新概念英语第二册第68课

Lesson 68 纠缠不休

教学用书：新概念二

教学目标: 掌握生词和短语①persistent persist in sth/doing…avoid +n./doing

insistence on/about sth

②insist on/persist in stick to/keep on

教学重难点：①动名词的应用的用法及区别

②动名词作动词宾语的用法

③动名词的逻辑主语的表达形式

④现在分词与动名词的比较：

教学过程：

引入：复习①.threaten to be surrounded with / by

②just in time escape from /out of

③managed to do / was able to

④say 的用法

的用法和区别

New words and expressions

1. persistent

1）（人，行为）不屈不饶的；执拗的，顽固的

persistent efforts 不懈的努力

eg. He was persistent in his question.他一直追问到底。

2）（事物）持久的，不断的（lasting）

persistent rain持续性的大雨

persistent pain持续性痛

persistent noise持续性噪音

persistent backache持续性背痛

persist [p?'sist] v.

persist in sth/doing…坚持，执意

eg. Does he always persist in his opinion like that

他总是坚持自己的意见吗

eg. She persisted in taking her dog with her.

她坚持带着她的狗。

persistence n.[u.]坚持不懈,执意,持续

eg. His persistence touches me.

他的毅力感动了我。

2. avoid v.避开,躲避;避免,预防

avoid +n./doing

eg. Fortunately ,we were able to avoid an accident.

幸运的是，我们避免了一场事故。

crossed the street to avoid seeing me.

他穿过马路以便避开我。

avoidable adj.可避免的

That makes no sense and it 's completely avoidable.这是没有道理的是完全可以避免的。

v.+able 可…了,能够…

lovable 可爱的

acceptable

adj 可接受的;合意的;（社会上）认同的;

Understandable能懂的，可理解的，可同情的

n.+able ------> adj.

comfortable舒适的;安逸的，处于轻松的; / agreeable adj.充裕的令人愉快的，惬意的;有礼貌的;同意的，接受的;

miserable

adj .悲惨的;令人痛苦的

/ suitable

adj .合适的，适当的

v.坚持做

①insist on sth/doing

坚持或坚决要求（某事物）

②insist that sb (should) do …

insist on your coming with us.我坚持要你跟我们来。

insist that you (should) go with us.我坚持认为你（应该）和我们一起去。

③insist v.坚持说，坚信，固执的声称

insisted that she was innocent.

insisted that I hadn’t done that.

④insistence n.[u]TOEFL

n.坚持；强调；极力主张

insistence on/about sth

区别insist on/persist in

stick to/keep on

insist on n./doing

坚持要求，坚持认为（要求，看法，主张，意见）

insisted on his opinion at the meeting.在会上他坚持他的观点。

eg. She insisted on going with us.他坚持和我们一起、。

insist + that 从句有两种情况：

1）“坚决认为，说”，从句用陈述语气。

eg. The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel.

阿拉伯人坚持说他从来没有见过骆驼。

2)”坚决要，坚决要求”，从句用虚拟语气。

eg. He insisted that she (should) leave.

他坚持认为她（应该）离开。

persist in n./doing表示对某种活动坚持不懈或某种信念不改，固执

eg. He insisted on playing golf.(玩了没有，不知道。)

他坚持要打高尔夫球。

persisted in practicing golf for an hour.(坚持练了一小时，动作已发生)

stick to n./doing坚持不放弃愿望，原则，决定，诺言，理想…

eg. We should stick to the study of Marxism-Leninism.我们应当坚持马克思列宁主义的研究。to it!坚持不懈

keep on : continue to do

(“on”是adv.”继续”之意)

kept on working although we are tired.虽然很累，我们继续工作

on practicing and you’ll speak English well.

坚持练习，你会说英语。

Key Structures----动名词的应用

1.动名词作动词宾语

avoid doing sth

enjoy doing sth

deny doing sth

fancy doing sth

以下动词常跟动名词作宾语：

admit appreciate avoid complete delay deny enjoy fancy finish

mind stand practise resent risk suggest allow permit

eg. He always avoids traveling during rush hours.

eg. He enjoys playing football.

eg. He completely denies taking it.

eg. Fancy meeting you here.

eg. Would you mind opening the window

eg. I don’t mind waiting.

eg. I can’t stand people shouting and pushing.

