外语教学理论

外语教学理论

In psychology and education, learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views. Learning as a process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. Explanations of what happens constitute learning theories. A learning theory is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. Learning theories have two chief values. One is in providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions.

There are three main categories or philosophical frameworks under which learning theories fall: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism as a theory was primarily developed by B. F. Skinner. It loosely encompasses the work of people like Edward Thorndike. What characterizes these investigators are their underlying assumptions about the process of learning. In essence, three basic assumptions are held to be true. First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity邻近and reinforcement are central to explaining the learning process. For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning.

There are two types of possible conditioning:

1) Classical conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs.

2) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism. The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’.

Cognitivism

The earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist. He criticized behaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what have come to be labeled cognitive theories.

Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach: (1) that the memory system is an active organized processor of information and (2) that prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. For example, the physiological processes of sorting and encoding information and events into short term memory and long term memory are important to educators working under the cognitive theory. The major difference between gestaltists and behaviorists is the locus of control over the learning activity: the individual learner is more key to gestaltists than the environment that behaviorists emphasize.

Constructivism

Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge or experience. In other words, "learning involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences." Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context. This is also known as social constructivism (see social constructivism). Social constructivists posit that knowledge is constructed when individuals engage socially in talk and activity about shared problems or tasks. Learning is seen as the process by which individuals are introduced to a culture by more skilled members"(Driver et al., 1994) Constructivism itself has many variations, such as Active learning, discovery learning, and knowledge building. Regardless of the variety, constructivism promotes a student's free exploration within a given framework or structure. The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems. Aspects of constructivism can be found in self-directed learning, transformational learning, experiential learning, situated cognition, and reflective practice and religious practice.

行为主义理论

From early psychology in the 19th century, the behaviorist school of thought ran concurrently and shared commonalities with the psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology into the 20th century; but also differed from the mental philosophy of the Gestalt psychologists in critical ways.[citation needed] Its main influences were Ivan Pavlov, who investigated classical conditioning although he did not necessarily agree with Behaviorism or Behaviorists, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson who rejected introspective methods and sought to restrict psychology to experimental methods, and B.F. Skinner who conducted research on operant conditioning.[3]

Relation to language

behaviorist theory claims that language is a set of habits that can be acquired by means of conditioning. According to some, this process that the behaviorists define is a very slow and gentle process to explain a phenomenon complicated as language learning. What was important

for a behaviorist's analysis of human behavior was not language acquisition so much as the interaction between language and overt behavior.

认知主义理论

Cognitivism became the dominant force in psychology in the late-20th century, replacing behaviorism as the most popular paradigm for understanding mental function. Cognitive psychology is not a wholesale refutation of behaviorism, but rather an expansion that accepts that mental states exist. This was due to the increasing criticism towards the end of the 1950s of simplistic learning models. One of the most notable criticisms was Chomsky's argument that language could not be acquired purely through conditioning, and must be at least partly explained by the existence of internal mental states.

The main issues that interest cognitive psychologists are the inner mechanisms of human thought and the processes of knowing. Cognitive psychologists have attempted to throw light on the alleged mental structures that stand in a causal relationship to our physical actions.

Chomsky

There are three key ideas. First is that the mind is "cognitive," Second, he argued that most of the important properties of language and mind are innate. The acquisition and development of a language is a result of the unfolding of innate propensities triggered by the experiential input of the external environment. The link between human innate aptitude to language and heredity has been at the core of the debate opposing Noam Chomsky to Jean Piaget.

