05 Blind detection of SCMA for uplink grant free multipleaccess

Blind Detection of SCMA for Uplink Grant-Free Multiple-Access

Alireza Bayesteh, Eric Yi, Hosein Nikopour, and Hadi Baligh

Huawei Technologies Canada Co. Ltd.

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

{alireza.bayestech, zhihang.yi, hosein.nikopour, hadi.baligh}@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2010440309.html,

Abstract—Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a new frequency domain non-orthogonal multiple-access technique which can enable massive connectivity and grant-free transmission in wireless radio access. With SCMA, different incoming data streams are directly mapped to codewords of different multi-dimensional cookbooks, where each codeword represents a spread transmission layer. Multiple SCMA layers share the same time-frequency resources of OFDMA. The sparsity of codewords allows low complexity of multi-layer detection for excessive codeword overloading which is the key feature to enable massive connectivity. In this paper, a blind detection solution is introduced and analyzed to support massive connectivity in a SCMA-based UL grant-free multiple access. The proposed solution is based on two major components: i) blind detection of active pilots/users with reasonable complexity, and ii) blind decoding of active users’ data with no knowledge of active codebook set.Different activity detection algorithms and schemes are proposed, described,and analyzed. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed schemes in various scenarios. Our analysis and performance evaluation confirm the proposed SCMA-based blind reception solution is a promising technology to enable massive connectivity for grant-free multiple-access transmission mode in future wireless networks.

Keywords—SCMA; massive connectivity; grant-free multiple access; blind detection; 5G

I.I NTRODUCTION

Fifth generation (5G) wireless networks are expected to support very diverse applications and terminals. An important 5G requirement is that it should support massive connectivity [1] with a large number of devices.Current long term evolution (LTE)[2] system is not able to efficiently support massive connectivity, especially on the uplink (UL). Among the issues arise due to massive connectivity is the cost of control signaling overhead and latency. The cost of such dynamic signalling for UL is higher for small packets since the ratio of signalling overhead to useful payload is high. As an example, it is shown in[3]that to transmit a small amount of data (e.g. 20 bytes of data using QPSK ?), the overhead ratio can be as high as30%. Semi-persistent scheduling can be an option in order to reduce the dynamic signalling overhead[2]. However, such mechanism is more suitable for traffic arrival that exhibits some form of periodicity such as VoIP. It cannot efficiently support bursty traffic.

Conventional contention-based transmission mechanisms, such as the schemes used in IEEE 802.11 standard[4], allow terminals to attempt to transmit data immediately after packet arrival without the need to wait for a transmission grant. However, it can only support limited number of users in the wireless medium at any given time. Therefore, it is desired to study grant-free multiple-access mechanisms that enable massive connectivity in future wireless networks.

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is introduced in [5] [6] as a new multiple access scheme.In SCMA, different incoming data streams are directly mapped to codewords of different multi-dimensional cookbooks, where each codeword represents a spread transmission layer. Multiple SCMA layers share the same time-frequency resources of OFDMA. The sparsity of codewords makes the near-optimal detection feasible through iterative message passing algorithm (MPA). Such low complexity of multi-layer detection allows excessive codeword overloading in which the dimension of multiplexed layers exceeds the dimension of codewords. This is a key feature to enable massive connectivity in a wireless multiple-access system.

In an UL grant-free multiple-access scenario,users can transmit data in pre-configured resources that comprise of time, frequency, codebooks and pilots, and data transmission is performed without the request/grant procedure. This requires the receiver to be able to detect active users, estimate their corresponding channels, and decode their data without having the knowledge of active codebooks and pilots. SCMA provides an additional degree of freedom for user multiplexing in the code domain which means that the definition of pre-configured resources to enable grant-free multiple-access should be revisited. Having defined grant-free resources, an efficient reception scheme is required with the following capabilities: x Blind detection of active pilots/users with reasonable complexity and low misdetection probability x Blind decoding of users’ data with no knowled ge of active SCMA codebooks

In this paper, a solution is proposed to enable massive connectivity in a SCMA-based UL grant-free multiple-access system. The focus is on the receiver design based on blind detection. A system model for UL SCMA-based grant-free multiple access is introduced and described Section II.Section III is devoted to description of the proposed blind detection algorithms. Numerical results are provided in Section IV to evaluate the performance of the proposed schemes in various scenarios, and the concluding remarks are given in Section V.

