研究生-基础综合英语-课后习题及答案

Unit 1 Education

1. 问答题

1) The F word discussed in the essay is flunking.

2) Sherry’s attitude toward the F word is positive.

3) What reasons does the author give for believing that the threat of flunking students is a positive teaching tool?

Flunking is a healthy threat to students and can ensure the education quality. By contrast, Many students are angry and resentful for having been passed along until they could no longer even pretend to keep up.

4) What choice does the author want to give to students? Why is she particularly interested in the subject?

The choice for students is whether to succeed through hard work or to fail without the threat of being flunked. The author is particularly interested in this subject because she herself teaches an adult-literacy class and her own son improved greatly after being threatened with flunking by a strict teacher

5) In what sense does the author think that the educational system cheats the students and employers?

The present educational system is not strict enough with students so that they can easily graduate with diplomas. However, many of them find that they are incompetent for their jobs because of their semi-illiteracy

6) Why have students at night school decided to make education a priority? Because they are motivated by the desire for a better job or the need to hang on to the one they’ve got

7) What is the point of this essay? What does it have to do with the subject of learning?

The essay aims at urging students to take a positive attitude towards flunking because working hard at school will eventually help students to be qualified for their future jobs.

2. 词汇题

1) This research seems to lend some validity（有力的）to the theory that the durg might cause cancer.

2) In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment（障碍）to progress.

3) Anthea was about to play her trump card（王牌卡）: without her signature none of the money could be released.

4) I flunked（挂科）my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college

5) I didn’t want to lose my composure（镇静）in front of her.

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6) The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority（优先）.

7) For three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade（一系列）of local residents giving their opinions

8) Thousands of lives will be at stake（在危机关头）if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon.

9) Brierley’s book has the merit（优点）of being both informative and readable

10) I think there was a conspiracy（阴谋）to keep me out of the committee

3. 改写题

1) These diplomas won’t look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates.

resemblance(n.)

These diplomas bear a close resemblance to those awarded their luckier classmates. 2) I blamed the poor academic skills our kids have today on drugs.

accusation (n.)

My accusation against our kids for their poor academic skills was that they took drugs.

3) Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational-repair shops.

enroll (v.)

Eventually a fortunate few enroll into educational-repair shops.

4) However, if style alone won’t do it, there is another way to show.

work (v.)

However, if this style won’t work, there is another way to show.

5)We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids can’t learn if they come from terrible environments.

excuse (n.)

Our excuse for this dishonest behavior is that kids can’t learn if they come from terrible environments.

6) Tens of thousands of 18-years-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas.

grant (v.)

Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be granted meaningless diplomas.

4. 翻译题

1) Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop hisintellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs. Stifter.

我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。直到施蒂夫特太太当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。

2) No one seems to stop to think that — no matter what environments they come from 2

—most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at stake.

似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才不会把功课当作头等大事呢。

3) Of average intelligence or above, they eventually quit school, concluding they were too dumb to finish.

这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了。4) Young people generally don’t have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it.

年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那样重视教育。

5) It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that the students have the ability to learn the material presented to them.

这表明老师和家长都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。

6) This means no more doing Scott’s assignments for him because he might fail. No more passing Jodi because she’s such a nice kid.

这意味着再也不要因为担心斯科特会不及格而替他做作业，再也不要因为朱迪是个乖孩子就放她过关。

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Unit 2Love

1. 问答题

1) Under what circumstances was the author proposed to?

When she was Windexing the bathroom mirror.

2) Why does the author say that it was her turn to get married?

Because she was already 40 years old, and she had gracefully stepped aside and watched both her twin sister and baby sister take the matrimonial plunge before her. 3) Who played the major role in the arrangement for the wedding, the author or her fiancé? The author.

4) Why does the author say that the universe tried to thwart her?

Because the Greek band from Los Angeles that she wanted wasn’t available. The stitching she had requested for her cathedral veil was all wrong. Her ivory silk gown was being quarantined somewhere in Singapore. And with their wedding just a few weeks away, most of her guests were responding after the deadline.

5) What made the author stop thinking about her wedding?

George was a kind-hearted, considerate person, ready to share hare hardship with his beloved fiancée.

6) What kind of person do you think George was?

George was a kind-hearted, considerate person, ready to share hardship with his beloved fiancée.

7) What was the doctor’s prognosis of the author’s mother’s disease?

The cancer hadn’t spread.

8) What did the author learn from taking care of her mother?