2.固定结构：

It’s no use doing…

eg. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

It’s worth doing…

It’s not worth doing…

eg. It’s not worth worrying about.

be busy doing

’t you see I’m busy writing

do some shopping

do some washing

3.动名词的逻辑主语的表达形式

eg. Would you mind opening the window

eg. Would you mind my opening the window

eg. Do you mind smoking

eg. Do you mind my smoking

eg. Fancy writing a letter like that!

eg. Fancy her writing a letter like that!

eg. His leaving is a great loss.

eg. Mother dislikes my working late.

eg. John’s having seen her did not make her worried.

现在分词与动名词的比较：

,hear,smell,notice

see,hear,smell,notice…sb doing

see,hear,smell,notice…sb do

see,hear,smell,notice…sb done

saw him coming.

heard me opening the door.

can smell something burning.

heard him singing in the next room.

5. go 与come 加现在分词：

go dancing

go swimming

go riding

go shopping

go skating

go skiing

’s go dancing.

went shopping this morning.

swimming with me tomorrow.

Text

crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.

avoid doing…

avoid making the same mistake

running 是现在分词作状语

2. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.

It’s no use+ (v-ing 短语是真正的主语，it作形式主语)

’s no use complaining about it.对此抱怨是没有用的。

pretend that…

pretended that he was working hard.他假装在努力工作。

pretend to do…

pretended to be dead when he met a bear.他假装死了的时候，他遇到了一只熊。

pretend to be doing…

boys pretended to be sleeping.男孩假装在睡觉。

wave to sb

waved a greeting to the teacher.我挥手向老师问好

waved him goodbye.我挥手向他道别。

waved him out.我挥手叫他出去。

waved him back.我挥手叫他回来。

I never enjoy meeting Nigel Dykes. He never has anything to do.

1)enjoy doing

2)连用两个never，表示强烈的感情色彩

3)anything(to do),不定式修饰anything。

No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.

不管你有多忙，他总是坚持要跟你去。

no matter how (what , which , who , where , when )

无论如何（什么，哪一个，谁，何地，何时）

matter what happens (may happen), don’t be discouraged.

无论发生什么事（发生），不要气馁。

insist on doing…

had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.

我得想办法阻止他跟着我周围所有的人

think of a way of doing…

prevent sb (from) doing阻止某人做某事

或者可以说stop sb (from) doing阻止某人做某事

keep sb from doing阻止某人做某事（这里的from不能省略）

sudden arrival prevented him from going out.她突然到来使他不能外出。

prevention n.

is better than cure.(谚)预防胜于治疗。

preventive adj.预防的,防止的

preventive measures against fire 防火措施

preventive medicine 预防医学

preventing与following为动名词,作介词宾语。

4.'Hello, Nigel,' I said. 'Fancy meeting you here!'

fancy想象

fancy + 宾语+ as/to be想象......是......

can’t fancy him as/to be an English teacher.我不能想象他是一个英语老师。

fancy doing …想象（某人）做…

George reading such difficult books!想像乔治会看如此难的书啊!

fancy that…

fancy (that) I have met her somewhere.我想象在什么地方见过她。

fancy n.空想，幻想（是非现实的）

imagination （是既现实又实际的）

products of fancy 空想产物

shut himself in a world of idle fancy.

他把自己关在捕风捉影的幻想世界中

fancy adj.精致的,花哨的

shoes are too fancy for me.这双鞋对我来说太花哨了

a fancy tie 精致的领带

a fancy dress化装用的服装

a fancy party化妆舞会

5．'Hi, Elizabeth,' Nigel answered. 'I was just wondering how to spend the morning -- until I saw you.

how to do …做wonder的宾语

You're not busy doing anything, are you'你不忙，是吗”

be busy (in) doing

反义疑问句：

是以附加疑问句的形式对肯定陈述句或否定陈述句作出的一种回应。日常会话中经常用反意疑问句询问进一步的情况，以求确认，或者表示兴趣，关心，愤怒，惊讶，不相信，怀疑等，或表示正在聆听谈话。

1）当表示请求提供更多的情况，表示兴趣时，用升调。

—I’ve just won ￡500！

—Have you

2）当表示进一步证实可能已知或已经猜到的事情，用降调。

’s made a bad mistake , hasn’t he他犯了一个严重的错误，他没有么

’re not busy doing anything , are you你不忙，是吗

'Would you mind my coming with you'

coming为动名词，my为逻辑主语。

对比：Would you mind coming with me

he asked, before I had finished speaking.

finish doing…

6．'Not at all,' I lied, 'but I'm going to the dentist.'

lie 说谎

n.

tell a lie

tell sb a lie

a white lie 善意的谎话

a black lie 恶意的谎话

7. 'Then I'll come with you,' he answered. 'There's always plenty to read in the waiting room!

plenty (to read)不定式作定语

waiting room 候诊室；候车室

（waiting为动名词作定语，表某种功能）

对比：a waiting car 等在那里的一辆汽车

（现在分词作定语，表动作正在进行）

Exercises

insisted__b__ with her.