978-1-4799-5863-4/14/$31.00 ?2014 IEEE

II.S YSTEM M ODEL

A.UL SCMA Formulation

An SCMA encoder is defined as a map from log ( ) bits to a -dimensional complex codebook of size [6], where can be regarded as spreading factor. The -dimensional complex codewords of a codebook are sparse vectors with < non-zero entries. In the UL grant-free multiple-access, a user can be configured with a codebook. U ser’s data bits are mapped to a -dimensional codeword in the codebook and transmitted on OFDMA subcarriers.

The number of simultaneous users in a time slot, denoted by ,varies depending on the traffic loading and possible retransmissions.Assume that user ( =1,2,…, )employs codeword chosen from an SCMA codebook. With this notation, the received signal (over OFDMA tones) after the synchronous layer multiplexing can be expressed as [5]:

=∑ diag ( ) +

(1)

where =[ , ,…, ] is the vector of SCMA codeword of user , P is the received signal power, =[? ,? ,…,? ] is the channel vector of user and

diag( ) is a diagonal matrix where its -th diagonal element is ( ) =? ,and is the ambient noise plus out-of-cell interference that is assumed white Gaussian. To effectively decode the SCMA signals, an ML-based sequence detection scheme, such as MPA, can be used, in which details can be found in [7]. B.Resource Definition to Enable Grant-Free Multiple-Access In order to support grant-free multiple-access for an UL SCMA system, radio resources should properly be defined. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the basic resource for grant-free transmission is called a contention transmission unit (CTU)which is defined as combination of time, frequency, SCMA codebook and pilot [8]. There are J codebooks defined over a time-frequency resource. For each codebook, L pilot sequences are associated with a codebook. A total of × unique pilot sequences are defined. Hence, there are a total of × CTUs within this time-frequency resource. Fig. 1. Definition of a contention transmission unit (CTU).

According to Fig. 2, the designated time-frequency resource on which the codebooks are overlaid form a CTU

access region. The size and the number of access regions depend on many factors such as the expected number of terminals and/or applications that are suitable for grant-free

multiple-access.

Fig. 2. CTU access regions for UL contention-based transmission.

With pre-defined CTU access regions and CTU assignments to user equipments (UEs),the procedure of dynamic UL granting is eliminated for contention-based SCMA access mode.

III.D ESIGN OF A LGORITHMS FOR G RANT -F REE UL SCMA

D ETECTION A.High-Level Structure Design and Block Diagram

As depicted in Fig. 3, the proposed receiver consists of two

major components: i) active UE detector, to narrow down the

list of potentially active UEs, and ii) joint data and active

codebook detection (JMPA) to decode the active users’ data with no knowledge of active codebooks. Although JMPA is capable to blindly detect active UEs from the potential UE set, it has to test all the possible combinations of active UEs and

its complexity becomes impractically high. In addition, the

channel estimator needs to estimate the channels of all potential UEs and its performance is degraded very much. Active UE detector acts as a pre-filter to narrow down the list of potential active UEs to control the quality as well as the complexity of reception. The active UE detector builds a short list of potentially active UEs based on pilots being transmitted. Instead of all potential UEs, the channel estimator only needs to estimate the channels of the UEs within the short list. Similarly, JMPA only runs over the UEs in the short list and its complexity is reduced. The whole process can be

performed in an iterative fashion to improve the performance by using the soft output of JMPA to update the a priori existence probabilities fed into the active UE detector.

Fig. 3. UL SCMA blind receiver structure including active UE detector,

channel estimator, and JMPA.

B.Blind Detection of Active UEs/Pilots

This section describes different methods to blindly recognize active UEs/pilots.

1)Problem Formulation

Let denote list of all UEs within a particular contention region. The received UL pilot signal, denoted by , can be written as

=∑ ?

