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Passage 1

Farms go out of business for many reasons, but few farms do merely because the soil has failed. That is the miracle of farming. If you care for the soil, it will last — and yield — nearly forever. America is such a young country that we have barely tested that. For most of our history, there has been new land to farm, and we still farm as though there always will be.

Still, there are some very old farms out there. The oldest is the Tuttle farm, near Dover, N.H., which is also one of the oldest business enterprises in America. It made the news last week because its owner — a lineal descendant of John Tuttle, the original settler — has decided to go out of business. It was founded in 1632. I hear its sweet corn is legendary.

The year 1632 is unimaginably distant. In 1632, Galileo was still publishing, and John Locke was born. There were perhaps 10,000 colonists in all of America, only a few hundred of them in New Hampshire. The Tuttle acres, then, would have seemed almost as surrounded as they do in 2010, but by forest instead of highways and houses.

It was a precarious operation at the start —as all farming was in the new colonies—and it became precarious enough again in these past few years to peter out at last. The land is protected by a conservation easement so it can’t be developed, but no one knows whether the next owner will farm it.

In a letter on their Web site, the Tuttles cite “exhaustion of resources” as the reason to sell the farm. The exhausted resources they list include bodies, minds, hearts, imagination, equipment, machinery and finances. They do not mention soil, which has been renewed and redeemed repeatedly. It’s as though the parishioners of the First

Parish Church in nearby Dover —erected nearly 200 years later, in 1829 —had rebuilt the structure on the same spot every few years.

It is too simple to say, as the Tuttles have, that the recession killed a farm that had survived for nearly 400 years. What killed it was the economic structure of food production. Each year it has become harder for family farms to compete with industrial scale agriculture —heavily subsidized by the government —underselling them at every turn. In a system committed to the health of farms and their integration with local communities, the result would have been different. In 1632, and for many years after, the Tuttle farm was a necessity. In 2010, it is suddenly superfluous, or so we like to pretend.

出处：

尽管导致农民破产的原因有很多，但很少农民仅仅是因为土地失去肥力而破产，这可以算是一个农业奇迹。如果能很好地料理土地，那么它几乎可以永远保持持续的产出。而对美国这样一个年轻的国家而言，人们很少能意识到这点。在我们历史的大部分时间里，人们有土地去耕作，而且不停地开垦新的土地似乎土地资源是无穷无尽的。

然而，还是有一些老农场破产了。其中历史最为悠久的便是位于美国新罕布什尔州丹佛市附近的Tuttle farm。同时也是美国最顾老的商业公司之一。在上周的新闻中，公司的所有者，原始移民John Tuttle的直系后代，宣布公司破产。Tuttle farm成立于1632年的。我听说他的鲜玉米非常出名。

1632年，遥远的让人难以置信，那一年，伽利略还在准备出版他的著作，而洛克才刚刚出生。美洲大陆当时大概只有一万移民，其中生活在新罕布什尔州的估计还不到一百人。那时Tuttle的耕地可能和2010年一样被团团包围着，只不过那时是被森林包围，而现在是被高速公路和房子。

就像所有殖民地的农场一样，一开始Tuttle的经营(基于有限土地资源的经营?)就是不稳定的，而近些年同样的不稳的最终导致了农场逐渐减产。受制于资源保护的限制，这边土地不能被使用，而且没人知道他的下一任所有者会不会耕种它。(地役权：为增加自己土地(需役地)的利用价值，而在他人土地(供役地)上设置的某种权利。地役权对地役权人来说是其权利的扩大，而对地役人来说是一种义务或对自己权利的限制。)

在Tuttle公司网站上，Tuttle家族的人宣称他们卖掉农场是因为资源枯竭，其中包括人力，脑力，热情，理想，机械设备以及资金。他们并没有提到曾经被反复提及以挽回颜面的土地原因。这就好像丹佛附近First Parish Church(建立于1829年)的教友们每隔数年都在同一个地方重建教堂一样。(完全木有看懂作者啥意思) 我们不能像Tuttle家族的人一样简单地把这么一个有着近400年历史的农场的破归咎于经济衰退。而真正导致它破产的原因应该是粮食生产的经济结构。每一年，家族农场在与工业规模的农业企业的竞争中都显得愈发艰难。这些企业享有大量的国家补助，并通过各种渠道价格与家族农场竞争。在一个致力于保障农场健康发展并促进农场与周边社区融合的体系里，结果本不该是这样。在1632以及之后的许多年，像Tuttle 这样的农场是社会必需的。而在2010年，他们突然变成了多余的了，抑或是被我们当作多余了的。

Passage 2

Youth unemployment across the world has climbed to a new high and is likely to climb further this year, a UN agency said yesterday, while warning of a “lost generation” as more young people give up the search for work.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) said in a report that of some 620 million young people ages 15 to 24 in the work force, about 81 million were unemployed at the end of last year —the highest level in two decades of

record-keeping by the organization, which is based in Geneva.

The youth unemployment rate increased to 13 percent last year from 11.9 percent in the last assessment in 2007.

“There’s never been an increase of this magnitude — both in terms of the rate and the level —since we’ve been tracking the data,” said Stev en Kapsos, an ILO economist.

The agency forecast that the global youth unemployment rate would continue to increase through this year, to 13.1 percent, as the effects of the economic downturn continue. It should then decline to 12.7 percent next year.

The agency’s report found that unemployment had hit young people harder than adults during the financial crisis, from which most economies are only just emerging, and that recovery of the job market for young men and women would lag behind that of adults. The impact of the crisis has also been felt in shorter hours and reduced wages for those who maintain salaried employment.

In some especially strained European countries, including Spain and Britain, many young people have become discouraged and given up the job hunt, it said. The trend will have “significant consequences for young people,” as more and more join the ranks of the already unempl oyed, it said. That has the potential to create a “‘lost generation’comprised of young people who have dropped out of the labor market, having lost all hope of being able to work for a decent living.”

Young people in developing economies were more vulnerable to precarious employment and poverty, the report said.

About 152 million young people, or a quarter of all the young workers in the world, were employed but remained in extreme poverty in households surviving on less than

US$1.25 a person a day in 2008, the report said.

“The number of young people stuck in working poverty grows, and the cycle of working poverty persists,” ILO director-general Juan Somavia said.

Young women still have more difficulty than young men in finding work, the report added. The female youth unemployment rate last year stood at 13.2 percent, compared with the male rate of 12.9 percent. The gap of 0.3 percentage point was the same as in 2007.

The report studied the German, British, Spanish and Estonian labor markets and found that Germany had been most successful in bringing down long-term youth unemployment.

出处：/News/front/archives/2010/08/13/2003480277

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