专业英语 Unit 4

Unit Four

INTERPRETATION：RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE MANDIBLE

The Genial Tubercle

In occlusal views, it can be observed as a small prominence on the lingual side.

The Mental Foramen

In most radiographs of the bicuspid region, this structure causes a radiolucency in the apical area of these teeth. It may be superimposed on the apex of a tooth.

The Inferior Dental Canal

This structure is usually visible in radiographs covering the posterior mandible ; it is a radiolucency approximately 2 . 5-3 mm wide bordered by opaque lines at the superior and inferior limits.

It describes a curve between the mental foramen and its point of exit in the ramus, remaining at even width until exiting, when it opens into a funnel shape.

The Mylohyoid Ridge

In periapical views of the posterior mandible, there may be an opacity increasing in density from above down. At the lower limit of the ridge, there is an abrupt return to normal density.

The External Oblique Ridge

In the molar region and the lower ramus, this structure is seen as a positive radiopaque line close to the surface of the alveolus curving superiorly.

The Angle of the Mandible

The Sigmoid Notch

In certain extraoral views, this can be seen as a smooth curve extending between the condyle and the coronoid process .

The Coronoid Process

In occipitomental projections, panoramic views, and occasionally intraoral views of the posterior maxilla, this structure can be seen.

The Condyle

The condyle may be seen in routine extraoral views, but it is better visualized in specialized views of the temporomandibular joint.

Variants of Normal

Stafne cavity.

Lamina Dura And Periodontal Structure

INTERPRETATION : RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE MAXILLA

Anterior Nasal Spine

This area shows as a triangular projection in the midline on the buccal side.

Intermaxillary Suture

This structure causes a thin liner radiolucency in the midline of the palate occasionally extending to the crest of the alveolus.

Nasal Septum

This is another midline structure. Anteriorly, it is cartilage and is sometimes difficult to detect radiographically; more posteriorly, it is bone and easily seen.

The Nasal Airways

Detectable is wide bilateral radiolucencies running anteroposteriorly on either side of the midline.

Incisive Canal

The Canine Fossa

Situated between the roots of the lateral and the cuspid is a depression in the buccal plate of bone which causes an ill-defined radiolucency.

Zygomatic Bone

The attachment of the zygomatic bone to the maxilla causes a pronounced U-shaped radiopacity in the region of the apices of the first and second molars.

Tuberosity

The rounded outline of this structure is immediately posterior to the third molar and may be relatively radiolucent.

Hamular Process

The hamular process is occasionally seen as a small bony projection posterior to the tuberosity. It has several different appearances and may be superimposed on the tuberosity.

Nasolacrimal Duct

In occlusal projections, these are seen in the posterior maxilla, They are on the palatal side of the third molars and are oval radiolucencies.

The Antrum

Radiographic Appearances of Cysts

Classification of Cysts

BONE SOFT TISSUE ODONTOGENIC NONODONTOGENIC

Dental (Radicular)Maxilla:Nasolabial

Lateral periodontal Nasopalatine Thyroglossal

Dentigerous (follicular)Median Branchial

Primordial Globulomaxillary Mucus retention

Kerato Mandible :Dermoid

Multiple Median

Eruption Simple bone cyst

Calcifying odontogenic Aneurysmal bone cyst

Dental (Radicular) Cysts

These are caused by a nonvital tooth or root, toxins from which stimulate the epithelial cells of Malassez to multiply.

A radiolucent area circular in outline until an obstruction is encountered, clearly defined margins, a cortex surrounding the lesion, and occasionlly fenestration causing a small area of increased radiolucency.

Expansion of the bone occurs, as evidenced in occlusal views. in the adult, it is usually the buccal plate of bone which is most affected; in the child it may be the buccal, but often it is the lingual plate as well. sometimes the covering bone is extremely thin. In the mandible the lower

border is more resistance to change than the lingual or the buccal plates, The inferior dental canal may be displaced. In adults a long-standing cyst may cause external resorption of teeth; in children it is more likely to move the teeth. Cysts associated with a maxillary lateral tend to grow into the palate. Cysts in the posterior maxilla often encroach upon the antrum. A cyst may be responsible for a pathological fracture .

Occasionally, the initiating tooth or root has been removed, and the cyst, which has continued to grow, is in an edentulous area. This is referred to as a residual cyst.

Lateral Periodontal Cyst

A lateral periodontal cyst originates in the periodontal ligament at the side of a root. It is caused by infection in the gingiva! or periodontal tissues, and the tooth with which it is associated can be vital.

A radiolucency connected with the periodontal ligament. When it is small, it is circular, but as it contacts the neighbouring tooth, it curves around it. The radiolucency is surrounded by a cortex.

Dentigerous Cysts

A dentigerous cyst is one in which an unerupted tooth is involved, and it is thought to originate from the reduced enamel epithelium. Dentigerous cysts are seen most frequently in the younger age group .

A radioluency, which is circular until it, meets an obstruction when the shape is modified. The lesion is corticated. The crown, part of the crown, or crown and part of the root are in the cyst.