认知图式理论与英语教学

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《外语教育理论与实践》试卷

Firstly, a good language teacher should have ethic devotion. The teacher should be a model and set a good ex ample to his students because most students would be influenced by their teacher’s behavior unconsciously. A teacher with extreme high level of morality often has a potent and positive effect on his students, rather than those with high teaching standard. So a good language teacher should show their moral quality as well as their knowledge. To be specific, a good language teacher should be fair, not only should he be fair to his students, such as treats them equally, and “partiality” is forbidden, but he sh ould properly regard the conflicts between different cultures. Besides, he should be kind and ready to help his students both in study and life. What’s more, he should be enthusiastic to his students, and has full passion for his teaching; he should be caring to his students, sometimes, only a caring look, a trusting encouragement, or a mild smile from the teacher is enough to touch the students’ hearts. In addition, hard-working and attentive are necessary for a good language teacher. We should recognize the great value of the teachers who have ethic devotion during the students’ development. Secondly, a good teacher should have personal styles. A good teacher makes learning not a dull thing but a great joy. Many teachers always keep talking about the textbook all the time so that the students feel it difficult to focus their attentions on what the teacher are saying. As a result, the gap between teachers and students enlarges. Supposing the language teacher has distinct personal style during the teaching, this problem can be solved. For example, he can make his teaching dynamic by body languages, or demonstrating performance; he can be patient enough and never give up any student, even though some of them are really mischievous and indocile; he can be creative, teaches in creative ways and encourage his students to be creative and open-minded. Meanwhile, a good language teacher can be discipline and authoritative, he should be strict with students when it’s necessary. It’s important to find his unique person al styles when a teacher is teaching. Last but not least, a good language teacher should have professional qualities. A professional language teacher should be capable enough in your own language ability. He should obtain the capability to have language usage well in hand, and an excellent command of western culture. If so, he can be more knowledgeable and informed. What’s more, a good language teacher should be versatile, especially in the four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It can help students to enhance the focus on realistic communication. Moreover, a good language teacher should be equipped with profession and armed with a range of skills, strategies and information. Before he gives his students a glass of water, he should have a barrel of it. He should grasp a large scope of knowledge of language and take the essence of it, then transfer it to his students. Besides, a good language teacher should be skilled in lesson planning and class management. He should be reflective and keep on reflecting on his classes and his methods of teaching, and in this way he could make progress quickly; he should be resourceful, and have a quick response to the emergency. In addition, I think the most important duty of a teacher is get experience about teaching, which is called the experiential knowledge, and after a long period of practice and reflection, he would be able to develop his professional competence, which is the most important and difficult part of being a good language teacher. In addition, a good teacher should be a life-long learner, and make sure that he keeps improving himself in his professional field, and he should always test himself by the feedback from his students, and reflect on his work. As the society develops at an amazing speed now, the students today are quite different: they are more independent, and demand a higher standard for teachers, which is a challenge for us. So we should try our best to improve ourselves, and try to be as good a teacher as we can. As the students of an normal university, besides learning the knowledge of being a good language teacher, we should have our own mind, practice our teaching skills and methods. For this part, I’d like to share my opinion about my plan for language teaching profession. So, what we expect from our language teachers? Capable, humorous, responsible, kind and so on.

国外现代外语教学主要流派的对比

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3）过分强调语法在外语教学中的作用。语法讲解从定义出发，根据定义给例句，脱离学生的实际需要和语言水平。学生虽然学了很多的语法规则却不能运用。 4）过分强调教学的主导作用和教师的语言讲解作用，忽视了学习者的实际案，不利于他们语言习惯的养成。 5）学习的语言材料都是一些文学作品片断，词汇很深，脱离学生实际。 6）忽视了语言教学的文化因素。语言运用的内在因素，以及语言在不同情境中使用的客观规律。 7）强调死记硬背，教学方式单一，实践环节单调、课堂气氛沉闷，不易激起学生兴趣。强调书面语的阅读能力。重视阅读、翻译能力的培养和语法知识的传授 高中及以上 未能恰当发挥母语在外语教学中的积极作用。 直接指出错误 听说法 1）听说领先。即口语是学习外语的基础。 2）以句型为中心。句型既是语言的基本结构，是外语教学的基础，也是外语教学的核心。3）对比语言结构，确定教学难点。 4）反复实践，形成习惯。 5）及时纠正错误，培养正确的语言习惯。 6）尽量不用母语。各民族的语言结构是不同的，一种语言很难用另一种民族语言来表达。外语教学利用母语翻译和讲解语言知识只能引起两种语言的混淆，起干扰作用。 7）广泛利用电化教学手段，特别是语言实验室。放矢地、有针对性地编写教材，加强语言知识难点和重点的训练，有效地进行外语教学。 1）强调外语教学的实践性，要求熟练地掌握句型，有利于外语语言习惯的养成。句型操练是一种有效的手段。 2）重视听说训练，使学生在学习外语的初级阶段，在有限的材料范围内就能流利地听说外语。这与外语教学的目的是相呼应的。外语教学的目的是培养听、说、读、写能力，特别是听说能力要通过听说读写的训练才能达到。 3）容易学到比较自然的语音、语调。 4）在对比语言结构的基础上找出难点，有针对性的编写教材，有利于学生学习和掌握外语。 1）过于重视机械训练，不利于学生实际掌握外语。 2）过于重视训练语言的形式，忽视语言的内容和意义，学的语言很不自然。在教学中往往造成学生能自动化地说出一个完整的句子，却不一定了解其意义。语言不仅是一种习惯，更重要的语言是一种创造性的言语活动。外语教学的主要目的是要培养学生创造性地运用语言的交际能力。 3）教学方法机械、单调，容易使学生产生厌倦情绪。由于过分强调机械的句型操练，容易