+ = + ,(2)

where contains the pilot sequence of the -th UE, ? denotes the channel of the -th UE, and denotes white noise. The variable is a logical indicating scalar; when it is 1, the -th UE is active and when it is 0, the -th UE is not active. and are constructed by putting and ? in a matrix format, respectively. The problem is to find which ’s are 1, and build a shorter potentially active UE/pilot list for the channel estimator and JMPA detector. Note that the shortlisted may be later further reduced by the JMPA detector.

As any signal detection problem, misdetection probability and false alarm probability must be balanced in the pilot detector. In particular, it is vital to have a low misdetection probability, because neither channel estimator nor JMPA decoder can recover a UE once it is missed by the pilot detector. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity of JMPA, it is desired to minimize the size of as much as possible, which means low false alarm probability. Therefore, the misdetection probability and the size of are the two performance parameters to evaluate the proposed active UE/pilot detector. Note that JMPA detector has the capability to correct the false alarm and identify the actual active users from . That is, if some UEs in are not actually active, JMPA detector can later exclude them from the active UE list.

Three different algorithms have been developed for active pilot detection, and they are presented in the following.

2)Algorithm 1: Channel Estimation Based Algorithm

If the -th UE/pilot is inactive, the output of the estimator for this UE, ? , should be very small, i.e. ? →0. Based on this observation, the first algorithm is developed:

============================================ Algorithm 1

Start of algorithm: Obtain a UE list, , including all the UEs within the intended contention region.

At the -th iteration: Let be the active UE list in the

th iteration.

x Perform channel estimation for every UE in

.

x Calculate the power of every estimated channel.

x Eliminate the UE/pilot with the smallest

power from and go to next iteration.

End of iteration: End the iteration when the size of

reached the target size .

End of algorithm: UEs in are declared to be active.

============================================ The termination condition of this algorithm can be set to exploit the traffic pattern of potential UEs. Assume there are 36 potential UEs and each has a transmission probability of 1/6. It can be shown that for more than 99.5% of the time, the number of active UEs is less than 12, and hence, we can set =12. Note that the value of can be used to balance the miss detection probability and size of . It is easy to see that increasing reduces the miss detection probability at the expense of a larger .

It is possible that one active UE’s channel is very weak due to fading. This UE may be wrongly excluded from the active UE list as Algorithm 1 detects UEs based on channel strength. To reduce miss detection probability, we can run Algorithm 1 on multiple receiving pilot ports.

3)Algorithm 2: Focal Underdetermined System Solver

(FOCUSS)

The problem of active UE/pilot detection can be seen as compressed sensing of the sparse signal from in (2). Each element of defines a base for the | |-dimensional sparse signal .This problem can be solved by Focal Underdetermined System Solver (FOCUSS) which is an iterative scheme proposed to detect active bases from a large number of potential bases [9]. At each iteration, the algorithm gradually strengthens the active bases and punishes the inactive bases. As a result, the indicating scalars of the active bases converge to a non-zero value, while those of the inactive bases eventually converge to zero.

============================================ Algorithm 2

Start of algorithm: Obtain a UE list, ,including all the UEs within the intended contention region.

Initialization of iteration: calculate an initial value

of .

At the -th iteration: Obtain as follows

=diag( )

= ( + )

End of iteration: End the iteration after

iterations.

End of algorithm: Obtain the -th UE’s estimated

channel ? from . If ? ≥ , the -th UE is

declared to be active.

============================================ The initial value can be obtained as = , where is the pseudo inverse of .The variable is called regularization parameter and its value has a large impact on Algorithm 2. From our simulations, it gives good performance to set =1/ when ≤0 and =1 othwersie, and to set =0.01. In addition, it is sufficient to end the algorithm after =20 iterations.

4)Algorithm 3: Expectation Maximization (EM)

EM algorithm is a matured method developed decades ago and it is being used to perform channel estimation in a multi-cell networks, where one UE has some strong channels from some cells and very weak channels from other cells [10]. In our UE/pilot detection problem, active UEs can be considered to be the ones with strong channels while inactive UEs can be seen as the ones with weak channels (in fact, their equivalent channels, ? ,are zero). Therefore, EM algorithm can be used to solve our UE/pilot detection problem as follows:

============================================ Algorithm 3

Start of algorithm: Obtain a UE list, ,including all the UEs within the intended contention region.