Owing to eruption problem, the third molars, the second bicuspids, and the maxillary cuspids are most commonly involved, but it can be any tooth, A supernumerary tooth can be the cause .

Teeth are moved very easi!y and may even be inverted, In the case of the posterior maxilla, the involved tooth can be moved into the area normally occupied by the antrum.

A dentigerous cyst involving a maxillary cuspid may be difficult to differentiate from an enlarged follicle; in the case of a cyst, the outline is circular, and a linear opacity crosses the tooth.

Primordial Cysts

Many consider that primordial cysts are keratocysts; however, certain cysts develop in place of a tooth and do not show evidence of keratinization of the epithelial lining.

Most commonly, the mandibular third molar region is the site. Occasionally, they are found': in bicuspid and maxillary third molar areas.

A tooth is absent. There is a radioluency not quite as regular in outline as a dental cyst. The cortex may be somewhat tenuous. When the cyst is large, it tends to spread along the bone and there is an appearance of segmentation.

Keratocysts

Keratocysts develop from cells originating from the dental lamina, The epithelial lining keratinizes, and sometimes the cyst cavity is filled with shed keratinized epithelium.

The method of enlargement is thought to be mostly by proliferation of the lining, and the osmotic gradient is less of a factor than in the case of dental cysts. There is a tendency for this cyst to extend along the bone rather than to expand it laterally. Keratocysts can recur after surgical removal.

A radioluency less circular than in the case of a dental cyst and sometimes oval shaped. The cortex is noticeably thick in some or all of its extent. Often, loculations are' present. There is

limited lateral expansion. Sometimes, the lesion extends up the ramus. In the mandible, the inferior margin may be irregular.

Keratocysts can be single or multiple. When multiple they are usually part of the basal cell nervi keratocyst syndrome ( Gorlin ' s syndrome).

Multiple Cysts

Multiple dental cysts, multiple dentigerous cysts, multiple keratocysts.

Eruption Cysts

Eruption cysts can be considered as a subclass of dentigerous cysts. They develop coronally of the occlusal surfaces and are usually partly in bone and partly in soft tissue.

A smooth concavity on the surface of the bone around the crown of an eruption tooth can be seen. Smooth enlargement of soft tissue may be visible.

Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst

This very rare lesion is seen as a fairly circular radioluency with definite margins, containing small radiopaque masses.

VOCABULARY

l. genial tubercle 额棘

2. mental foramen 额孔

3. radilolucency 放射线透过性

4. radiopacity 射线不透性

5. inferior dental canal 下齿槽神经管

6. mylohyoid ridge 颌舌线，也称内斜线或下颌舌骨线

7. external oblique ridge 外斜线

8. sigmoid notch 乙状切迹

9. coronoid process 喙突

10. condyle 髁状突

11. Stafne cavity 史蒂芬骨腔

12. lamina dura 骨硬板

13. anterior nasal spine 前鼻棘

14. intermaxillary suture 腭中缝

15. nasal septum 鼻中隔

16. nasal airways 鼻腔

17. incisive canal 切牙管

18. canine fossa 尖牙窝(凹)