现代英语教学理念之反思教学理念集锦简短

现代英语教学理念之反思教学理念集锦简短作为一门国际化的语言，在当今世界上，英语是最重要的交流工具之一，在各个领域中扮演着重要的角色。世界上把英语当做母语的国家最多，第二语言是英语的人数也最众。与此同时，越来越多的人意识到英语学习的重要性，越来越多的人开始重视英语教学，也有越来越多的学习者体会到了英语的独特魅力。而作为一名英语教师，如何用最现代的教学理念来指导当代的英语教学，是值得每名教师深刻反思的。 反思一：更新教育理念，应用多媒体辅助教学 众所周知，英语教学需要辅助工具。从最初的一支粉笔到后来的图片卡片，再到现在的电子词典、电脑，英语的教学手段实现了质的蜕变。电脑的普及使得每个学生的知识发生了巨大变化。原来学生的知识往往于课堂、教师、书本，而现在电脑将学生和世界信息知识库连接了起来。学生通过互联网可以了解政治、经济、科学技术、文化和体育等各个方面的最新信息。教师通过课前制作好的教学课件可以改进学生的学习方式，提高学生的学习效率。恰当使用多媒体能够培养学生主动学习的能力，这体现在两个方面：教师课前设计、制作有利于课堂教学的多媒体课件，将自己的教学目标贯穿于其中；而学生在观看多媒体课件的过程中，能够产生对新知识的学习兴趣、从而产生主动学习的渴望。这有助于启迪创新思维，培养创新能力，调动

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图式理论及相互作用模式与大学英语阅读教学-英语论文图式理论及相互作用模式与大学英语阅读教学 肖志红（长沙医学院外语系） 阅读是英语学习的重要途径，它是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程，是作者、语言信息和读者三方面共同作用的结果。本文以图式理论和相互作用模式为理论基础，通过对传统阅读教学模式的分析，旨在探讨如何运用这种理论在阅读教学三个不同阶段有效地指导大学英语阅读教学。 在大学英语教学中，如何培养学生良好的阅读习惯，提高学生的阅读能力，在备试过级考试时如何讲解阅读理解，对大学英语教师来说一直是个难题。有鉴于此，本文以图式理论为理论基础，以相互作用模式为依托，结合课堂阅读教学模式，讨论如何提高大学英语阅读教学。 一图式及相互作用模式 图式是认知心理学中的一个术语，最早有康德提出。Bartlett(1932)在著作《记忆》中描述为：“图式是对于经验的反映或对过去经验的积极组织”。他认为，图式是一个不断发生作用的既存知识结构，遇到新事物时，只有把这些新事物和已有的图式相联系才能被理解。此理论认为，人们是通过激活大脑中的相关图式来解释新的经历。阅读理解过程是一个认知和言语交际的过程，包括符号辨认和理解两个阶段。因此图式理论就是运用这一认知心理学理论，分析这一认知框架在阅读过程中的作用。图式理论的研究促使专家们修正单纯的自上而下的阅读模式，相互作用阅读模式由此产生。相互作用模式是现代阅读理论中最新的研究成果，在其形成和发展过程中，撇弃了之前的自下而上和自上而下两种模式的不足，汲取了两者的优势，从而确立了自下而上和自上而下相结合的阅读新模式。