(a) to go (b)that he should go (c) to going (d) in going

insist 表示“坚持”的时候，后面可以加insist on doing sth. （坚持做……）或者是that引导的从句做宾语，在从句中，位于动词应该是insist +从句(should +原形) （用虚拟语气）

2. She waved to him. She __c__him.

(a)shook (b)saluted (c)greeted (d)called

a.握手

b.向…致敬,敬礼salute v.问候(军人向长官的)行军礼d.叫喊,召唤

greet v. 问候

meeting you here! __a__!

b. Think

b考虑c考虑d沉思a想象，跟fancy意思相同，并能作感叹词，表示惊讶。

are too _____for me;

I prefer the plain ones.

a平常的，普通的，平凡的b花式的，杂色的；如fancy goods

c假想的，想象的，虚构的；d荒谬的，可笑的

它们太花里胡哨了。我喜欢简单而朴素的。

课堂小结：①动名词的应用的用法及区别

②动名词作动词宾语的用法

③动名词的逻辑主语的表达形式

④现在分词与动名词的比较：

作业布置: 1 .重点单词和短语4+1，练习题10个选择题

2 .背单词及课文中重点句型。

3.家长签字

教学反思:

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新概念第二册第65课知识点 1. Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a children's hospital. take to：把...送到 2. Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard o f honour of six pretty girls, dress up as：打扮成为 dress up：打扮 be dressed 3. he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo. a guard of honour：仪仗队 set off：出发 riding是状语 4. He should have known that the police would never allow this sor t of thing. should have done：原本应该做而没做 needn't have done：过去不必做但是做了 5. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have g one along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. （1）ought to：应该 should（应该）/ ought to（应该） /have to have to：不得不 ought to：应该（强调义务） must表示推测 should应该（含有建议） （2）所有的情态动词＋have done都跟过去有关 ①跟虚拟语气有关的：would have done ②表示推测句型：may/must/can't have done ③should have done：原本该做但是没做 ④needn't have done：原本不必做但是做了 （3）as＝because （4）hold up the traffic：阻碍交通 6. Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move. though尽管 agree to do：同意做某事 agree with sb agree to （prep）sth I agree with you I agree to your advice. I agree to go with you. 7. Fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the ma

新概念英语第二册笔记第68课.doc

Lesson 68 Persistent 纠缠不休 【Text】 I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Nigel Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning. 'Hello, Nigel,' I said. 'Fancy meeting you here!' 'Hi, Elizabeth,' Nigel answered. 'I was just wondering how to spend the morning -- until I saw you. 'You're not busy doing anything, are you?' 'No, not at all,' I answered. 'I'm going to...' 'Would you mind my coming with you?' he asked, before I had finished speaking. 'Not at all,' I lied, 'but I'm going to the dentist.' 'Then I'll come with you,' he answered. 'There's always plenty to read in the waiting room! 【课文翻译】 我穿过马路以便避开他，但他看到我并朝我跑过来。若再装作没看见他已是没有用了，我只好向他招手。我就怕遇到奈杰尔.戴克斯。他从来都是无事可做，不管你多忙，他总是坚持要跟你去。我得想办法不让他整个上午缠着我。 “你好，奈杰尔，想不到在这儿见到你。”我说。 “你好，伊丽莎白，”奈杰尔回答说，“我正不知道怎么消磨这一上午呢，正好见到你。你不忙，是吗?” “不，不忙，我打算去......”我回答。 “我跟你一道去行吗?”没等我说完话他就问道。 “没关系，但我准备去牙医那里。”我说了个谎。 “那我也跟你去，候诊室里总有很多东西可供阅读!”他回答。 New words and expressions 生词和短语