Initialization of iteration: calculate an initial value

of .

At the -th iteration: Obtain as follows

=( ? ) +

=sgn( )?(| |? (1??))

where sgn( )=

| | for ≠0 and

for =0,

= for ≥0and is zero otherwise, and ? is

element-wise product. ?is a vector containing the

transmission probability of each potential UE.

End of iteration: End the iteration after iterations.

End of algorithm: Obtain the -th UE’s estimated channel ? from . If ? ≥ , the -th UE is declared to be active.

============================================ As in Algorithm 2, the initial value can be obtained as = b, where is the pseudo inverse of .We choose c =1/2s where s is largest eigenvalue of ,c =15, and γ =0.02to obtain the best performance. In addition, it is sufficient to end the algorithm after N =150 iterations. C.Data detection with no active codebook knowledge

The main idea is to decode the activity state of the codebook jointly with MPA decoding which is called JMPA. The observation is that if a particular codebook is not active, it is equivalent to virtually sending all 0codeword. In other words, it is like having an extra constellation point called the zero constellation point. For example, as shown in Fig. 4, the effective constellation is expanded to 4 points plus point 0 (constellation size 5).

Fig. 4. Representation of an inactive codebook by zero constellation point

In fact, JMPA can be considered as MPA in which the number of constellation points are increased by one, with the difference in that the probability of constellation point 0 is the same for all the SCMA blocks. This provides a natural coding gain which can be exploited to improve the capability of JMPA for identification of active and inactive codebooks. At the end of each MPA iteration, if a transmitted layer is detected as 0with highest probability, it means its corresponding codebook is not active otherwise the bit LLRs of the layer are calculated based on the probability of the original constellation points [7].

JMPA procedure can be summarized as follows:

x Calculation of the probability of constellation point of codebook for each SCMA block following the

MPA rules.

x Unifying the probability for constellation point 0 across all SCMA blocks.If there are enough number

of tones across the bandwidth, this probability will be

very close to 0 or 1 depending whether the codebook

is active or not.

x The extrinsic probability of the constellation point 0 for each layer is set to the calculated existence

probability and the probability for the other

constellation point is then normalized to satisfy a

summation of 1.

After a few iterations, a hard decision on the existence of each codebook can be made which reduces the complexity of JMPA for the next iterations.

IV.N UMERICAL R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS

A.Simulation Results on the Performance of Active UE/Pilot

Detector

In our simulation, we assume there are 36 potential UEs and each has an activation probability of 1/6. UEs use LTE UL Demodulated Reference Signal (DMRS) as their pilots. UEs are put into six groups. In each group, six UEs use six different codebooks.The UEs in each group are assumed to use the same Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence [3], but with different cyclic-shifts on the sequence to generate their own pilots.

Every UE has a fading channel modeled as PB with 3 km/h mobility. In our simulation, we do not apply any power offset on UEs’ channels. That is, every UE’s channel has the same average power which is normalized to one. Fig. 5 shows the misdetection probability of the active UE detector employing different pilot detector algorithms. For SNR values of above 0 dB, both FOCUSS and EM algorithms can have misdetection probabilities lower than 0.4%. EM algorithm shows more robustness to SNR and achieves a misdetection probability lower than 0.4% even when SNR = -2 dB. Channel estimation based algorithm does not perform as well as that other two algorithms in lower SNR values; however, its performance gap shrinks at higher SNR values (SNR > 1dB) and its misdetection probability decreases to about 0.5% at

SNR = 1dB.

Fig. 5. Misdetection probability, no power offset, 36 UEs, transmission probability 1/6

Studying the size of for different algorithms,it is observed that the size of can be greatly reduced to 10-12, compared to 36.In particular, EM algorithm outperforms the other two algorithms and it reduces the size of to smaller than 10 for SNR values larger than 0 dB. B. Simulation Results on JMPA Performance

To test the blind detection capability, we assume that there are 6 potential UEs and, at each transmission, only 4of them are active and transmit. It is also assumed that UEs use different SCMA codebooks for data transmission. Since the receiver does not know which 4 UEs transmit, it has to try to estimate the channels of all 6 potential UEs and relies on JMPA to detect which UEs are actively transmitting. For comparison, we also include the performance of the case where the receiver exactly knows which 4 UEs are active. For this case, using MPA is sufficient at the receiver and it is labeled as “MPA” in Fig. 6. It is observed that JMPA can blindly detect the active UEs and give the same performance as MPA.