19. zygomatic bone 颧骨

20. tuberositv 粗隆(直译)，这里指上颌结节

21. hamular process 翼突

22. nasolacrimal duct 鼻泪管

23. antrum 窦(直译)课文中指上领窦

24. dental (radicular) cyst 相尖囊肿

25. lateral periodontal cyst 牙周侧囊肿

26. dentigerous ( follicular) cyst 含牙(滤泡)囊肿

27. primordial cyst 始基囊肿

28. keratocyst 角化囊肿

29. eruption cyst 萌出囊肿

30. calcifying odontogenic cyst 牙源性钙化囊肿

31. nasopalatine cyst 鼻腭囊肿

32. median cyst 正中囊肿

33. globulomaxillary cyst 球状上颌囊肿

34. simple bone cyst 单纯性骨囊肿

35. aneurysmal bone cyst 动脉瘤样骨囊肿

36. nasolabial cyst 鼻唇囊肿

37. thyroglossal cyst 甲状舌骨囊肿

38. branchial cyst 腮裂囊肿

39. mucous retention cyst 粘液滞留性囊肿

40. dermoid cyst 皮样囊肿

41. supernumerary tooth 多生牙

42. follicle 牙囊

43. epithelium 上皮

44. cortex ①皮层，皮质②(囊肿)骨白线，分隔

45. occipitomental 枕颏的

46. panoramic view 全景片

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一、二、 十一、汉译英时分多址：TDMA （Time Division Multiple Address/ Time Division Multiple Access）2、通用无线分组业务：GPRS General Packet Radio Service 3、国际电报电话咨询委员会：CCITT 4、同步数字体系：SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy （同步数字序列） 5、跳频扩频：FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum 6、同步转移模块：STM synchronous transfer module 7、综合业务数字网：ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 8、城域网：MAN Metropolitan Area Network 9、传输控制协议/互联网协议：TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol 10、服务质量：QOS Quality of Service 11、中继线：trunk line 12、传输速率：transmission rate 13、网络管理：network management 14、帧结构：frame structure 15、移动手机：Mobile Phone 手机 Handset 16、蜂窝交换机：（Cellular switches）（电池开关cell switch）(cell 蜂房) 17、天线：Antenna 18、微处理器：microprocessor 19、国际漫游：International roaming 20、短消息：short message 21、信噪比：SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) 22、数字通信：Digital communication 23、系统容量：system capacity 24、蜂窝网：cell network（cellular network）（Honeycomb nets） 25、越区切换：Handover 26、互联网：internet 27、调制解调器：modem 28、频谱：spectrum 29、鼠标：Mouse 30、电子邮件：electronic mail E-mail 31、子网：subnet 32、软件无线电：software defined radios 33、网络资源：network resources 十二、英译汉 1、mobile communication：移动通信 2、Computer user：计算机用户 3、Frame format：帧格式 4、WLAN：wireless local area network 无线局域网络 5、Communication protocol：通信协议 6、Transmission quality：传输质量 7、Remote terminal：远程终端 8、International standard：国际标准 9、GSM：全球移动通信系统 Global System for Mobile Communications 10、CDMA：码分多址Code Division Multiple Access 11、ITU：国际电信联盟 International Telecommunication Union 12、PCM：pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制 13、WDM：波分复用Wavelength Division Multiplex 14、FCC：联邦通信委员会 Federal communications commission 15、PSTN：公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone Network 16、NNI：网络节点借口Network Node Interface 17、WWW：万维网World Wide Web 18、VOD：视频点播Video-On-Demand 19、VLR：访问位置寄存器 Visitor Location Register 20、MSC：移动交换中心Mobile Switching Centre 21、HLR：原籍位置寄存器Home Location Register 22、VLSI：超大规模集成电路 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits 23、Bluetooth technology：蓝牙技术 24、Matched filter：匹配滤波器 25、ADSL：非对称数字用户环路Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop非对称数字用户线路(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 26、GPS：全球定位系统Global Position System 27、ATM：异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode

通信工程专业外语 unit13原文与翻译

Unit 13 Comparison between GSM and CDMA GSM与CDMA之比较 Using CDMA/FDD technology, subscribers of CDMA cellular mobile communication system can transmit their information simultaneously through the same channel. On the other hand, the GSM system adopts TDMA/FDD method to transmit and distinguish information from different GSM mobile stations. In addition, in favor of QCELP arithmetic, RAKE receiver, power control and soft switching etc., CDMA shows more advantages in its system performance than the GSM, such as greater anti-interference capability, bigger system capacity, higher successful connection ratio, fewer off-line chances, low probability of intercept(LPI), and so on. 使用码分多址/频分双工技术，用户的蜂窝移动通信系统的传输信息的同时，通过同样的渠道。另一方面，该系统采用时分多址/频分双工传输的方法和识别信息从不同的移动台。此外，有利于中国电信集团广州研发中心算术，耙式接收器，功率控制和软开关等，显示出更多的优势在码分多址系统性能比，如更高的抗干扰能力，更大的系统容量，连接成功率较高，离线的机会少，低截获概率（低截获概率），等。 1, Power Control and RAKE Receiver功率控制和瑞克接收机 When different subscribers send their information to the same BS(base station), different signal power caused by different transmitting distances will consequentially cause interference with each other, especially for those MSs(mobile station) being far away from BS will be seriously disturbed because of their almost submerged signals by signals of the close-to-BS MSs.[2] p110 In order to solve this problem and keep high system performance, power control technique is introduced in CDMA communication system, which can effectively overcome this cross-disturbance. As one of the core techniques in CDMA cellular mobile communication system, power control can make the signal power from all subscribers to the BS equivalent through adjusting the transmitting power from each subscriber. 为解决这一问题，保持较高的系统性能，功率控制技术介绍了码分多址通信系统，它可以有效地克服这cross-disturbance。作为一个核心技术在蜂窝移动通信系统的功率控制，可以使信号功率从所有用户的学士学位相当于通过调整发射功率，从每个用户。 Power control can be not only divided to open-loop control and closed-loop control, but also to forward (down) power control and backward (up) power control. For open-loop control method, subscriber adjusts emitting power according to the measured frame error probability, while for the closed-loop power control, base station measures the signal-to-noise ratio of received signals and then adjust the transmitting power of corresponding MS. 功率控制不仅可以分为开环控制和闭环控制，而且还提出了（下）功率控制和反向功率控制（上）。开环控制方法，用户调整发射功率根据测量帧错误概率，同时为闭环功率控制，基站测量接收信号的信噪比，然后调整发射功率相应的女士 The backward power control in CDMA system can be divided into two kinds of control technique, the open-loop backward power control only used by mobile station, and the closed-loop

(完整版)心理学专业英语总结(完整)

心理学专业英语总结——HXY 随意传阅·顺颂试安 注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用 2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择 3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择 4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词） 5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义 6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子 Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览 Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门 ●What is psychology? 心理学是什么 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究 Psychology come from: ①philosophy, ②biology ③physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科 History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 ●The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段 Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech). 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性 ●The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论 Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning. 历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习 Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为 *Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.

通信工程专业英语翻译

通信工程专业英语翻译 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem".[1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method.(Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection.(Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries.