ａgａｉnst the tｒansmiｓsion ofｍulti-dｒuｇresiｓtant orgaｎisms.

D WＨO wiｌl spare no effｏｒt iｎａnｔｉｍｉcrｏbiａl resistａnc ｅiｎ2０10 andｗｉll set a speｃiaｌday ｆｏr iｔin 2011．第三十四篇警惕抗菌药物的耐药性

微生物引发感染后需要药物治疗,但是这些微生物渐渐对特效药产生了抗药性。细菌的抗药性逐渐成为全球关注的公众卫生事件。一些细菌通过改变自身机理,对许多用于治疗感染的抗生素药物产生了抗药性（这就是所谓的“多重耐药菌”),从而使治疗变得很棘手,因为在治疗过程人们只有很少的选择,甚至已经没有选择。这些问题成为一个日趋严重的全球性公众健康问题。世界卫生组织建议各

国应准备实施医院感染控制措施,以限制多重耐药菌的种类，并加强全国性政策谨慎使用抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生。

2０１0年8月1１日刊登在《柳叶刀－传染病》期刊上的一篇文章中提到一种基因,这种基因可以是多种类型的细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生极强的耐药性,引起了世人对AMR（即“耐药性”)，尤其是对多重耐药菌感染的关注。

多重耐药菌不是新生细菌，并且还会不断出现,这就需要对其实施监控和深入研究，以便了解多重耐药菌传播的范围和方式，从而采取有效手段进行防控。

这就要求人们提高对细菌耐药性的警惕，并且消费者、医院管理人员、病人、政府、药品生产企业以及国际机构都要采取适当的行动。

世界卫生组织强烈呼吁各国政府在以下领域采取集中控制和防御措施:AMR 监管，抗生素合理使用,对公众及医务人员正确使用抗生素的教育,立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及感染的预防和控制措施,包括洗手这种方法，尤其是在医疗界。

对多重耐药菌的成功防控已经在许多国家得到了证实,只要能够系统地运用,现有的预防和控制手段可以有效地减少多重耐药菌的传播。

世界卫生组织将一如既往地支持各国实施相关措施,并协调所有国际努力,与细菌耐药性进行斗争。耐药性将成为２011年世界健康日的主题。

第三篇1．D 2．B 3.A 4.B 5.D第十八篇1.C2．B ３.D 4．A 5.Ｃ

第二十四篇1.Ｃ２．B 3．B4．A 5.D第三十四篇1．A 2．C 3.D 4．D ５B

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