浙江镇海中学高考语文模拟试题

2016年浙江镇海中学高考语文模拟试题

一、语言文字运用(共24分，其中选择题每小题3分)

1.下列各组词语中，加点字的注音全都正确的一组是

A.克(kè)扣曲(qū)尽其妙鞭鞘(qiào) 倩(qìng)人执笔

B.弓弩(nǔ) 艄(shào)公违拗(ào) 损兵折(zhé)将

C.量(liáng)度质疑问难(nàn) 狗血(xuè)淋头鹄(hú)立

D.划(huá)分标识(shí) 咋(zhā)呼弱冠(guàn)

2.下列各句中，没有错别字的一句是

A.陈寅恪原本有志撰写《中国通史》，但是在20世纪的下半叶，囿于环境的闭仄，学术界整日忙于剑弦文章，杯弓蛇影，晚年陈寅恪只好“著书唯剩颂红妆”。

B.不少专家认为，目前中国经济发展是在“换档”，绝不是所谓的“经济硬着陆”，“断崖式下跌”，调整之后定能与日俱增，站上新的制高点。

C.人生的旅程，就像季节的更叠，潇风柔雨，花开花谢，不停地面对着，缘深缘浅，缘聚缘散，不断地经历着。

D.兄弟俩为了公司的这点股份闹意气，实在是糟蹋了祖辈的基业，你快去调和一下，让他们双方都得赔礼道歉。

3.下列各句中，加点的词语或成语运用正确的一项是( )

A.中国女排和韩国女排在第16届亚运会最后一枚金牌的争夺战中再度碰面。韩国队独占鳌头，赢了两局。

B.反腐倡廉不仅有助于中国共产党加强自身建设以及推动全面深化改革，对其他国家驱除腐败这一毒瘤也有借鉴意义。

C.恽寿平的花鸟画取法北宋徐崇嗣，融汇了明代花鸟画中的写意法，笔触洒脱飘逸, 以清秀柔丽代替了以往浓艳富丽的画风，饶有机趣，画作精妙绝伦。

D.程老师自参加工作以来，一直工作在教学第一线，一直以模范教师的标准严格要求自己，脚踏实地，无怨无悔，怀真抱素，甘为人梯。

4.下列各句中，没有语病的一句是( )

A.郑文丹说，“高姐”除了要掌握铁路客运服务的基本常识外，还要掌握英、日、法甚至手语等多语种，以方便为高铁旅客提供最优质的服务。

B.据中新网记者不完全统计，截至4月27日，全国25个省(区、市)已公布了一季度城镇居民人均可支配收入。其中，上海以14153元排名榜首，甘肃增幅全国最高。

C.走进“龙游民居苑”，仿佛走进历史隧道——白墙黛瓦的明清书院民居，与散布其间的街巷、池塘、戏台辉映，已成为当地一个颇具人文内涵的旅游景点。

D.记者从河南省教育厅获悉，河南今年将取消体育特长生等5项加分，同时对南水北调中线工程丹江口水库移民考生等2个项目进行调整。

5.把下列句子组成语意连贯的一段话，插入文段中，最恰当的一项是( )

毋庸讳言，打造文化的口号多是一些政府部门喊出来的。。文化却不能，因为文化从来不是人为地打造出来的。

①但这种“打造”还是造不出文化来。

②优良的工业产品和商品，通过努力是可以打造出来的。

③这种打造是政府行为。

④打造这个词儿的本意是制造。

⑤应该说，使用某些行政手段，是可以营造一些文化氛围、取得某些文化效应的。

⑥其本意往往还是好的，为了弘扬和兴起当地的文化。

A.①④②③⑥⑤

B.①④⑤⑥③②

C.④②①⑤⑥③

D.③⑥⑤①④②

6.对同一事物的观察角度不同往往产生不同的理解，仿照例句，任选一事物，从正面和反面立意，写两个有深刻意蕴的句子。(4分)

名称：月亮

正面：你不与太阳争光辉，你和夜晚孤独的旅人作伴。

反面：因为你靠别人而发光，所以你白天不敢露面。

名称：

正面：

反面：

7.阅读下列这则新闻，完成下列各题。(5分)

国际在线专稿：据秘鲁《商业报》援引墨西哥《千年报》报道指出，墨西哥大毒枭古斯曼在被捕时曾试图向抓捕他的警员行贿。

据《千年报》文章指出，古斯曼在被转移到洛斯莫奇斯酒店时，曾有意向抓捕他的警员行贿，古斯曼表示，如果这些警员可以放了他，他可以为他们提供公司和房子的所有权，以及他在墨西哥和美国的生意。

古斯曼在被捕期间，不断向警员渗透这个想法：“放了我，你们可以一生都不用再工作了。”但显然，警员并未受到古斯曼的利诱，而是将他送上了押送车。

(1)为此则新闻拟写一条标题，不超过15字。(含标点)

(2)结合新闻的主要内容，以“正能量”为关键词写一段不少于60字的评析。(含标点)