新概念英语第二册笔记_第70课

Lesson 70 Red for danger 危险的红色 【Text 】During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself.When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador. 【课文翻译】 在一次斗牛时，一个醉汉突然溜达到斗牛场中间，人们开始大叫起来，但醉汉却没有意识到危险。当时那公牛正忙于对付斗牛士，但突然它看见了醉汉，只见他正大声说着粗鲁的话，手里挥动着一顶红帽子。对挑衅显 然非常敏感的公牛完全撇开斗牛士，直奔醉汉而来。观众突然静了下来，可这醉汉像是很有把握似的。当公牛逼近他时，他踉跄地住旁边一闪，牛扑空了。观众欢呼起来，醉汉向人们鞠躬致谢。然而，此时已有 3个人 进入斗牛场，迅速把醉汉拉到安全的地方。好像连牛也在为他感到遗憾，因为它一直同情地看着醉汉，直到他的背影消逝，才重新将注意力转向斗牛士。 New words and expressions 生词和短语 【生词讲解】 1.bullfight n. 斗牛（活动） bull n. 公牛 cow n. 母牛，奶牛 ox 大公牛(oxen, pl. ) calf 小牛 bull market 牛市（股市行情很好） bear market 熊市（股市行情不好） bully n. 恃强凌弱的人bullfight n. 斗牛drunk n. 醉汉wander v. 溜达，乱走ring n. 圆形竞技场地unaware adj. 不知道的，未觉察的bull n. 公牛matador n. 斗牛士 remark n. 评论；言语 apparently adv. 明显地 sensitive adj. 敏感的 criticism n. 批评 criticism n. 批评 charge v. 冲上去 clumsily adv. 笨拙地 bow v. 鞠躬 safety n. 安全地带 sympathetically adv. 同情地

新概念英语65课讲义

Lesson65 Not a baby 不是一个孩子 一、单词与短语 Dad: n.爸（儿语）；mum: n.妈妈；baby: n.婴儿； Key: n.钥匙；the key to the door:门的钥匙； n.关键、答案；key to the test:试题答案； adj.主要的，关键的；key player:核心队员； hear：v.听见；关于hear两个常见的短语：hear of:听见；Did you hear of what he said? 听见他说什么了吗啊？ Hear from:收到、、、的来信；I hear from him once a week.我每周收到他的一封来信； Enjoy: v.玩的快活，享受;常见短语：enjoy oneself:玩得高兴，与have a good time同义，可以互换。 Yourself：pron.你自己；ourselves：pron.我们自己； 二、短语句型及语法 1、what are you going to do this evening, Jill? 吉尔，今天晚上你要去干什么？ 在英语中，这是一个常见的句型，用一般将来时be going to问某人打算干什么，回答时要用I am going to、、、我要去、、、例：what are you going to do this evening, Jill? 吉尔，今天晚上你要去干什么？ I am going to meet my friends. 我要去看朋友。

What is Tom going to do tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午汤姆去干什么？ He is going to go shopping with his mum. 他要陪她妈妈去逛街。 2、Jill is eighteen years old,mum. 妈妈，吉尔都十八岁了。 在本句中需要引起注意的是年龄的表达法。在英语中表达"……岁",可以只用数词,也可以在数词后面加上years old,初中阶段重点掌握以下两种表达方式即可，例如:"我十三岁。"可译为下面几个句子: ①I'm thirteen. ②I'm thirteen years old. 表达“在、、、岁时”最常见的表达方式是在岁数前面加相应的介词，如表达“在三十岁时”最常见的是： At the age of thirties;或者是in one′s thirties. 3、you must not come home late. 你不准回家太晚。 在本句中要掌握英语中表达“禁止”常用的句型，最常见的就是must not、、、例：you must not talk in the classroom,不要在教室里大声讲话；另外祈使句Do not、、、也可以表达“禁止”的意思，两者具体区别，请看第64课讲义。

