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地质专业英语

地质专业英语
地质专业英语

地质专业英语词汇

A

ahorizon层位

alineation线理

atwina双晶

aalava块熔岩

aalenianstage阿林阶

abandon废弃

abandonedmine废弃的矿山abandonedwell废孔

abatis通风隔墙

abdomen腹部abdominalappendage腹肢abdominalcavity腹腔

abdominalfin腹

abductor外展肌

abductormuscle外展肌abernathyite水砷钾铀矿

aberration象差

abichite光线矿

abiogenesis自然发生

abiogeny自然发生

abioticfactor非生物因素

ablation剥蚀

ablationbreccia剥蚀角砾岩ablationmoraine消融碛ablationskin熔蚀皮

ablationtill消融碛

ablykite阿布石

abnormal异常的abnormalinterferencecolor异常干涉色abnormalmetamorphism异常变质酌abolition废除

abrade剥蚀

abrasion海蚀

abrasionplatform磨蚀台地abrasionsurface浪蚀面abrasionterrace磨蚀阶地abrasionntest磨耗试验

abrasive磨料;海蚀的

abrazite多水高岭土

absarokite正边玄武岩

absite钍钛铀矿

absoluteage绝对年龄absoluteblackbody绝对黑体absolutechronology绝对年代学

absolutedating绝对年代测定

absolutegeopotential绝对重力势

absoluteporosity绝对孔隙率

absolutepressure绝对压力

absolutestructure绝对构造

absorbedwater吸附水

absorbent吸收剂

absorber吸收器

absorbingwell吸水井

absorption吸收

absorptionaxis吸收轴

absorptionborder融蚀缘

absorptioncurve吸收曲线

absorptionedge吸收端

absorptionfactor吸收率

absorptionspectrum吸收光谱

absorptivecapacity吸收率

absorptivity吸收性

abukumalite铋磷灰石

abundance丰度

abundanceofelements元素丰度

abundanceofisotopes同位素丰度

abundanceratioofisotopes同位素相对丰度abysmaldeposits深海沉积物

abyss深海

abyssal深海的

abyssalbenthiczone深渊底栖带

abyssaldeposits深海沉积物

abyssalfacies深海相

abyssalhillsprovince深海丘陵区

abyssalinjection深成贯入

abyssalrock深成岩

abyssalsediments深海沉积物

acadialite红菱沸石

acadianstage阿卡德阶

acalycine无花萼的

acalycinous无花萼的

acanthite螺状硫银矿

acanthoid刺状的

acaulescent无茎的

acaulous无茎的

acaustobiolite非燃性生物岩

accelerateddevelopment上升发育

acceleration促进酌

1

accelerometer加速度计

accessory副的

accessoryejecta早成同源抛出物accessoryminerals副矿物accidentalejecta异源抛出物accidentalinclusion外源包体accidentalspecies偶见种accidentalxenolith外源包体

acclivity上坡accompanyingmineral伴生矿物accordanceofsummitlevels山峰高度一致accordantjunction交合汇流accordionfold棱角褶皱

accretion附加体

accretiongley结核潜育层accretiontheory吸积理论accretionarylapilli团积火山砾accumulate堆积accumulatedtemperature积温accumulation堆积accumulationhorizon聚积层accumulationmoraine堆积冰碛accumulationterrace堆积阶地accumulationtheoryofvolcano火山堆积说accumulationtill堆积冰碛accumulativephase堆积相