Fig. 6. Performance of JMPA in codebook blind detection

From simulation results, it can be confirmed that the proposed active UE/pilot detection schemes in conjunction with the blind detection capability of JMPA pave the way of

designing a grant-free system for massive connectivity in an UL multiple access system.

V.

C ONCLUSION

In this paper, a blind detection solution is introduced and analyzed to support massive connectivity in a SCMA-based UL grant-free multiple access. The proposed solution is based on two components: i) blind detection of active pilots/UEs,and ii) blind decoding of active users’ data with no active codebook knowledge.Three algorithms are proposed for the pilot detector: Channel estimation based algorithm, FOCUSS and EM. Simulation results show that EM algorithm achieves the best performance with a misdetection probability as low as 0.5% and an active UE list size as short as 10 in the SNR range of interest. Furthermore, a novel scheme called JMPA is proposed in which the activity state of each codebook is jointly detected with MPA decoding. Numerical results show that JMPA is capable of decoding user’s data with no prior active codebook knowledge and no performance degradation compared to the case when the knowledge of active codebooks are provided. From analysis and simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed blind detection solution paves the way of designing a grant-free system for supporting massive connectivity in an UL multiple access system.

R EFERENCES

[1]"5G: A Technology Vision," Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen,

China, Whitepaper Nov. 2013. [Online]. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2010440309.html,/ilink/en/download/HW_314849[2]Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, and Johan Skold, 4G: LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband , 2nd ed. Waltham, MA, USA: Elsevier, 2014.[3]3GPP TR 36.814 V9.0.0, "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical

Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Further advancements for E-UTRA physical layer aspects (Release 9)," 3GPP, 2010-03.[4]"IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and

information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,".[5]Hosein Nikopour and Hadi Baligh, "Sparse code multiple access," in

IEEE 24th PIMRC , 2013, pp. 332-336.[6]Mahmoud Taherzadeh, Hosein Nikopour, Alireza Bayesteh, and Hadi

Baligh, "SCMA Codebook Design," Submitted to IEEE VTC-fall, Vancouver 2014.[7]Reza Hoshyar, Razieh Razavi,and Mohammed AL-Imari, "LDS-OFDM

an efficient multiple access technique," in VTC-spring , 2010, pp. 1-5.

[8]Kelvin Au et al., "Uplink Contention Based Sparse Code Multiple

Access for Next Generation Wireless Network," in IEEE VTC-Fall 2014,Vancouver, submitted.[9]Irina F. Gorodnitsky and Bhaskar D. Rao, "Sparse signal reconstruction

from limited data using FOCUSS: A re-weighted minimum norm algorithm," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing , pp. 600--616, 1997.[10]G. Mileounis, N. Kalouptsidis, B. Babadi, and V. Tarokh, "Blind

identification of sparse channels and symbol detection via the EM algorithm," in 17th IEEE International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), 2011, pp. 1-5.

SNR per UE

M i s s i n g d e t e c t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y

10

10

10

10

10

PB, 4 RB, 1 TX, 2 RX, 4 UE

SNR

B L E R

的、地、得的用法和区别

“的、地、得”的用法和区别 导入（进入美妙的世界啦~） “的、地、得”口诀儿歌 的地得，不一样，用法分别记心上， 左边白，右边勺，名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸，青青的草儿弯下腰， 清清的河水向东流，蓝蓝的天上白云飘， 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹，绿绿的树叶把头摇， 小小的鱼儿水中游，红红的太阳当空照， 左边土，右边也，地字站在动词前， 认真地做操不马虎，专心地上课不大意， 大声地朗读不害羞，从容地走路不着急， 痛快地玩耍来放松，用心地思考解难题， 勤奋地学习要积极，辛勤地劳动花力气， 左边两人双人得，形容词前要用得， 兔子兔子跑得快，乌龟乌龟爬得慢， 青青竹子长得快，参天大树长得慢， 清晨锻炼起得早，加班加点睡得晚， 欢乐时光过得快，考试题目出得难。 知识典例（注意咯，下面可是黄金部分！） 的、地、得 “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识，但在使用中也最容易发生混淆，再加上一段时间里，中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”，因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。

一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多，负担过重，而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用。 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作“的”，在状语后面写作“地”，在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： ⑤他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。

常用介词的用法

分考点1 表示时间的介词 Point 1 at, in, on 的用法 （1）at 的用法 At 表示时间点，用于具体的时刻（几点，正午，午夜，黎明，拂晓，日出，日落等），或把某一时间看作某一时刻的词之前以及某些节假日的词之前。 at 6：00 在6点钟 At noon 在中午 At daybreak 在拂晓 At down 在黎明 At Christmas 在圣诞节 【特别注意】在以下的时间短语中，at 表示时间段。 At dinner time 在（吃）晚饭时 At weekends/ the weekend 在周末 （2）in 的用法 ①表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配，如年份，月份，季节，世纪，朝代，还可以用于泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等时间段的词前。 In 2009 在2009年 In April 在四月 In the 1990s 在20世纪90年代 In Tang Dynasty 在唐朝 In the morning在上午 ②后接时间段，用于将来时，表示“在一段时间之后”。 The film will begin in an hour. 电影将于一个小时之后开始。 【特别注意】当时间名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。 This morning 今天上午last year 去年 （3）on 的用法 ①表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些日子。 On September the first 在9月1号 On National Day 在国庆节 We left the dock on a beautiful afternoon. 我们在一个明媚的下午离开了码头。 ②表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上（常有前置定语或后置定语修饰）。 On Sunday morning 在星期日的早上 On the night of October 1 在10月1号的晚上 【特别注意】“on +名词或动名词”表示“一...就...”. On my arrival home/ arriving home, I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 Point 2 in，after 的用法 In 和after都可以接时间段，表示“在...之后”，但in 常与将来时连用，after 常与过去时连用。 We will meet again in two weeks.

英语介词用法大全

英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类： (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如： at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如： Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如： In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如： About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如： About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如： beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如： As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如： againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如： for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如： to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如： by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如： of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如：

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

“的、地、得”的用法和区别

的、地、得的用法和区别 的、地、得的用法和区别老班教育 一、的、地、得的基本概念 1、的、地、得的相同之处。 的、地、得是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声de，没有语音上的区别。 2、的、地、得的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为的兼职过多，负担过重，而力主的、地、得严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，的与地、得的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将的与地、得分用。 的、地、得在普通话里都读轻声de，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作的，在状语后面写作地，在补语前写作得。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、的、地、得的用法 （一）、用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。的前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制的后面的事物，说明的后面的事物怎么样。 结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： 颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。地前面的词语一般用来形容地后面的动作，说明地后面的动作怎么样。 结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： 她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。得后面的词语一般用来补充说明得前面的动作怎么样。 结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： 他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 她红(形容词，谓语)得发紫(补语)。 （二）、例说 的，一般用在名词和形容词的后面，用在描述或限制人物、事物时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间，表示一种描述的结果。如：漂亮的衣服、辽阔的土地、高大的山脉。结构一般为名词（代词或形容词）+的+名词。如，我的书、你的衣服、他的孩子，美丽的景色、动听的歌曲、灿烂的笑容。 地，用法简单些，用在描述或限制一种运动性质、状态时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间。结构通常是形容词+地+动词。前面的词语一般用来形容后面的动作。一般地的后面只跟动词。比如高兴地跳、兴奋地叫喊、温和地说、飞快地跑；匆匆地离开；慢慢地移动......... 得，用在说明动作的情况或结果的程度时，说明的词语与被说明的词语之间，后面的词语一般用来补充和说明前面的情况。比如。跑得飞快、跳得很高、显得高雅、显得很壮、馋得直流口水、跑得快、飞得高、走得慢、红得很……得通常用在动词和形容词（动词之间）。

英语介词用法详解

英语常用介词用法与辨析 ■表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如： Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如： Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ■表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如： It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如： He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如： They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ■表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如： This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如： Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如： Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from 。 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。请比较：draw in penc il/draw with a pencil。 ■表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。

with的用法大全

with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：

1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

的地得的用法和区分

《“的、地、得”的用法》语文微课教案 一、教学背景 在语言文字规范化大背景下，帮助学生解决应用“的地得”的疑惑与困难。 二、设计思路 针对学生对于“的地得”的误用与忽视展开教学，规范结构助词“的地得”的使用。按照“问题的提出、问题的分析、问题的解决”的思路展开教学，总结归纳优化的方式方法。 三、教学目标 1、知道“怎么样的什么、怎么样地干什么、干得怎么样”三种固定搭配。 2、掌握“的、地、得”的区别与联系。 3、运用小儿歌“动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来”的口诀帮助正确使用“的、地、得”。 四、教学重难点 1、知道“的、地、得”的区别。 2、在实际情境中正确运用“的、地、得”。 五、教学时间 8分钟微课堂 六、教学适用对象 义务教育九年制内的学生 七、教学准备

多媒体课件、录屏软件 八、教学设计与过程 开场白： 同学们好！今天我们一起来学习“的、地、得”的正确用法。首先我们来了解一下它们的区别。 1、相同之处：原来它们都是念轻声“de”，都是结构助词，起连接作用。 2、不同之处：在书面语中要写成三个不同的字，而且它们的搭配及用法也各不相同。 （1）怎么样的什么 （2）怎样样地干什么 （3）干得怎么样 下面我们就来学习一下它们的正确用法。 白勺“的”的结构是用“形容词或名词或代词+的+名词”来表示，而我们最常见，用得最多的还是“形容词+的+名词”的结构。 而土也“地”的用法可以用“形容词+地+动词”的结构来表示。 双人“得”是用“动词+得+形容词”的结构来表示 3、练习巩固 （1）形近区分 静静（的）河面静静（地）写字欢乐（的）山谷

欢乐（地）歌唱满意（地）点头满意（的）作品 （2）类别区分 1）跑（得）飞快飞快（地）跑 2）愉快（的）旅行旅行（得）愉快 3）强烈（的）渴望强烈（地）渴望 （3）综合杂糅 小雏鹰飞到大树的上方，高兴地喊起来：“我真的会飞啦！而且飞（得）很高呢！” 小结：能填对这个句子的你肯定就已经学会它们的用法了！ 4、特殊情况 质疑：假如遇到特殊情况怎么办呢？ 我从书包里拿出书交给她们，她们高兴得．围着我跳起舞来。（出自二年级上册《日记两则》） （1）质疑：为什么这里要使用“得”呢？ （2）释疑：原来这里强调的是心情，动词在后，形容词在前，相当于后置，“得”修饰“跳舞”而非“围”。现在你明白了吧？ 5、小结归纳： 怎么样，你们学会了吗？为了让同学们能够更快的记住它们的用法，老师送给大家一首口诀来帮助你们熟记三个“的”的正确使用方法：动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来。

高中英语45个介词的基本用法

——45个基本介词的用法 1、about 【原始含义】 a-b-out “A在B外面” 【引申含义】 [prep] （1）在…到处，在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. （2）在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. （3）关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] （1）大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. （2）到处，各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. （3）在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) （1）arrange (about sth) 安排关于某事（2）argue (about sth) 讨论某事 （3）ask (about sth) 询问关于某事（4）boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... （5）care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣（6）chat(about sth) 谈论某事（7）complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨… （8）dream (about sb/sth) 梦见某人/某物（9）go (about sth) 着手做...；从事...

with用法归纳

with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

介词with的用法大全

介词with的用法大全 With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语＋介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语＋副词虚词”，如： (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