新概念英语第二册自学必备Lesson 60

Lesson 60 The future 【New words and expressions】future n. 未来，前途 fair n. 集市fortune-teller n. 算命人crystal n. 水晶relation n. 亲属impatiently adv. 不耐烦地 ★relation n. 亲属 ①n. （事物间的）关系，关联（不可数） I know little about the relation of/between time and space. Is there any relation between the hot snake and the forest fire? ②n. （国家、人民等之间的）关系，往来（可数） Friendly relations have been developed between the two cities. They have broken relations with that firm. ③n. 亲戚，亲属（可数） A near relation of yours is coming to see you. 【Text】 At a village fair, I decided to visit a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky. I went into her tent and she told me to sit down. After I had given her some money, she looked into a crystal ball and said: 'A relation of yours is coming to see you. She will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days. The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. A woman you know well will rush towards you. She will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place. That is all.' As soon as I went outside, I forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because my wife hurried towards me. 'Where have you been hiding?' she asked impatiently. 'Your sister will be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her. We are late already.' As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair. 【课文讲解】 1、A relation of yours is coming to see you. a relation of yours 您的一个亲戚（双重所有格） 句中的现在进行时并不表示目前正在进行的动作，而表示将要发生的事情。 2、The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. the moment = as soon as 一……就……（在这个连词引导的时间状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来时） 3、That is all. 在口语中表示“完了，就这些，事情就是这样”。 He borrowed some money from me. That’s all. 他向我借了些钱，仅此而已。 4、As soon as I went outside, I forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because my wife hurried towards me. 这句话中的all 是代词，表示“一切，全部，所有的事”，它作主语时被视为单数： All I can remember is her name. hurry towards sb. 向某人匆匆走去 5、Your sister will be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her. must be表示用现在时态指将来的状况，这句话也可变成： We must go to the station to meet her. 【Key structures】表示将要发生的事情 在英语中，现在进行时也可用来表示为将来安排好的活动和事件。这种用法通常需要一个表示时间的状语（往往是不久的将来）。arrive，come，go，leave 等动词的进行式经常有这种用法，表示行程安排有关的“将到达，_____ 将离去”等意思： He’s arriving this evening.

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第70课#(优选.)

Lesson 70 Red for danger危险的红色 How was the drunk removed from the ring? During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador. 参考译文 在一次斗牛时，一个醉汉突然溜达到斗牛场中间，人们开始大叫起来，但醉汉却没有意识到危险。当时那公牛正忙于对付斗牛士，但突然它看见了醉汉，只见他正大声说着粗鲁的话，手里挥动着一顶红帽子。对挑衅显然非常敏感的公牛完全撇开斗牛士，直奔醉汉而来。观众突然静了下来，可这醉汉像是很有把握似的。当公牛逼近他时，他踉跄地住旁边一闪，牛扑空了。观众欢呼起来，醉汉向人们鞠躬致谢。然而，此时已有3个人进入斗牛场，迅速把醉汉拉到安全的地方。好像连牛也在为他感到遗憾，因为它一直同情地看着醉汉，直到他的背影消逝，才重新将注意力转向斗牛士。 like a red rag to a bull令人暴怒的事物 bully n. 恃强凌弱的人 coward n. 懦马弓者 eg. Cowards die many times before their death; the valiant never taste of death but once. 懦夫在死之前，已死去多次；而勇士一生只死一次。(—语出莎士比亚的悲剧《裘力斯，恺撒》) bull 公牛 cow 母牛 steer 菜牛 OX 大公牛 Oxen (pl. ) calf小牛

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记-第65课

Lesson 65 Jumbo versus the police 小象对警察 First listen and then answer the question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Why did the police have to push Jumbo off the main street Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a children's hospital. Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a‘guard of honour’of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo. He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move. Fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. The p olice had adifficult time, but they were most amused .‘Jumbo must weigh a few tons,’said a policemen afterwards, ‘soit was fortunate that we didn't have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this t ime.’ ` New words and expressions: 1. versus['v?:s?s]prep.对 2. approach [?'pr?ut?] v. 走近 3. Christmas ['krism?s] n.圣诞节 4. ought [?:t] modal verb应该 5. circus ['s?:k?s] n.马戏团 6. weigh [wei] v.重 7. present ['prez?nt] n.礼物 ~ 8. fortunate ['f?:t??nit] adj.幸运的 9. accompany [?'k?mp?ni] v.陪伴，随行 【参考译文】 去年圣诞节，马戏团老板吉米?盖茨决定送些礼物给儿童医院。他打扮成圣诞老人，在由6个漂亮姑娘组成的“仪仗队”的陪同下，骑上一头名叫江伯的小象，沿着城里的主要街道出发了。他本该知道警察绝不会允许这类事情发生。一个警察走过来告诉吉米，他应该走一条小路，因为江伯阻碍了交通。虽然吉米同意马上就走，但江伯却拒绝移动。15个警察不得不用很大的力气把它推离主要街道。警察虽然吃了苦头，但他们还是感到很有趣。“江伯一定有好几吨重，”一个警察事后这样说，“值得庆幸的是它没让我们抬它走。当然，我们应该逮捕它，但由于它一贯表现很好，这次我们饶了它。” 【单词讲解】 1. versus['v?:s?s]prep.对 ' （1）(法律和运动用语,常略作v.或vs.)对;对抗 Eg：The big match tonight is England versus Spain. 今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。 Robinson versus Brown鲁宾逊对布朗的诉讼 （2）与...相对 the problem of determinism versus freedom 决定论与自由论相抗衡的问题