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《现代英语教学法》读后感 暑假期间，本人认真研读了《现代英语教学法》这本书。读完掩卷而思，感想颇多。说实话，这是本人第一次去认真研读一本教学理论的书，很多以前教学过程中百思不得其解的问题也就豁然开朗了。 这本书开头从现代英语教学法的起源谈起，交代了现代英语教学法的起源，从历史和变革中分析一条设和中国国情的教学法。现代英语教学法大致分为三个阶段，即萌芽阶段、发展阶段和深入阶段。60年代中期，西方就提出了“以学生为中心”的口号，并且对英语教学法产生了很大的影响。人们对英语教学达成了以下的共识：1，把培养英语交际能力作为英语教学的主要目标。2，重视英语教学大纲。3，注意英语学习者的因素。4，开展对英语学习过程的研究。 该书的第二部分是对现代英语教学法的流派及分析。一共介绍了八种流派，并对每一种流派加以分析。每一种教学方法都有其优劣两面。从这一章节我可以看出，教学方法是多种多样的，每一种方法都不是完美的，都是从英语学习的其中一个角度进行阐述的。作为英语教学的实施者，我们最应该做的就是取其精华，去其糟粕。把各个教学方法仔细的加以研究并理解其背后的教育理念，才能在实际教学中融会贯通。比如口语法、听说法、功能交际法等等，我们完全可以看出，语言的学习是为了交际。学生的口语提高能够培养他们的语感，从而从交际方面得到长足的进步。再如认知结构法、自觉实践法都是强调学生的智力以及他们的实际应用。所以这一章节给我的启发就是在英语教学实践中，我们既要侧重学生的实际交际能力，又要给学生以合理的训练量，保证学生在学习的过程中既有知识的积累，又有能力的提高。 接下来，该书又从现代英语教学法的指导思想入手，高屋建瓴，剖析了外语教育的哲学思想以及英语学习的目的，英语学习的学习观、语言观、教育观、方法观。在英语教学的研究和实践中，我们会遇到各种各样的现象和问题。怎样客观地分析问题、恰当地解决矛盾，需要掌握认知问题和分析问题的一般原则和方法，并遵循人们认识世界、改造世界的客观规律。这就需要我们从哲学的高度来分析研究英语教学法，在实践中多方面考虑人的因素、教育因素以及英语教学的需要问题。可以看出，我们英语学习的需要是世界发展形势的需要，是时代发展的产物。学习英语能够培养学生建立科学的世界观、人生观、价值观，对通过英语传递的思想、文化、情感等有鉴别能力。学习英语能够培养学生的民族自尊心和爱国主义，发展包括观察、记忆、思维、想象、创造等内容的思维能力及自学能力。 现代英语教学法的基本原则。该章的第一节给我留下了深刻的印象——用英语教英语。在以前的教学实践中，我总有这样那样的顾虑而不敢在英语课堂中全程使用英语。而该节的理论让我有了理论的支撑。我们的母语都是汉语，这对我们的英语学习产生了负迁移。如何帮助学生排除母语的干扰，沉浸在英语的使用氛围中呢？为了多给学生营造使用英语的氛围，多给学生提供使用英语的实践机会，那么我们课堂上就要尽量使用英语教学，帮助学生排除母语的干扰，培养其运用英语的能力。就其实际操作而言，我们可以从以下几个方面入手：1，在课堂上尽量使用英语组织教学。如开始上课时打招呼用语、课堂用语、布置作业以及考试结果的总结等等。2，一些直观的手段。教师可以利用具体的实物、图片、动作、事例加以展示。随着学生英语水平的提高，在课堂上用英语解释英语的可能性就越大。与此同时，一些表达抽象概念的词汇用英语是很难解释的。例如，只说一个“爱”字就足以表达love这个词，而如果用英语解释就要说warm and kind feeling，并要说That’s maybe a feeling between husband and wife, between lovers, between parents and children, etc. 书的主体部分侧重介绍功能交际法。首先，所谓功能交际法，即以语言功能为纲，培养学生恰当运用语言的能力，实现有效交际的目的。我们不应把它只看做是语言教学中的一种

外语教学理论

外语教学理论 In psychology and education, learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views. Learning as a process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. Explanations of what happens constitute learning theories. A learning theory is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. Learning theories have two chief values. One is in providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions. There are three main categories or philosophical frameworks under which learning theories fall: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. Behaviorism Behaviorism as a theory was primarily developed by B. F. Skinner. It loosely encompasses the work of people like Edward Thorndike. What characterizes these investigators are their underlying assumptions about the process of learning. In essence, three basic assumptions are held to be true. First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity邻近and reinforcement are central to explaining the learning process. For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning. There are two types of possible conditioning: 1) Classical conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs. 2) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism. The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’. Cognitivism The earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist. He criticized behaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what have come to be labeled cognitive theories.