accuracy准确度

acephalous无头的

acephalouslarva无头幼虫

acerous针状的

acetate醋酸盐

aceticacid醋酸

acfdiagramacf图解

achavalite硒铁矿

achiardite坏晶石

achirite透视石

achlamydeous无花被的

achlusite钠滑石

achondrite无球粒陨石

achroite无色电气石

achromaite浅闪石

achromaticbody消色物体achromaticlens消色差透镜achromatism消色差

achromatize消色

acicular针状的

aciculiform针状的acidbaseequilibrium酸碱平衡acidearth酸性白土

acidhumus酸性腐殖质acidminedrainage酸性矿水排水

acidplagioclase酸性斜长石

acidrock酸性岩

acidsoil酸性土

acidsolution酸性溶液

acidspring酸性泉

acidtreatmentofoilpayzone油层酸处理

acidtreatmentofwell井的酸处理

acidiclava酸性熔岩

acidification酸化

acidimetry酸量滴定法

acidite酸性岩

acidity酸度

acidizingofwell井的酸处理

acidophilousplants适酸植物

acidotrophiclake酸性营养湖

acidulation酸化

aclinetwin翻底双晶

acmite锥辉石

acotyledon无子叶植物

acotyledonous无子叶的

acousticbasement声波基底

acousticfoundation声波基底

acousticlogging声波测井

acquiredcharacter获得形质

acrefoot英亩英尺

acrobatholithic露岩基的

acrochordite球砷锰矿

acrospore顶生孢子

actinides锕系元素

actinium锕

actinolite阳起石

actinoliteasbestos阳起石石棉

actinoliteschist阳起片岩

actinoliticgreenschistfacies阳起绿色片岩相actinometer日射表

actinometry光化测定

actinomorphic辐射对称的

actinomorphous辐射对称的

actinomyces放线菌类

actinostele星状中柱

actinouranium锕铀

actinula辐射幼虫

activatedadsorption活化吸附

activatedcarbon活性炭

activatedclay活化粘土

activatedcomplex活化络合物

activatedwater活化水

activation活化

activationanalysis活化分析

activationcrosssection活化截面

activationenergy活化能

2

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

Geology(地质)专业英语词汇

2. GEOLOGY地质 2.1 LITHOLOGY CASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION ORDER 岩性分类和描述顺序 2.1.1 Rock Types 岩石类型 Sedi Sedimentry 沉积岩 clas clastic 碎屑岩 ss sandstone 砂岩 mdst mudstone 泥岩 sh shale 页岩 clyst, clst claystone 粘土岩 sd sand 砂 mSsd medium sandstone 中砂岩 fsst fine sandstone 细砂岩 bldr boulder 卵石 pbl pebble 卵石 grl gravel 砾石 cgl conglomerate 砾岩 gywk graywacke 硬砂岩 cbl cobble 大鹅卵石 ark arkose 长石砂岩 grnl granule 粒砂 brec breccic 角砾岩 bioc bioclastic 生物碎屑岩 vcrs sst very coarse sandstone 极粗砂岩 argl argillite 泥板岩 gyp gypsum 石膏 anhy anhydrite 硬石膏 slt salt 盐岩 flint-lingite 隧石 carbonate 碳酸盐岩 ls limestone 灰岩,石灰岩 dolo dolomite 白云石 dolst dolostone 白云岩

mrls marlstone 泥灰石 coq coquina 贝壳灰岩 biosp biosparte 生物亮晶灰岩 biomi biomicrite 生物微晶灰岩 clcar calcarenite 灰屑岩,钙屑灰岩 clclt calcilutite 泥屑石灰岩 micr micrite 微晶灰岩 clcrd calcirudite 砾屑石灰岩 clslt calcisilitite 粉砂屑石灰岩 grst grainstone 粒状灰岩 oolitic limestone 鲕状灰岩 Igneous Rock 火成岩 intrusive igneous 侵入岩 extrusive igneous 喷出岩 volc colcanic 火山岩 grt granite 花岗岩 dr diorite 闪长岩 grdr grano diorite 花岗闪长岩 qu dr quartz diorite 石英闪长岩 dr po diorite porphyrite 闪长玢岩 syenite 正长岩 gab, gb gabbro 辉长岩 qu po quartz porphyrite 石英玢岩 an andesite 安山岩 bas basalt 玄武岩 arag aragonite 纹石,霞石 Meta Metsmorphic rock 变质岩 phyl phyllite 千枚岩 sl slate 板岩 sch schist 片岩 mbl marble 大理岩 gne gneiss 片麻岩 qtzt quartzite 石英岩 novac novaculite致密石英岩 2.1.2 COL Color, Colour 颜色 blk black 黑色 brn brown 棕色 yel yellow 黄色 gy, gry grey 灰色

地质工程专业英语(DOC)

地质工程专业英语 3 水文地质学原理 3.1 水文地质学科分类 3.1.1 水文地质学hydrogeology 研究地下水的形成和分布、物理及化学性质、运动规律、开发利用和保护的科学。 3.1.2 水文地质学原理(普通水文地质学)principles of hydrogeology(general hydrogeology) 研究水文地质学的基础理论和基本概念的学科。 3.1.3 地下水动力学groundwater dynamics 研究地下水在岩土中运动规律的学科。 3.1.4 水文地球化学hydrogeochemistry 研究地下水化学成分的形成和变化规律以及地下水地球化学作用的学科。 3.1.5 专门水文地质学applied hydrogeology 为各种应用而进行的地下水调查、勘探、评价及开发利用的学科。 3.1.5.1 供水水文地质学water supply hydrogeology 为各种目的供水,研究地下水的形成条件、赋存规律、勘查方法、水质、水量评价以及合理开发利用和管理的学科。 3.1.5.2 矿床水文地质学mine hydrogeology 研究矿床水文地质学理论、勘探方法及开采中有关水文地质问题的学科。 3.1.5.3 土壤改良水文地质学reclamation hydrogeology 研究土壤盐渍化及沼泽化等水文地质问题的学科。 3.1.5.4 环境水文地质学environmental hydrogeology 研究自然环境中地下水与环境及人类活动的相互关系及其作用结果,并对地下水与环境进行保护、控制和改造的学科。 3.1.5.5 同位素水文地质学isotopic hydrogeology

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第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及

地质专业英语词汇大全

地质专业英语词汇A a horizon a 层位 a lineation a 线理 a twin a双晶 aa lava 块熔岩 aalenian stage 阿林阶 abandon 废弃 abandoned mine 废弃得矿山abandoned well 废孔 abatis 通风隔墙 abdomen 腹部 abdominal appendage 腹肢abdominal cavity 腹腔 abdominal fin 腹 abductor外展肌 abductor muscle外展肌abernathyite 水砷钾铀矿 aberration象差 abichite 光线矿 abiogenesis 自然发生abiogeny自然发生 abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 剥蚀 ablation breccia 剥蚀角砾岩ablation moraine 消融碛ablation skin 熔蚀皮 ablationtill 消融碛ablykite 阿布石 abnormal异常得 abnormal interference color 异常干涉色 abnormal metamorphism异常 变质酌 abolition 废除 abrade 剥蚀 abrasion海蚀 abrasionplatform磨蚀台 地 abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasion terrace 磨蚀阶地 abrasionn test磨耗试验 abrasive 磨料;海蚀得 abrazite 多水高岭土 absarokite 正边玄武岩 absite钍钛铀矿 absolute age 绝对年龄 absolute black body绝对 黑体 absolute chronology绝对 年代学 absolute dating绝对年 代测定 absolute geopotential 绝对 重力势 absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率 absolute pressure 绝对压力 absolutestructure 绝对构 造 absorbed water 吸附水 absorbent吸收剂 absorber 吸收器 absorbing well 吸水井 absorption 吸收 absorption axis 吸收轴 absorptionborder融蚀缘 absorption curve 吸收曲线 absorption edge吸收端 absorption factor 吸收率 absorption spectrum 吸收 光谱 absorptive capacity吸收 率 absorptivity 吸收性 abukumalite 铋磷灰石 abundance丰度 abundance of elements 元素丰度 abundance ofisotopes 同位素丰度 abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素相对丰度 abysmaldeposits 深海沉积 物 abyss深海 abyssal 深海得 abyssal benthic zone 深渊底 栖带 abyssal deposits 深海沉积 物 abyssalfacies 深海相 abyssal hills province 深 海丘陵区

