英语自考现代语言学简答题

第一章 绪论

that imitate natural sounds, such as crash, bang in English .besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary .these words cannot be made

genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned anew . it is passed on from one generation to another

through teaching and learning rather than by instinct . in contrast ,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, so animals call system are is system ,which consists off two sets of structures ,or two levels ,one of sounds and the other of meanings . at the lower or the basic level ,there is the structure of sounds ,

which are meaningless. At the higher level ,the units can be arranged and it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. The users can send message which

refer to things which are present or not present ,real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far-away places . in other words language can be used to refer context removed from

the immediate traditional grammar is prescriptive, it is based on high written language . it sets models for language users to follow . but modern linguistics is descriptive ,its investigation are based on

authentic ,and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguistics is supposed to describe the language

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study, the description of a language as it changes though time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describe a language as it is at some particular point in time ,while a diachronic study language is a historical stud

; it studies the historical development of language over a communication . modern

linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary , but not the written form ,because the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communication ,and parole refers to the realization of langue in actural use. Langue is the set of conventions and

rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conversation and the application knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance

the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics communication.

第二章 音系学

1. communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary ,but not the written form ,because the spoken for id prior to the

written form and most writing systems are derived

consonant is that the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lung meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant , the air stream from the

phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard in most cases; it is rule-governed . one of the

tasks of the the segments are called suprasegmental phonemes; these are the phonological properties of such units as

the syllable , the word ,and the sentence. The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, and intonation.

第三章 形态学

: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes .bound

morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound ,to form a word.

derivational affixes are added to an exciting form to create a word . prefixes occur at the beginning of a

word and. Prefixes modify the meaning of he stem .suffixes are added to the end of the stems ;they modify the meaning of the original word and in many

generally determined by the part of speech o the second element, e.g. icy-cold adj. head —strong adv. Greenhouse n. but there are many exception ,especially with hose compounds ending with a verb or an adverb or a preposition . for example,follow up , crackdown ,kickoff are all nouns instead of

adverbs.and toothpick, snowfall,and idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning of its components. For example ,a greenhouse is

not a house that is green .in order to find out the meaning of a compound, one sometimes has to consult the dictionary instead of doing some guess work.

第四章 句法学

of a set o abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. A sentences is considered grammatical when it is in agreement with the grammatical knowledge in the mind of

native speakers. Universally found in the grammars of all human language ,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language of language. The word language in this definition implies that linguistics studies not any particular language ,but investigate or examine. And the word scientific refers to the way in which language is

ideal speaker ’s competence, but not his performance.

capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language .that is ,the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of

They are simple sentence,coordinate sentence,and

words of the sentences are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile,they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence.therfore, the

sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items in this categories is fixed and

called a phrase structural rule. Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may chang the syntactic

that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistics variation

concerns the directionality of case assignment ,i.e the directionality parameter. This parameter offers a neat and consist account for the typological difference in

the word order within the VP category between English and Japanese

第五章 语义学

one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of contest are recognized :the situational context and the

may have different references in different situation. For example, in the following exchange, the two speakers are surely talking about two different references, i.e. two different are often subtle

differences between these synonyms .synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called complete synonyms . however, complete

regional dialects .stylistic synonyms which differ in style. Synonyms hat siffer in their emotive or evaluation meaning collocational synonyms

meanings, is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning o the word ,the various meaning of the word are related to some

by specifying the semantic features of certain words I will be possible to show how these

complementary antonyms and relational opposites.

第六章 语用学

communication would be impossible, and without considering this knowledge , linguistics communication cannot satisfactorily accounted for in the course of communication , it becomes an utterance ,and it should be considered in the situation

abstract ,and decontextualized, the meaning of an phrases ,clauses. It is the ac of conveying literal meaning by meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

第七章

历史语言学

prehistoric development in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants of the same language ,and provide valuable insights into the

language is divided into the period of old 3. historical development of a language is the change in

Sino-Tibetan Family, the Austronesian Family ,and

explanation of the relationships among cognates in terms of a sound shift, the systematic modification of .

a linguistics change is caused either by the inherent nature of language , or by external contacts of speakers of one language with the speakers of the other language.

第八章 社会语言学

social contexts. Sociolinguistics are also concern with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, in social contexts . in view of language as a primary means of communication among individual speakers of a society , sociolinguists are concerned with he social significance of language variation and language use indifferent speech communities including regional ,ethnic and social groups . sociolinguists are also

concerned with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, is that the members

of the group must ,in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community .they may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes

or social

dialects ,and registers.

第九章心理语言学

to the mind. As the term suggests, psycholinguistics

is viewed as the intersection

of psychology and

linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we

the characteristic of incoming stimuli processed by

3.

hearing , understanding and then saying a word

4.

is that the language faculty of an average human

degenerates after the critical period and

relationship between language and thought has been

what is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

第十章语言习得

linguistics ,psychologists and applied linguists to

better understand the nature of human language and

acquisition means that human are equipped with the

3.

and expressions of a language . what happens is that

when processing the language the hear ,children

construct

the grammar and make sense of the

expression according to the grammar . when

producing utterances, they follow the internalized

stage ,children move through the

one-word ,two-word and multiword stage ,gradually

acquiring phonology ,morphology, syntax,

vocabulary, semantics, and discourse skills of the

FLA.some problems experienced in L2development

by teenage or adult learners simply do not exist in

gradual and subconscious development of ability in

the first language by using it naturally in daily

communicative situation .learning ,however, is

defined as a conscous process of

accumulating

knowledge of a second language usually obtained in

early teenage.

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