She learned how to cook, how to take care of her diseased mother and realized how consummately her mother had cared for her and her sisters.

9) What does the wedding gift refer to?

What’s really important to her life.

2. 词汇题

1)It is not easy for chinese people to respond properly to others’ compliments and equally difficult for them to accept criticisms gracefully（优雅）.

2) We should be truly thankful to Mr. Deng Xiaoping for taking the plunge（做一个决定）and initiating the economic reform in china.

3) Unfortunately, television studios are strangely designed and dressing-rooms are often miles away from the studio, so we had to find a place where she and her entourage（随从人员）could relax in comfort without the need to climb stairs.

4) What is the use of whining about（发牢骚）your bad luck? It is more important to find the real cause of your misfortune.

5) The rising real estate prices thwarted（阻碍）his ambition of owning a houses of his own in the big city. Disappointed, he returned to his hometown.

6) The old woman sat silently beside her collapsed hous, her eyes brimming with（充满）tears and hatred.

7) He writes clearly and lightheartedly about the 100 best rivers and gives his expert advice on how to navigate（航行）their reaches.

8) Outside the forest the snow was already six inches deep and growing steadily, relentlessly（无情4

地，残忍地）deeper.

9) There is no doubt that his duty extends to informing his patient, if asked, of the nature of his illness and its likely prognosis（预测，诊断）.

10) Those who are climbing the career ladder fast may use alcohol as a booster to help them to achieve, and those who recognize that they have failed to reach the top may also turn to alcohol, in an attempt to bolster（支持，提升）their failing self-image.

11)A typically chinese countryside house is one whose eaves protrude（伸出，突出）over the wall.

12) The ship came back from the region that had just been attacked by a strange disease. Thus the health officials placed all its crew in quarantine（检疫）.

3. 改写题

1) There is something in his pattern of behavior that will remind you of some addictive or compulsory behaviors.

reminiscent (a.)

There is something in his pattern of behavior that is very reminiscent of some addictive or compulsive behaviors.

2) I could not bear thinking that my mother would not be present at my wedding ceremony.

unbearable (a.)

The thought of my mother not being present at my wedding ceremony was unbearable.

3) After consulting with the doctor, I learned that my father could do nothing but receive lung surgery.

option (n.)

After consulting with the doctor, I learned that lung surgery was my father’s only option.

4) There was no reason why the prince gave up his right to succeed to the throne. beyond (prep.)

The prince gave up his right to succeed to the throne beyond all reason.

5) I am thinking about what the poor family will be like in the future.

hold (v.)

I am thinking about what the future will hold for the poor family.

6) The Russian Foreign Minister went to the airport to welcome the visiting Chinese Premier and 28 other people who came together with the Premier.

entourage (n.)

The Russian Foreign Minister went to the airport to welcome the visiting Chinese Premier and his 28-member entourage.

7) The good news filled all the students with strong anticipations.

brim (v.)

At the good news, all the students brimmed with strong atricipations.

8) Does he mean that those with AIDS should be forced to live in a place that will not pose any threat to the other people?

quarantine (v.)

Does he mean that those with AIDS should be quarantine from the other people?

4. 翻译题

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1) I had always dreamed of being proposed to in a Parisian café, under dazzling stars, like the one in a Van Gogh knockoff that hangs in my studio apartment. Instead, my boyfriend asked me to marry him while I was Windexing the bathroom mirror.

我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。那个咖啡馆就像凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的画室墙上就挂着一幅此画的翻印本。然而，我男朋友却是在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生间镜子的时候叫我嫁给他

2) But the more time and effort I put in, the more the universe tried to thwart me. The Greek band from Los Angeles that I wanted wasn’t available. The stitching I had requested for my cathedral veil was all wrong. My ivory silk gown was being quarantined somewhere in Singapore.

但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去。没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队。我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。我订的象牙色的丝绸礼服被隔离在新加坡的某个地方。

3) I realized that a Big Day without my mother would be no day at all. Not having my dad, who passed away three years before, to walk me down the aisle was painful, but the thought of not having Mom there was unbearable.

我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子不可思议。老爸已经在三年前过世，不可能牵着我的手到教堂圣坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂就让我觉得无法忍受。4) Our baby sister, who’d been looking after Mom since Dad’s death, was gripped by fear as the familiar sights and smells were eerily reminiscent of his final days. After consulting with doctors, we learned that stomach surgery was Mom’s only option. We took the first opening.