地质工程专业英语

1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic 工程地质条件engineering geological conditions 地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形land form 地貌geomorphology, relief 微地貌microrelief 地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade 地形图relief map 河谷river valley 河道river course 河床river bed(channel) 冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook) 河漫滩floodplain(valley flat) 阶地terrace 冲积平原alluvial plain 三角洲delta 古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel 冲积扇alluvial fan 洪积扇diluvial fan 坡积裙talus apron 分水岭divide 盆地basin 岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞solution cave, karst cave 落水洞sinkhole 土洞Karstic earth cave 2地层岩性 地层geostrome (stratum, strata) 岩性lithologic character, rock property 岩体rock mass 岩层bed stratum 岩层layer, rock stratum 母岩matrix, parent rock 相变facies change 硬质岩strong rock, film 软质岩weak rock 硬质得petent 软质得inpetent 基岩bedrock 岩组petrofabric 覆盖层overburden 交错层理cross bedding 层面bedding plane 片理schistosity 层理bedding 板理(叶理) foliation 波痕ripple-mark 泥痕mud crack 雨痕raindrop imprints 造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral 高岭土kaolinite 蒙脱石montmorillonite 伊利石illite 云母mica 白云母muscovite 黑云母biotite 石英quartz 长石feldspar 正长石orthoclase 斜长石plagioclase 辉石pyroxene, picrite 角闪石hornblende 方解石calcite 构造structure 结构texture 组构fabric(tissue) 矿物组成mineral position 结晶质crystalline 非晶质amorphous 产状attitude 火成岩igneous 岩浆岩magmatic rock 火山岩(熔岩)lava 火山volcano 侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock 深成岩plutonic rock 浅成岩pypabysal rock 酸性岩acid rock 中性岩inter-mediate rock 基性岩basic rock 超基性岩ultrabasic rock 岩基rock base (batholith) 岩脉(墙) dike 岩株rock stock 岩流rock flow 岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆rock lopolith 岩墙rock dike 岩床rock sill 岩脉vein dyke

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)

Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? (什么是测绘学) (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying(大地测量与平面测量) (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement(距离测量) (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement(角度和方向测量) (14) Unit 5 Traversing (导线测量) (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination(高程测量方法) (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station (智能型全站仪) (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement(测量工作中的误差) (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision (准确度和精度) (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout (施工放样) (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS(认识GPS) (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit(太空轨道上的竞争) (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics(GIS 的基础) (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling(数字地面模型) (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (遥感的基础) (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology(机载激光测图技术) (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)

地质专业英语50962

1我们研究地区位于距离重庆市大约60公里的一个叫做小张村的地方 Our study area is located in xiaozhang village , which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city . 2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959年就曾在该地进行过 Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959. 3 在这个地区,除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外,侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的。 In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts . 4 2005年夏季,在王教授的率领下,我们在这里进行了为期30天的野外地质工作。 In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days”field work . 5昨天下午我们在教室里成功召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议。 We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon . 1 在所有的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后,就要解释这些资料。 All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .

《工程地质专业英语》

《工程地质专业英语》教学大纲 课程代码: 课程名称:工程地质专业英语 学时安排:总学时36 学分:2 适合专业:工程地质 先修课程:《大学英语》,《工程地质学》,《工程岩土学》等 教材:〈工程地质专业英语〉郑孝玉编,吉林大学校内讲义,2005,7 参考书: 编写人:郑孝玉 教学目的和要求 工程地质专业英语是工程地质专业4年级学生的选修课,是在学生学习和掌握了基础理论课,专业课及大学英语之基础上为培养和提高学生专业英语能力而设置的。通过讲授和与学生交流为他们灌输一些相关专业词汇,表述方式及科学文献的翻译、课程写作技巧和规范等。为将来学习和工作储备一些相关知识。 课程内容概要 1.本课程教学内容 ●The Engineering Properties of Rocks 1)rock index properties Certain index properties of rocks are of particular importance to the engineering, which are defined below. Specific gravity (G s and G b). G b is the specific gravity of the solid mineral material of the rock by itself. G b is the specific gravity of the complete rock, grain plus voids, with the voids empty except for air. Both are defined as a weight per unit volume. Saturation moisture content (i s). This is the total amount of water present in a rock with the voids full. The ratio of weight of water to dry weight of rock sample, expressed as a percentage, is the saturation moisture content (i s). Moisture content (W). This is the amount of water normally present in the voids of a rock , again expressed as a percentage (see i s) above. Rocks are rarely saturated with water, thus in normal circumstances w is less than is. Porosity (n). This is the ratio of volume of voids in a rock total volume of the sample. It is expressed

岩土工程专业英语考试复习资料

岩土工程专业英语 Fossil化石 石灰岩limestone 石英quartz 管涌piping 大地工程geotechnical engineering 反分析法back analysis method 数值岩土力学numerical geomechanics 土力学soil mechanics 岩土工程 geotechnical engineering 应力路径stress path 层理beding 地质年代geological age 断层 fault Normal,reverse 断裂构造fracture structure 花岗岩 granite 滑坡 landslide 节理 joint 喀斯特 Karst 泥石流 "mud flow, debris flow" 砂岩 sandstone 岩爆 rock burst 岩层产状 attitude of rock 岩石构造 structure of rock 岩石结构 texture of rock 岩体 rock mass 页岩 shale 云母 mica 褶皱 "fold, folding" 饱和土 saturated soil 非饱和土 unsaturated soil 膨胀土 "expansive soil, swelling soil" 碎石土 "stone, break stone, broken stone, channery, chat, crushed stone, deritus" 未压密土(台) underconsolidated clay 伊利土 illite 原状土 undisturbed soil 不均匀系数"coefficient of uniformity, uniformity coefficient" 干重度 dry unit weight 塑性指数 plasticity index 含水量"water content, moisture content" 达西定律 Darcy's law 渗流 seepage 渗透力 seepage force 渗透性 permeability 变形 deformation 变形模量 modulus of deformation 泊松比 Poisson's ratio 割线模量 secant modulus 剪胀 dilatation 蠕变 creep 塑性变形 plastic deformation 弹性变形 elastic deformation 有效应力 effective stress 最终沉降 final settlement 巴隆固结理论Barron's consolidation theory 次固结 secondary consolidation 固结 consolidation 残余强度 residual strength 长期强度 long-term strength 单轴抗拉强度uniaxial tension test 峰值强度 peak strength 抗剪强度 shear strength 摩尔-库仑理论Mohr-Coulomb theory 内摩擦角angle of internal friction 粘聚力cohesion 极限平衡状态state of limit equilibrium 临塑荷载critical edge pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 静止土压力earth pressure at rest 主动土压力active earth pressure 毕肖普法 Bishop method 条分法slice method 土坡 slope 挡土墙 retaining wall 重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall 板桩结构sheet pile structure 锚固技术anchoring 管涌piping 基底附加应力net foundation pressure 抗滑桩 anti-slide pile 摩擦桩 friction pile 群桩效应 efficiency of pile groups 复合地基 composite foundation 桩土应力比 stress ratio 地震烈度 earthquake intensity 不固结不排水试验unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 塑限试验 plastic limit test 液限试验liquid limit test 十字板剪切试验vane shear test 现场渗透试验 field permeability test 原位试验in-situ soil test

