托福能力测试题

Ei匸启德教盲

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一、阅读部分（20 '）

Types of Social Groups

Life places us in a complex web of relati on ships with other people. Our huma nn essarises out of these relati on ships in the course of social in teracti on Moreover, our huma nn ess must be susta ined through social in teraction— and fairly con sta ntly so. Whe n an associati on con ti nues long eno ugh for two people to become lin ked together by a relatively stable set of expectati on s, it is called a relati on ship.

People are bound with in relati on ships by two types of bon ds: expressive ties and in strume ntal ties. Expressive ties are social li nks formed whe n we emoti on ally in vest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through associati on with people who are meanin gful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, accepta nee, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasi on ally, this may mea n worki ng with in stead of aga inst competitors. More ofte n, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without en dow ing the relati on ship with any larger sig nifica nee.

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to disti nguish betwee n two types of groups: primary and sec on dary. A primary group invoIves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relatio nship with one ano ther. Expressive ties predo min ate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A sec on dary group en tails two or more people who are invo Ived in an impers onal relati on ship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predo min ate in sec on dary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather tha n as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relati on ships evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships. This happe ns in many work sett in gs. People on the job ofte n develop close relati on ships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfact ions.

A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is importa nt. We find it difficult to get to know people pers on ally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better cha nee to in itiate con tact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face con tact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talki ng with one ano ther in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle excha nge of ideas and feeli ngs. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds in creases as we have freque nt and con ti nu ous con tact. Our ties with people ofte n deepe n as we in teract with them

across time and gradually evolve in terlock ing habits and in terests.

Primary groups are fun dame ntal to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breed ing grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they tran smit, mediate, and in terpret a society's cultural patter ns and provide the sense of onen ess so critical for social solidarity.

Second, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they provide the sett ings in which we meet most of our pers onal n eeds. Withi n them, we experie nee compa nion ship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.

Third, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they serve as powerful in strume nts for social con trol. Their members comma nd and dispe nse many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instanee, some social groups employ shunning (a pers on can rema in in the com mun ity, but others are forbidde n to in teract with the pers on) as a device to bring in to line in dividuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that con forms to group-devised meanin gs. Primary groups, the n, serve both as carriers of social norms and as en forcers of them.

Paragraph 1 Life places us in a complex web of relati on ships with other people. Our huma nn essarises out of these relati on ships in the course of social in teract ion Moreover, our huma nn ess must be susta ined through social in teraction— and fairly con sta ntly so. Whe n an associati oncon ti nues long eno ugh for two people to become lin ked together by a relatively stable set of expectati on s, it is called a relati on ship.

1. The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning to

O delicate

□elaborate

O private

O common / \

2. Accord ing to paragraph 1, which of the followi ng is true of a relati on ship?

O lt is a structure of associati ons with many people. \

O lt should be studied in the course of a social in teracti on.

O It places great dema nds on people.

O It develops gradually overtime.

Paragraph2：People are bound withi n relati on ships by two types of bon ds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emoti on ally inv est ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through associationwith people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, accepta nee, compa nion ship, and pers onal worth. In strume ntal ties are social li nks formed whe n we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasi on ally, this may mea n worki ng with in stead of aga inst competitors. More ofte n, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without en dow ing the relati on ship with any larger sig nifica nee.

3. The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning to

O leav ing

O expos ing C providi ng C un dersta nding

4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's men ti on of work ing with competitors in paragraph 2?

O lnstrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would no rmally not cooperate.

O ln strume ntal ties require as much emoti onal in vestme nt as expressive ties.

O ln strume ntal ties invo Ive security, love, and accepta nee.

O ln strume ntal ties should be expected to be sig ni fica nt.

Paragraph 3 Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and in strume ntal ties to dist in guish betwee n two types of groups: primary and sec on dary.

A primary group invoIves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relati on ship with one ano ther. Expressive ties predo min ate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A sec on dary group en tails two or more people who are invo Ived in an impers onal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predo min ate in sec on dary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather tha n as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relati on ships evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships. This happe ns in many work sett in gs. People on the job ofte n develop close relati on ships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfact ions.

5. Accord ing to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the mai n differe nee betwee n primary and sec on dary groups?

O Primary groups con sist of people work ing together, while sec on dary groups exist outside of work sett in gs.

O ln primary groups people are see n as means, while in sec on dary groups people are see n as en ds.

O Primary groups invo Ive pers onal relati on ships, while sec on dary groups are mai nly practical in purpose.

O Primary groups are gen erally small, while sec on dary groups ofte n con ta in more tha n two people.

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph

3 that primary group relati on ships sometimes evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships?

O Sec on dary group relati on ships begi n by being primary group relati on ships.

O A sec on dary group relati on ship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relatio nship.

O Sociologists believe that only primary group relati on ships are importa nt to

society.

O Eve n in sec on dary groups, freque nt com muni cati on serves to bring people into close relati on ships.

Paragraph 4 A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people pers on ally whe n they are milli ng about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better cha nce to in itiate con tact and establish rapport with them. Sec ond, face-to-face con tact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talk ing with one ano ther in close

physical proximity makes possible a subtle excha nge of ideas and

feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds in creasesas we have freque nt and continu ous con tact. Our ties with people ofte n deepe n as we in teract with them across time and gradually evolve in terlock ing habits and in terests.

7. The phrase size up in the passage is closest in meaning to

O enl arge

D evaluate

O impress

O accept

Paragraph 5 Primary groups are fun dame ntal to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socializati on process. Within them, infants and childre n are in troduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breed ing grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view

primary_groups_as_bridges_betwee n_i ndividuals_a

nd_the_larger_society_because_they tran smit, mediate, and in terpret a society's cultural patter ns and provide the sense of onen ess so critical for social solidarity.

8. Which of the senten ces below best expresses the esse ntial in formatio n in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices cha nge the meaning in importa nt ways or leave out esse ntial in formati on.

O Sociologists think that cultural patter ns establish conn ecti ons betwee n the in dividual and the larger society.

O Sociologists believe that in dividuals with a sense of onen ess bridge the gap betwee n society and primary groups.

O Sociologists thi nk primary groups con tribute to social solidarity because they help main ta in a society's cultural patter ns.

O Sociologists believe that the cultural patter ns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

9. This passage is developed primarily by

O drawi ng comparis ons betwee n theory and practice

C prese nti ng two oppos ing theories

O defi ning importa nt con cepts and providi ng examples of them

O discuss ing causes and their effects