的地得的用法教案

“的、地、得”的用法教案 教学目标： 1.能通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 2.能在小组合作中正确掌握“的、地、得”的用法。 3.能正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学重点：通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 教学难点：正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学过程： 一、导入（板书课题：“的、地、得”的用法“的、地、得”） 这三个字认识吧！虽然它们都有一个相同的读音de，但用法却不一样，可不能把他们用错了。究竟他们的用法有什么不同，我们来听听他们的故事吧！ 二、看微视频，学习“的、地、得”的用法区别。 三、小结： 1.孩子们，刚才看了视频知道他们是谁吗？（白勺的，土也地，双人得。） （1）白勺的是个杂货铺老板，她的店里都有什么？（彩色的毛巾美味的汉堡结实的帐篷舒适的儿童车捕捉风的网会唱歌的小树开个没完的花朵优美动听的歌曲飘来飘去的云……）还可能有什么？ 你们一定会发现，白勺的的用法有什么特点？（后面是名词。）板书：名词 （2）土也地是个运动男孩，他喜欢？（悠闲地散步欢快地跳舞兴奋地跳跃开心地捕蝴蝶看图书踢球骑自行洗澡吃冰淇淋……）他还可能喜欢干什么呢？你发现了吗？土也地的用法特点？（后面是动词。）板书：动词 （3）双人得呢？她是个总喜欢评价别人的小妹妹。（球踢得真棒舞跳得精彩长得好高呀……） 她可能还怎么评价别人？（歌唱得动听饭吃得很饱人长得漂亮）你们会发现，双人得的前面通常都是——动词。板书：动词 2.小结：所以，他们的用法也很简单，区别就在这里。 （白勺的用在名词前面；土也地用在动词前面；双人得用在动词后面。）你明白了吗？ 四、我来考考你们，看哪一组完成得又对又快！ 1.菜鸟级练习 2.老鸟级练习 3.大虾级练习 五、总结

介词at的基本用法

介词at的基本用法： 一、at引导的时间短语通常可表示： 1.在几点几分，例如：at one o’clock(在一点钟) I usually make the bed at one o’clock.. 2.在用餐时间，例如：at lunchtime（在午餐时间） 3.在某个节日，例如：at Christmas 在圣诞节的时候 4.在某个年龄的时候，例如：at the age of 12。在12岁的时候 5.一天中的某段较短的时间，例如：at noon在中午at night在夜里 二、at也可引导地点短语，常用于小地点之前，例如： at the bus stop在汽车站at the butcher’s 在肉店里at school在学校里at home在家里 介词on的基本用法： 一、on可引导地点短语，表示“在…上面”，例如：on the table在桌子上 二、on也可引导时间短语，通常有以下用法： 1.用于“星期”和“月份”中的任何一天之前，例如：On Monday在星期一on April 1st. 2.用于某个“星期几”当天的某段时间，例如：on Monday morning在星期一上午 3.用于具体某一天之前，例如：on that day在那一天On my birthday在我的生日那天 On Christmas day在圣诞节那天 介词in的基本用法： 一、in可引导地点短语，常表示“在…里面”，例如：in the bag在袋子里 二、in引导的时间短于通常有以下用法： 1.在某个世纪，例如：in the 21st century在21世纪 2.在某一年，例如：in 1995在1995年 3.在某一个季节，例如：in spring在春季 4.在某一个月份，例如：in March在三月里 5.在某段时期，例如：in the holidays在假期里 6.在某个持续几天的节日里，例如：in Easter Week在复活周 7.在一天中的某段时间，例如：in the morning在上午（早晨）

初中 英语 介词“with”的用法

介词“with”的用法 1、同, 与, 和, 跟 talk with a friend 与朋友谈话 learn farming with an old peasant 跟老农学习种田 fight [quarrel, argue] with sb. 跟某人打架 [争吵, 辩论] [说明表示动作的词, 表示伴随]随着, 和...同时 change with the temperature 随着温度而变化 increase with years 逐年增加 be up with the dawn 黎明即起 W-these words he left the room. 他说完这些话便离开了房间。2 2、表示使用的工具, 手段 defend the motherland with one s life 用生命保卫祖国 dig with a pick 用镐挖掘 cut meat with a knife 用刀割肉3

3、说明名词, 表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有; 带有; 加上; 包括...在内 tea with sugar 加糖的茶水 a country with a long history 历史悠久的国家4 4、表示一致]在...一边, 与...一致; 拥护, 有利于 vote with sb. 投票赞成某人 with的复合结构作独立主格,表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构： with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法