传播学经典理论英文翻译(最新整理)

1.Opinion Leaders

Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.

2.The Spiral of Silence

For a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "

3.Gatekeeper

Lewin was first proposed this idea.

The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .

4.Selective exposure hypothesis

Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not

indiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.

5.Knowledge Gap Theory

Because the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.

6.Agenda Setting Theory

Mass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject.

Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.

Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .

7.Magic bullet theory

The message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.

The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.

Text One An Introduction to Communication

ii) Key Words & Expressions:

communication n. 传播

journalism n. 新闻学

transfer n.& v. 传递，迁移

information n. 信息

circulation n. 流通，运行，循环，传播

convey v. 传送，传递

feedback n. 反馈，反应

medium n. 媒体，媒介，中介

II. Text Study

STUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our today’s academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It’s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication?

Communication:

The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.

Social:

When we say “communication” in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.

Why we study “human communication”?

Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root.

Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.

The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time”.

Transfer of information:

When “communication” happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.

Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.

In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.

Text Two Types of Communication

ii) Key Words & Expressions:

mass media 大众传播媒体

mass communication 大众传播

intrapersonal communication 自我传播

interpersonal communication 人际传播

group communication 群体传播

audience 受众，观众，听众

encode 编码

code 代码

transmit 传输，传达，传播

decode 解码

internalize 使内在化

II. Text Study

STUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.

Intrapersonal Communication

We engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.

Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.

Interpersonal Communication

When people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.

The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within one’s self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.

Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.

Group Communication

There comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. That’s when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.

Mass Communication

Capable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.

In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then it’s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.

In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.

One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication in

singular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.

Review:

communication: Exchange of ideas，information.

intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.

interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.

group Communication: More than two people; in person.

mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.

Text Three Components of Mass Communication

STUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.

Mass Communicators

The heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.

Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he can’t see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators don’t have that advantage, although a studio audience.

Mass Messages

A news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We don’t listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.

Mass Media

The mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors who

come up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.

Mass Communication

The process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.

Mass Audiences

The size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may not

the next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.

Review:

mass Communicators: Message crafters.

mass Message: What is communicated.

mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.

mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.

Text Four Communication Models

ii) Key Words & Expressions:

communication model 传播模式

narrative model 线性模式

system model 系统模式

the SMCR model 施拉姆模式

concentric circle model 同心圆模式

Claude Shannon 香农

Warren Weaver 韦弗

Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔

Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆

Thomas Bohn 波恩

II. Text Study

STUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of the

communication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.

Role of Communication Models

Hobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.

A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building’s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.

Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.

Basic Model

Two Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:

○The human stimulation that results in a thought.

○The encoding of the thought into a message.

○The transmission of the message.

○The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.

○The internalization of the message by the recipient.

Narrative Model

Yale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswell’s narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?

You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.

○Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.

○In which channel? In this case the story is told through the

newspaper, a mass medium.

○To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.

○With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.

The SMCR Model

The classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.

The source is the originator of the communication.

The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.

An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated-often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.

A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.

A decoder reverses the encoding process.

The receiver is the destination of the communication.

A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.

Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.

This model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author encoded with the software she used to compose the page’s content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and you

are the receiver.

In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.

Concentric Circle Model

The Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass communication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communication process but less so in other communication processes.

The concentric circle model is one of the most complete models for identifying elements in the mass communication process, but it misses many complexities. It takes only one message from its point of origin, but in reality thousands of messages are being issued simultaneously. Audiences receive many of these messages, but not all of them, and the messages are received imperfectly. Feedback resonates back to communicators unevenly, often ill-based. Gatekeeping too is uneven. In

short, there are so many variables that it is impossible to track what happens in any kind of comprehensive way.

III．Review:

Claude Shannon: Devised a basic communication model, with Warren Weaver.

Warren Weaver: Devised a basic communication model, with Claude Shannon.

basic communication model: Shows sender, encoding, transmission, decoding, receiver.

Harold Lasswell: Devised the narrative model.

narrative model: Describes process in words, not schematic.

Thomas Bohn: Devised the concentric circle model, with Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait.

concentric circle model: Useful radiating model of the mass communication process.

Text Five Fundamentals in the Process

ii) Key Words & Expressions:

homophyly n. 类似性

tabloid n. 小报

stimulation n. 刺激

encoding n. 编码

transmission n. 传递

decoding n. 解码

internalization n. 内化

STUDY PREVIEW Most models for mass communication as well as

other communication forms share some fundamental elements. The elements are sequential, beginning with whatever stimulates a person to want to communicate and continuing through encoding and transmission. To complete the communication process, the recipient of the message must decode and internalize it.

Stimulation

Both the Shannon-Weaver model and the concentric circle model begin with a source who is stimulated to want to communicate a message. The stimulation can result from many things. Emotions can be stimuli, as can something that is sensed. The stimulation can be as diverse as seeing a beautiful panorama or hearing a child cry.

Encoding

The second step is encoding. The source puts thoughts into symbols that can be understood by whomever is destined to receive the message. The symbols take many forms-for example, the written word, smoke signals or pictographs.

Transmission

The message is the representation of the thought. In interpersonal communication the message is almost always delivered face to face. In mass communication, however, the message is encoded so that it is suitable for the equipment being used for transmission. Shannon and Weaver, being telephone engineers in the 1940s, offered the example of

the sound pressure of a voice being changed into proportional electrical current for transmission over telephone lines. In technical terms, telephone lines were channels for Shannon and Weaver’s messages. On a more conceptual basis the telephone lines were the media, in the same way that the printed page or a broadcast signal is.

Decoding

The receiver picks up signals sent by the transmitter. In interpersonal communication the receiver is a person who hears the message, sees it, or both. An angry message encoded as a fist banging a table is heard and perhaps felt. An insulting message encoded as a puff of cigar smoke in the face is smelled. In mass communication the first receiver of the message is not a person but the equipment that picks up and then reconstructs the message from the signal. This mechanical decoding is necessary so that the human receiver of the message can understand it. As Shannon and Weaver put it: “The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation that was done by the transmitter. ”

Internalization

In mass communication a second kind of decoding occurs with the person who receives the message from the receiving equipment. This is an intrapersonal act, internalizing the message. For this second kind of decoding to work, the receiver must understand the communication form chosen by the source in encoding. Someone who reads only English will

not be able to decode a message in Greek. Someone whose sensitivities are limited to punk rock will not understand Handel’s “Water Music.” In other words, the source and the receiver must have enough in common for communication to occur. This common experience, which can be as simple as speaking the same tongue, is called homophyly. In mass communication the encoder must know the audience well enough to shape messages that can be decode accurately and with the intended effect.

The audience and how it perceives a message are essential in the mass communication process. This is no better illustrated than in a front-page headline in the National Examiner, a sensationalizing weekly tabloid: “Cops Think Kato Did It!” Brain “Kato” Kaelin was a pal of O. J. Simpson and had been subjected to police interviewing off and on for months before the Simpson murder trial. Kaelin sued the Examiner over the headline. In court, the Examiner said the “it” in the headline didn’t refer to the murders but to possible perjury. The Examiner argued that “it” was explained in a secondary head on Page 1: “…He Fears They Want Him for Perjury. ”

A three-judge federal appeals court sided with Kaelin, saying that Examiner readers were likely to infer that the police thought he was a murder. This was despite the fact that the story made it clear that “it” was perjury, not murder, and also despite the secondary Page 1head.