小妹自家父去世以来一直照顾着妈妈，这时恐惧占据了她的心，此情此景让她不由得想起家父临终的日子。咨询医生后，我们得知胃部手术是妈妈唯一的选择。医院一有床位我们就住进去了。

5) What’s more, caring for my mom made me realize how consummately she had cared for all of us. I’ll never forget when I went to see her in the intensive-care unit, just a few hours after her surgery. She was strung out with a myriad of plastic tubes protruding from her arms, nose, and mouth. “Liz, make sure you eat something,” she said in a strained, raspy voice.

此外，照顾母亲也让我认识到她当年照料我们是多么地尽心。我永远也不会忘记，她刚动完手术几个小时后，我到特护病房去看她。她躺在那里，手臂、鼻孔和嘴巴里插了那么多的塑料导管，她却吃力、沙哑地说道：“莉兹，你一定要吃点东西。

6) I’ve forgotten what kind of stitching is in my veil. But when I remove it from mu face, I'll be staring at the two people l love beyond all reason: my soon-to-be husband and the woman who showed me what’s really important.

我已经忘记面纱上的刺绣。但在我掀开面纱的时候，我肯定会脉脉地注视着我所最爱的两个人：我的未婚夫和让我懂得人生要义的那个女人——我的母亲。

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Unit 3 Health

1. 问答题

1) The ads in full-color magazines portrayed cigarettes as healthy or sexy.

2) The tobacoo companies had concealed the truth from the public for half a century.

3) What had the doctor thought about the cigarettes in the early 20th century? Many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk, although the scientific studies of the era often failed to find clear evidence of serious pathology.

4) Why did the tobacco companies increase the content of nicotine in the cigarettes?

They did this to make the cigarettes more addictive to smokers. In this way, they could spike consumers and it would be harder for smokers to quit cigarettes.

5) When did Big Tobacco understand the harm of cigarettes?

More than half a century ago. According to the jury, Big Tobacco has engaged in a 40-year conspiracy of hiding the health risks of cigarettes from the public.

6) What is the role of 29 historians in the federal case in 2004?

They were hired by Big Tobacco. By asking narrow questions and responding to them with narrow research, they provided precisely the cover the Big Tobacco needed.

7) How do you understand the “pitfalls in combining scholarship with battle against the deadly pandemic of cigarette smoking”? Why did Dr. Brandt say he had little alternative?

There are possible risks and dangers when a scientist goes beyond scientific research into the fight against smoking, but Dr. Brandt’s conscience left him with no other choice.

2. 词汇题

1) Given the sophistication（成熟）of modern machines, there is little that require manual labor.

2) After the police released their report, john was exonerated（开脱）from all responsibility for the accident.

3) The world constructed by online games seems to many youngsters a reasonable surrogate（代理）for “real life”, although what they see is not real in the least.

4) In a speech at the Congress, the president extolled（赞美）the virtues of free enterprise and expressed his distaste for the blatant hegemony in IT industry.

5) He soon became notorious because he enjoyed deriving perverse（倒行逆施）satisfaction from embarrassing people.

6) I endorse（赞同，支持，认可签署）everything that has been said from both sides of the House in support and admiration of him and of the courage and fortitude that he and his family have displayed.

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7) The opposition members of the parliament derided（嘲笑，嘲讽）the Government’s response to the crisis.

8) The poor woman was defrauded（骗取）of her money by a dishonest accountant.

9) The other guests were stunned into silence as he began swinging into the gaggle(a gaggle of 一群)of giggling photographers and kicking at them frantically.

10) Back to the US, the sly businessman was faced with racketeering charges that may send him to life imprisonment.

3. 改写题

1)After careful analysis that took the better part of July, the investigators announced that the driver should not be held responsible for the traffic accident.

exonerate (v.)

After careful analysis that took the better part of July, the investigators exonerated the driver from responsibility for the traffic accident.

2)The coach shows strong aversion to theoretical teachings because he is convinced that theoretical learning cannot replace actual swimming.

surrogate (n.)

The coach shows strong aversion to theoretical teachings because he is convinced that theoretical learning is no surrogate for actual swimming.

3)When the idea of the flying machine was first proposed, people laughed at it and thought it silly.

deride (v.)

When the idea of the flying machine was first proposed, people derided it as silly.

4) The invention of the silicon chip was a very important event in the history of the computer.

landmark (n.)

The invention of the silicon chip was a landmark event in the history of the computer.

5) Although a few delegates give full support to everything the Chairperson has said, most hold different opinions.

Endorse (v.)

Although a few delegates fully endorse everything the Chairperson has said, most hold different opinions.

6)To incite false alarm and blind patriotism, the government spread false information about the risk of terrorist attacks in other cities of the US.

disinformation (n.)

To incite false alarm and blind patriotism, the government spread disinformation about the risk of terrorist attacks in other cities of the US.

7) In the trial that followed, Dr. Brandt as one of the best-reputed experts in medical research was required to give his testimony.

sequential (a.)

In the sequential trial, Dr. Brandt as one of the best-reputed experts in medical research was required to give his testimony.

8) After disappearing from public sight for 6 months, he pleaded guilty for getting 8

$400,000 from various clients and distributors.

defraud (v.)

After disappearing from public sight for 6 months, he pleaded guilty for defrauding $400,000 from various and distributors.

4. 翻译题

1) In sequential testimony, each one stated that he did not believe tobacco was a health risk and that his company had taken no steps to manipulate the levels of nicotine in its cigarettes.

在随后的证词中，每个人都陈述自己不相信烟草会给健康带来风险，而且自己的公司从未采取措施来操纵香烟中尼古丁的含量。

2) Dr. Brandt … amply demonstrates that Big Tobacco understood many of the health risks of their products long before the 1964 surgeon general’s report.

布兰特博士用充足的证据证明，早在1964年卫生局局长的报告发表前，各大烟草巨头就已了解了自家产品对健康造成的诸多风险。

3) Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral rather than a health-conscious tone, especially for women who wanted to smoke, although even then many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk.

在20世纪初期，对香烟的抵制带着道德的口吻，而不是出于对健康的关注，对想抽烟的女性更是如此，不过即使在当时，许多医生已经关注到吸烟会给健康造成风险

4) And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers.

在他们的营销备忘录中，记录了他们针对青少年发动的广告运动，旨在诱惑一代代的新烟民。

5) Instead, these experts focused primarily on a small group of skeptics of the dangers of cigarettes during the 1950s, many of whom had or would eventually have ties to the tobacco industry.

相反，这些专家主要关注的是20世纪50年代的一小撮对香烟危害的怀疑论者，他们中的大部分人要么就是当时就与烟草业有勾结，要么最终也会同烟草业勾结起来。

6) Last August, she concluded that the tobacco industry had engaged in a 40-years conspiracy to defraud smokers about tobacco’s health dangers.

去年八月，她总结认为，烟草业策划了一场长达40年的阴谋，向烟民隐瞒烟草对健康的危害。

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Unit 4 Technology

1. 问答题

1) Why do people from all walks of life flock to e-mail as they would to any new medium of expression? What do they do via e-mail?

They flock to e-mail because it is convenient, saves time, brings people closer to one another, helps them manage their ever-more complex lives. They write books, conduct campaigns, commit crimes and almost do everything via e-mail.

2) In what sense is e-mail both the catalyst and the instrument of the change of the way people interact with each other?

E-mail captures the essence of life at the close of the 20th century with an authority that few other products of digital technology can claim. The pace of life seems ever faster than before. E-mail simultaneously allows to cope with the acceleration and contributes to it. E-mail, in this sense, is both the catalyst and the instrument of the change.

3) What did research scientists originally set out to do with the Internet when they began to cook it up back in 1968?

When research scientists first began cooking it up in 1968, their primary goal was to enable disparate computing centers to share resources.

4) How did e-mail help the writer cope with the pressures of new-fatherhood and full-time freelance writing when his first child was born?

When the writer’s first child was born, e-mail seemed to him a perfect gift designed to help him cope with the irreconcilable pressures of new-fatherhood and fulltime freelance writing. It saved him time and money without ever requiring him to leave the house. It salvaged his social life, allowed him to conduct interviews as a reporter and kept a lifeline open to his far-flung extended family.

5) Why, according to Jenn Shreve, can e-mail help to initiate romance, especially for those who were shy or had painful romantic failures in the past?

According to Jenn Shreve, this is because e-mail offers a semi-risk-free environment to initiate romance. E-mail lacks the immediate threat of physical rejection, so those who are shy or had painful romantic failures in the past can use it as a way to build a relationship in the early romantic stages.

6) E-mail helps flatten hierarchy in the work place. How?

It is far easier to make a suggestion to one’s superiors and colleagues via e-mail than it is to do so in a pressure-filled meeting room. Also, anything when one has something that is difficult to say, e-mail can make it easier. It serves as a buffer zone.

7) The writer captures the luxuries of e-mail, and meanwhile he adequately touches on the dark side. Give examples.

Purveyors of pornography might jam our e-mail boxes full of outrageously prurient advertisement via e-mail. Besides, e-mail is actually too easy, too casual, a perfect tool for a culture of hyperstimulation.

8) How can e-mail enable radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration, despite the dark side the writer has mentioned?

Worldwide, 225 million people who can send and receive e-mail represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals which dwarfs anything that even the mightiest corporation or government can muster. People can gather together to work on a 10

multitude of projects, to pool their collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.

2. 词汇题

1) It is certainly undemocratic, and many people are beginning to feel that it border on（相当于）the unconstitutional.

2) Traditionally, organizations are constructed pyramidally, with a hierarchy（阶级资料）most powerful at the top and progressively less so as the pyramid spreads downwards

3) “No theory explains everything,” she remarks. “Yet it is just the desire to explain everything which is the spur（阶级资料）of theory.”

4) The archaeologist in the film knew that there was a curse（祸因，诅咒）upon anyone who entered the pyramid.

5) I have always believed tourism has an important part to play in the spreading of understanding between countries, as well as being a catalyst（促进）for economic development.

6) Her body looked diminished, almost shriveled（枯萎）,in the huge chair, and her hands on the arms began very gently to shake.

7) The talks will not be easy and the fundamental differences between the parties remain as potentially irreconcilable（不可调和的）as ever.

8) A real love song is infinitely more appropriate for Christmas than a trashy song cooked up（编造）as a commercial gimmick.

9) A local builder offered to knock down the remains of the house in exchange for the materials he could salvage（抢救）.

10) Edward now wore the manic look of some animal transferred into the wrong environment, as though he might run amok（四处狂奔）, or bite.

11) Alan attempted to read every press clipping, interview anyone who ever knew the movie star, and cobble together（拼凑）a book out of it.

12) Some sociologists tend to bemoan（哀悼）the loss of community in the face of modern urbanism; there is a wistful longing for the past in their analysis of the modern world.

3. 改写题

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1)I was condemned to spend half my workday just deleting junk.

doom (v.)

I was doomed to spend half my workday just deleting junk.

2)My e-mail account matters more than my eye.

would rather do sth. than do sth.

I’dratherlose an eye than lose my e-mail account.

3) E-mail allows us to cope with the acceleration.Meanwhile, it contributes to it. simultaneously (adv.)

E-mail simultaneously allows us to cope with the acceleration and contributes to it. 4) Even though Allman is now quite proud that his software helps hundreds of millions of people communicate, he says he didn’t set out originally to change the world. initially (adv.)

Even though Allman is now quite proud that his software helps hundreds of millions of people communicate, he says he didn’t set out initially to change the world.

5) If it is true that hours spent on the Net are often hours subtracted from watching television, one could argue that the digital era has ushered in a new age of literacy —more people are writing more words than ever before!

raise the curtain

If it is true that hours spent on the Net are often hours subtracted from watching television, one could argue that the digital era has raised the curtain on a new age of literacy — more people are writing more words than ever before!

6) Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet magnifies all efforts dramatically.

multiply (v.)

Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.

4. 翻译题

1) E-ma il. Can’t live with it, can’t live without it.

电子邮件，我们不能靠它生活，但离了它也不行。

2) But it didn’t take very long before they discovered that the most important thing was the ability to send mail around, which they had not anticipated at all.

然而，不久他们便发现（英特网）最重要的作用是散发邮件，这一点他们原先根本没有料想到。

3) Indeed, I finally knew for sure that the digital world was viscerally potent when I found myself in the middle of a bitter fight with my mother -- on e-mail.

事实上，当我发现自己通过电子邮件与母亲唇枪舌剑的时候，我终于明白数字世界本质上威力何其之大。

4) Shegrasped, long before the Internet became a household word, how online communication offered new possibilities for transcending physical limitations, how as simple a thing as e-mail could bring us closer to those whom we love

在英特网家喻户晓之前很久，她便领悟到在线交流如何能提供新的可能，使人们超越身体的局限，电子邮件这样简单的东西如何能把我们与我们所爱的人拉得更近。

5) With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.

随着合作日趋频繁，合作本身已超越公司的界线，而且常常不受商业利诱的驱使。

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