力学专业英语部分翻译 孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中,假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F,并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm,我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P,在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的,类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度,也就是单位面积上的力,叫做应力,通常是用希腊字母,来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】,我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度,乘以杆的横截面积A。而且,从图1所示的物体的平衡,我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等,方向相反。因此,我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是,力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时,如图所示,产生的应力是拉应力,如果力在方向是相反,使杆被压缩,它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是,应力,必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处,那么这个条件就实现了。当力P没有通过形心时,杆会发生弯曲,这就需要更复杂的分析。目前,我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处,除非有相反情况特别说明。同样,除非另有说明,一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的,如我们讨论图1的杆

一样。 轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量,用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】,单位长度的伸长量,或者应变,可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的,应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态,应变就是拉应变,代表材料的伸长或者延长如果杆处于受压状态,那么应变就是压应变,这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时,也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质,包括多数金属,塑料,木材,混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下,杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E是比例常数,叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后,弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说,压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式,被安置在测试机上,承受拉力。当载荷增加时,测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力,伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式,材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状,轴向应变显示在水平轴,对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点,应力和应变之间是

地质专业英语电子版

The Earth From classical times it has been known that the earth is roughly spherical in shape. Actually the planet is shaped more like a slightly flattened ball whose polar radius is about 21km shorter than its equatorial radius. The average radius is 6371km. The earth’s specific gravity is 5.5. It is 5.5 times as heavy as an equal volume of water. The specific gravity is greater than that of any other planet in the solar system, but not appreciably different from that of Mercury, Venus and Mars. Because the average specific gravity of surface rocks is only about 2.7, the material existing deep within the earth must have a specific gravity well in excess of the 5.5 average. Very likely, the material at the earth’s center has a specific gravity as high as about 15. The splendid photographs of the earth taken from space by Apollo astronauts remind us that our planet is more than a rocky globe orbiting the sun. The patterns of white clouds above the azure blue color tell us of the presence of an atmosphere and hydrosphere. Here and there one can even discern patches of tan that indicates the existence of continents. Greenish hues provide evidence of the planet’s most remarkable feature: there is life on earth. THE A TMOSPHERE We live beneath a thin but vital envelope of gases called atmosphere. We refer to these gases as air. “Pure air”is composed mainly of nitrogen (78.03%) and oxygen 920.99%). The remaining 0.98% of air is made of argon, carbon dioxide and minute quantities of other gases. One of these “other”components found mostly in the upper atmosphere is a form of oxygen called ozone. Ozone absorbs much of the sun’s lethal ultraviolet radiation, and is thus of critical importance organisms on the surface of the earth. Air also contains from 0.1 percent to 5.0 percent of water vapor. However, because this moisture content is so variable, it is not usually included in lists of atmospheric components. Every day, the atmosphere receives radiation from the sun. This solar radiation provides the energy that heats the atmosphere and drives the winds. Distribution of solar radiation is one of the most important factors in determining the various kinds of climate we experience on the earth. THE HYDROSPHERE(水圈) The discontinuous envelope of water that covers 71 percent of earth’s surface is called hydrosphere. It includes the ocean as well as water vapor. The water contained in streams and lakes, water frozen in glaciers, and water that occurs underground in the pores and cavities of rocks. If surface irregularities such as continents and deep oceanic basins and trenches were smoothed out, water would completely cover the earth to a depth of more than two kilometers. Water is an exceedingly important geologic agent. Glacier composed of water in its solid form alter the shape of the land by scouring, transporting and depositing rock debris. Because water has the property of dissolving many natural compounds, it contributes significantly to the decomposition of rocks and, therefore, to the development of soils on which we depend for food. Water moving relentlessly down hill as sheetwash, in rills, and in streams loosens and carries away the particles of rock to lower elevations where they are deposited as layers of sediment. Clearly, the process of sculpturing our landscapes is primarily dependent upon water. By far the greatest part of the hydrosphere is contained within the ocean basins. These basins are of enormous interest to geologists who have discovered that they are not permanent and immobile as once believed, but rather are dynamic and ever changing. There is ample evidence

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