经典广告词中英文翻译

经典广告词中英文翻译 2． Obey your thirst．服从你的渴望。（雪碧） 3． The new digital era．数码新时代。（索尼影碟机） 4． We lead． Others copy．我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机） 5． Impossible made possible．使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机） 6． Take time to indulge．尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌） 7． The relentless pursuit of perfection．不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车） 8． Poetry in motion， dancing close to me．动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车）9． Come to where the flavor is． Marlboro Country． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．To me， the past is black and white， but the future is always color．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11. Just do it. 只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12. Ask for more. 渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。（三星电子） 15. Intelligence everywhere. 智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19. Let’s make things better. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子） 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。（IBM公司） 1 Good to the last drop? ?滴滴香浓，意犹未尽??麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it? ?天长地久? ?斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard? ?理解就是沟通? ???爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead? ? 成功之路从头开始? ? 飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola? ? 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia? ? 科技以人为本? ?诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment? ?? ?就在柯达一刻? ?? ?柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye，蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR

传播学重点理论

传播学的主要流派 一．法兰克福学派 法兰克福学派是欧洲批判学派的理论渊源之一，是马克思主义与弗洛伊德理论的一种理智结合。1932年成立于德国，代表人物有马克思.霍克海默，西奥多.w.阿多诺等。这一学派从马克主义理论出发，从哲学和社会学的角度研究和批判现代资本主义社会中的文化危机和现代西方文明。德国法西斯势力上台后，社会研究所迁至美国。因此，法兰克福学派最终对美国的社会研究形成了直接的影响。二战后又迁回法兰克福，成为欧洲新马克思主义和新左翼运动的研究据点。 1)法兰克福学派基本学说的形成： 1.批判实证主义，声称社会科学是一种虚伪意识 2.批判马克思主义，因为它没有完全摆脱实证主义 3.批判社会，因为社会具有引导个体对其状况采取虚假接受的态度的非理 性因素 在最近几十年中，法兰克福大学的社会研究所的思想影响逐渐暗淡。随着早先一批法兰克福学派的学者的退休和去世，批判理论的精神力量延伸开来，吸引不同国家的众多学者。 二．芝加哥学派 20世纪起一二十年代，芝加哥大学的社会学家开始研究城市，移民，犯罪等一系列偏离常规的亚文化。 1）芝加哥学派对于传播理论与研究的影响： 1.芝加哥学派的学者构建了一个以人类传播为中心的人格社会化的理论体系 2.认为大众传播是美国民主社会面临各种城市问题而能继续生存下去的一个可 能手段 3.芝加哥学派构筑了后来一媒体效果为重点的大众传播的研究模型 2）代表人物： 1.杜威：实证主义倡导者，后出于愤怒离开芝加哥大学前往哥伦比亚任教 2.帕克：最能代表芝加哥学派的学者，大众传播的第一个大学研究者 3）芝加哥学派为何衰落？哥伦比亚学派为何兴起？ 1.它的博士生离开，到其他大学教书，造就了它的竞争者 2.芝加哥社会学系的教师不和，偏离了学术工作 3.社会领域本身发生了变化 4.诸如M.韦伯等欧洲学者来到美国 5.1935，职业社会学家的反叛结束了芝加哥学派对于主导性的社会杂志和专业 协会总部的垄断控制 三．哥伦比亚学派 产生于哥伦比亚大学的应用社会研究所。在美国旧的社会学中心舞台上，芝加哥学派衰落而哥伦比亚学派兴起了。应用社会研究所是迄今为止最有影响的形成定量研究方法的研究机构。它还是大众传播研究的诞生地。 应用社会研究所的鼎盛时期出现在20世纪40年代末期直至60年代中期，在这一期间，拉扎斯菲尔德带领研究者对人们在选举中如何决定投票给谁的问题研究，首次提出了意见领袖等观点。哥伦比亚大学应用社会研究所的社会科学家在40年代也开始关注媒介对个人的直接效果，以及这些效果可能给民主进程带来的得失。

传播学专业英语词汇表

传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分：基本传播学理论词汇 传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴坤Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information

信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间Cyber Space 数字化Digitalization

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合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.

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传播学经典理论英文翻译(可编辑修改word版)

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餐厅广告语,英文 篇一：经典英文广告语20条 经典英文广告语20条 经典英文广告语20条1．Goodtothelastdrop． 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡) 2．obeyyourthirst． 服从你的渴望。（雪碧）3．Thenewdigitalera． 数码新时代。（索尼影碟机）4．welead．otherscopy． 我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机）5．impossiblemadepossible． 使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机）6．Taketimetoindulge． 尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌）7．Therelentlesspursuitofperfection． 不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车）8．Poetryinmotion，dancingclosetome． 动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车）

9．cometowheretheflavoris．marlborocountry． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．Tome，thepastisblackandwhite，butthefutureisalwayscolor．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11.Justdoit. 只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12.askformore. 渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13.Thetasteisgreat. 味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14.Feelthenewspace. 感受新境界。（三星电子） 15.intelligenceeverywhere. 智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16.Thechoiceofanewgeneration. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17.weintegrate,youcommunicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18.TakeToSHiBa,taketheworld. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19.Let’smakethingsbetter. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子）

传播学必考知识点

1．媒介素养 答案：媒介素养是指导人们(特别是青少年)正确理解、建设性地享用大众传媒资源的教育,通过这种教育,培养公民辨别媒介传播内容的能力和健康的媒介批评能力,使其能充分利用媒介资源完善自我,参与社会发展,同时监察和改善传媒,做个既有责任心又有批判能力的公民。 2．沉默的螺旋 答案：大众传播媒介在影响公众意见方面确实有很大的效果，即认为一切公众都难以逃脱媒介意见的诱导，媒介意见一旦形成，便会处于优势地位，它往往代表着多数派的意见，而反对意见则渐渐沉默地消失了。 3．涵化理论 答案：涵化理论认为：电视观众有关社会现实的观念更接近于电视所表述的符号现实,而并非客观现实。电视反映了占主导地位的文化和社会价值观念；这种倾向在收看电视时间多的人中间要比在收看电视时间较少的人中间更为明显。 4．议程设置 答案：议程设置理论由美国传播学者麦克姆斯和肖提出，认为大众媒介的注意力集中于某一问题，可能使这一问题的重要性在社会大众心目中提升。这种“可能性”成为议程设定的假设。 二、简答题（每小题10分，共50分） 1．简介施拉姆对大众传播功能的分类方法并简评之。 答案：施拉姆对大众传播功能分为：政治功能即监视（收集情报) 协调（解释情报；制定、传播和执行政策），社会遗产、法律和习俗的传递；经济功能即关于资源以及买和卖和机会的信息，解释这种信

息；制定经济政策；活跃和管理市场；开创经济行为；一般社会功能即关于社会规范、作用等的信息；接受或拒绝它们协调公众的了解和意愿；行使社会控制向社会的新成员传递社会规范和作用的规定，娱乐（消遣活动，摆脱工作和现实问题，附带地学习和社会化）。2．简述李普曼对传播学的贡献。 答案：李普曼对传播学的一大贡献，是他的“两个环境”理论。即：人类生活在两个环境里，一是现实环境，二是拟态环境(pseudo-environment) 。前者是独立于人的意识体验之外的客观世界，后者则是人类意识或体验到的主观世界。大众传播形成的媒介环境，不是现实环境的“镜子”式的再现，而是传播媒介通过对象征性事件或信息进行选择和加工、重新加以结构化之后向人们提示的环境。然而，由于这种加工、选择和结构化活动是在一般人看不见的地方(媒介内部)进行的，所以，通常人们意识不到这一点，而往往把“拟态环境”作为客观环境本身来看待。 3．简述知识沟理论。 答案：大众媒介信息在一个社会系统中的流通不断增加时,社会经济地位高的人将比社会经济地位低的人以更快的速度获取信息,因此,这两类人之间的知沟将呈扩大而非缩小之势。也就是说，大众传播实际上可能会扩大不同社会阶层成员之间的知识差距（gap in knowledge），也成为知识沟，这一现象就被称作知识沟假说（knowledge-gap hypothesis）。 4．举例说明女性信息化的特征。 答案要点：女性信息化的三个特征是：为女人的（for women) 、关于女人的（about women）、被女人所创造的（by women）。

新闻传播学英语词汇

传播学考研英文常见词汇 传播 Communication 内向/自我传播 Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播 Interpersonal Communication 群体传播 Group Communication 组织传播 Organization Communication 大众传播 Mass Communication 单向传播 One-Sided Communication 双向传播 Two-Sided Communication 互动传播 Interactive Communication 媒介 Media 大众传播媒介 Mass Media 新媒介 New Media 新闻洞 News Hold 新闻价值 News Value 传播者 Communicator 主动传播者 Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众 Audience 受众兴趣 Audience Interest 受众行为 Audience Activity 信息 Information 信号 Signal 讯息 Message 信息熵 Entropy 冗余/冗余信息 Redundancy 传播单位 Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式 Osgood Model 编码 Encode 解码 Decode 信源 Source 传播的数学理论 Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道 Communication Channel 有效传播 Effective Communication 传播效果 Effects 知识沟 Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式 Uses and Gratifications Model

中英文翻译经典唯美爱情句子

I went to bed last night with a vision of you next to me. I slept like a baby all night, because I was not feeling alone. When I awoke this morning to see if it was real or if it was a dream, realty hit me that it was only a dream. Very soon, I know that you will be right next me, and that I will not have to dream of it again because you will be right there so we can hold, hug and squeeze each other tight. Baby, I long to be there with you so I can help build you and support you, so that we can accomplish a whole lot together as husband and wife. Teaching me the meaning of love. Encouraging me when I need a shove. But most of all thank you for Loving me for who I am教导我爱的意义是什么，当我需要动力时你鼓励我。但我最想感谢你的是，爱上像我这样的一个人。. If you were a teardrop;In my eye, For fear of losing you,I would never cry And if the golden sun,Should cease to shine its light, Just one smile from you,Would make my whole world bright如果你是我眼里的;一滴泪;为了不失去你;我将永不哭泣;如果金色的阳光;停止了它耀眼的光芒;你的一个微笑;将照亮我的整个世界。 If I were to fall in love,It would have to be with youYour eyes, your smile,The way you laugh,The things you say and do Take me to the places,My heart never knew So, if I were to fall in love,It would have to be with you. 如果说我已陷入情网；我的情人就是你；你的眼睛，你的微笑；你的笑脸；你说的一切，你做的一切；让我的心迷失了方向；所以，如果说我已陷入情网；我的爱人就是你。 Two star-crossed lovers in perfect harmony Just give me a chance and you will agree.I was meant for you.And you were meant for me.两个命运多舛的情人如此和谐地在一起，只要给我一线希望，你终将答应。我为你而生，你因我而存在。 Love is more than a word, it says so much. When I s ee these four letters, I almost feel your touch. This only happened since. I fell in love with you. Why this word does this, I haven' t got a clue.Love 不单是一个字，它还代表了许多意涵，当我看到这四个字母时，我几乎能感受到你内心的感动。但是这只发生在，我爱上你之后，为何这个字有如此的魔力，我也搞不清楚。 Dear ，alexandra（待改进） I really miss you very mush，every minutes all miss you，so I can’t wait to write you my idea， Sweetheart, My thoughts are deep into you . From the moment that I wake up . And to the whole day through . Happy Valentine's Day 亲爱的，我深深地想念著你，从我每天早上起来的那一刻起，每一分每一秒直到一天结束。情人节快乐！ 4. Thank you for standing behind me. In all that I do. I hope you're as happy with me. As I am with you 感谢你永远支持我，不论我作了些什么，我希望你跟我在一起永远开心，就像我跟你在一起时那么地快乐。 5. If I could save time in a bottle. the first thing that I'd like to do. is to save every day until eternity passes away. just to spend them with you; if I could make days last forever. if words could make wishes come true. I'd save