二、现代文阅读(共29分，其中选择题每小题3分)

(一)阅读下面的文字，完成8—10题。(9分)

在中国古代诗歌理论中，言意关系是一个很突出的问题，对诗歌创作与诗歌欣赏影响至深。注重言外之意，这不仅是中国诗歌的特点，也是中国古代文学艺术共同的特点。诗歌求言外之意，音乐求弦外之音，绘画求象外之趣，其中的美学观念是相通的，都要求虚中见实。《列子?汤问》载：韩娥鬻歌“余音晓梁，三日不绝”。那余音似乎更能撩动人的情思，引起人的回味。白居易的《琵琶行》描写琵琶曲暂停时的情景说：“别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。”白居易是深得中国艺术妙趣的。古代的绘画要术在有限的形象之外寄托不尽的意趣，往拉在画面上留出大片空白，启发观者自己去想象、补充，正如包世臣《安吴论书?述书上》引邓石如的话说：“字画疏处可以走马，密处不使透风，奇趣乃出”在戏曲舞台上，不设道具或仅设极少的一点道具，也主要是靠演员的动作暗示种种生活场景，给现众留下许多想象的余地。

言外之意，弦外之音，象外之趣，都是以有尽寓无尽。语言作为思维的工具，不可能没局限性，不一定能够完全表达人们所想的东西。语言实质上只表达普遍的东西;但人们所想的却是特殊的东西、个别的东西。在一首诗里，言总是有尽的，绝句不过四句，律诗不过八句，写得再长也有终结。但是这有尽的言所包涵的意味，它们所给予读者的启发却应当是无尽的。任何一首诗都有它的主题，可是不同时代的读者，或同一时代的不同读者，联系各自的生活经脸，对它就会有不同的体会。即使是同一个人，在不同的时候读同一首诗，也会有不同的感受。中国古代的诗论特别重视诗歌语言的这种启发性。做诗最忌太直、太露，读诗最忌太滞、太凿。一览无余的作品算不上其正的艺木，拘守章句的读者也不是真正的鉴赏家。一个懂得艺术的鉴赏者，可以从吟诵的诗句中看到图画，也可以从画在纸上的图景中听到真意。李白听蜀僧弹琴，联想到万壑古松;杜甫看了刘少府画的山水障，仿佛听到山上的猿声。龚自珍《己亥杂诗》“落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花”，虽然只有十四个字，却能抽出读者不尽的思绪和想象。

含蓄不等于隐晦，注重言外之意，追来含蓄不尽，并不是有话不说，而是引而不发。言有尽而意无穷，这是诗人浮想联翩、思想感情的飞跃接近极顶时，自然达到的艺术境界。最后的一跃已经开始，无限的风光即将展现。诗歌语言保持在最饱满、最富有启发性的状态之中，给读者留下了最广阔的想象余地。

强调含蓄并不排斥痛快。直抒胸臆，淋漓痛快也能产生强烈的艺术效果，全看诗人的造诣如何。

8.下列对文中引用“字画疏处可以走马，密处不使透风，奇趣乃出”的作用，说明正确的一项是( )

A.书画创作要疏中有密、虚中见实，才能使创作者在有尽中寄托无尽。

B.书画创作要虚实相生、变化无穷才能使创作者展开丰富的想象

C.书画创作要疏中有密、善于留白，才能调动欣赏者在有尽中想象无尽。

D.书画创作要虚实对比、含蓄隐晦，才能调动欣赏者在有尽中补充无穷。

9.下列说法，符合原文意思的一项是( )

A.诗歌求言外之意，音乐求弦外之音，绘画求象外之趣，它们的艺术表现形态虽不同，但对中画传统美学思想的追求却一致。

B.作诗切忌太直太露，读诗避免太滞太凿，因此，要真正实现诗歌的艺术鉴赏，作者与读者必须相互激发，诗歌鉴赏才能完成。

C.李白听琴联想到万壑古松，杜甫看画仿佛听到山上的猿声，由此可见，读诗不仅要从吟诵的诗句看到图画，还要从画在纸上的图像中听到声音。

D.注重言外之意，追求含蓄不尽，是诗人及一切艺术创作者追求的最高境界，也是艺术鉴赏者必须具备的艺术修养。

10.根据文意，概括诗歌创作注重“言意关系”的两点意义。(3 分)

(二)阅读下面的文字，完成11-15题。(20分)

风中的一棵树

①作为一棵树，它实在是太老了。树干，已基本被风干了。曾经很壮大的树冠，由于不堪负重，每年都要折断一部分。如今，已剩下屈指可数的几枝了。但那几枝，顽强地活着，做着一棵树应该做的事情。春天，它一样也要发芽，抽叶。也要多多少少的飞一些杨花。但更多的时候，它在糊里糊涂地活着。就象村子里的一些老人，老到了一定的时候，就基本上认不得别人了。说着别人听不明白的话。白天睡觉，晚上就在村子里四处转悠，自言自语。那些老人，转着转着，就转到了这棵树的下面。然后，老人和老树，在絮絮叨叨地说一些只有他们才能听得懂的话。

②我们很小的时候，那棵树就在那里。不过，那时候，它还是很茂盛的。整天，有鸟儿什么的在它的枝条上飞来飞去，唧唧喳喳地聒噪。中午，太阳正照的时候，它也会为人们遮出一片很大的阴凉来。于是，有女人们拿了鞋底、针线，到这里来做活拉闲呱。也有男人们拿了一些农活，到树底下来做。他们一边做活，一边开玩笑、逗趣，不觉太阳西去，大地酷热散去。于是，收工回家，然后，再上地干活。农村的孩子，自小得受手把手的土地教育。人们散去，大树就在斜阳里默立，远远地张望土地上那些劳碌的身影。树和人是一样的，它也喜欢人气。

③这样的日子。在实行了包产到户后，就逐渐地消失了。那以后，人们好象一下子忙了起来。在树下遇上，总是匆匆地打一个招呼，就各忙各的事情去了。那个时候，那棵树还是活得很开心，天天乐呵呵地看着，人们从它的身边匆匆而过。它有时也很婆娑弄一下树影，但能在它脚下停下来的人，却一天比一天得少。树，沉重地叹了一口气。它，有一些寂寞了。渐渐的，树发现村子里的人越来越少了。远远看见的，都是一些苍老的身影和一些年幼的脚步。有一天，树听两个孩子在树下叹息：爸爸、妈妈!你们何时回来呀!树有些莫名其妙，它不明白，人们为什么把简单的生存叫做“打工”。而且，还要到它想都不想到的地方去。树的腰越来越弯了。它常常看着比它更孤单的村子发呆，它甚至在侧耳啼听那些熟悉的狗叫声。它知道它不会活得太长了，但它无法去拯救那个日趋枯萎的村子。

④树，觉得自己活着越来越没意思了。它的树干，开始悄悄地腐烂。一些它见都没有见过的虫子开始吞噬它的内脏。心脏，没有了。肝脏，也没有了，肺，也没有了。树，还是顽强地活着。它自尊地活了一辈子，它不想轻易地倒下去。它的树干，不能支撑那硕大的树冠了。一个秋天的夜里，它放弃了自己身上最壮的一根树枝，让它倒在了脚底下。它有一些绝望地望着那个也已经是中年了的儿子。它想，早上肯定会有女人来把它捡去当柴烧的，若那样，它愿意自己所有的树枝都奉献出来。但它等了一天也没有。等了一月也没有，等了一年也没有。第二年的春天，它脚下的孩子，干枯了的躯体上忽然抽出了一些新芽。树，有一些欣慰地笑了。

⑤去年的清明节，去老家上坟。走过那棵树的时候，不由自主地停下了脚步。我忽然看到它泪流满面，它的浑浊的泪水，一行又一行地流进了它的空荡荡的腹腔。但我不知道它要给我说什么，我实在无法实现与一棵树的对话。我只能陪着它流泪，仔细地辨认小时候我们在他的树干上留下的各种痕迹。我感觉自己的内脏的某一个地方也开始切切地痛。我知道，那是我终生无法改变的对家乡的迷恋。我甚至觉得自己还不如它身边飞来飞去的那几只喜鹊。它们还把自己虽然单薄，但还是很真实的窝挂在树枝上，陪着老树走过那一些快乐和不快乐的日子。而我的窝，早在二十年前，就被我很不真实地挂在他乡的风中了。我再一次地细细打量它，它实在太老了，而且真的是很丑陋了。空空的内脏，更如一只空洞的眼睛，绝望而又无奈地张望着远方。

⑥站在早春的风中，我无法用双手抹去脸上的泪痕。我听到从很远的地方，传来了我们曾经在这一棵树下嬉戏的笑声。我定睛一看，原来是一群觅食的鸽子，在村子的四周盘旋。我用手去触摸树粗糙而又干硬的老皮，感觉到它微弱的脉搏，但我却忽然有了一种握住了母亲的手一样的踏实，我感觉我的漂泊的心忽然找到了归宿。

11.简析第②段在文中的作用。(3分)

12.赏析文中画线句子的表现手法和表达效果。(4分)

①老人和老树，在絮絮叨叨地说一些只有他们才能听得懂的话。

②空空的内脏，更如一只空洞的眼睛，绝望而又无奈地张望着远方。

13.第④段开头写道：“树，觉得自己活着越来越没意思了。”但这一段结尾却写道：“树，有一些欣慰地笑了。”前后是否矛盾?为什么? (4分)

14.请分析第⑤段中画波浪线的句子的含义。(4分)

15.请联系实际，谈谈你对文章主旨的理解。(5分)

三、古代诗文阅读(共37分，其中选择题每小题3分)

(一)阅读下面的文言文，完成16—20题。(19分)

厓门①吊古记

[明]方良永

弘治甲子春二月丙午，予出按海北，取道新会县。县官属谒既，予进知县罗侨，语之曰：“厓山之事，千古痛愤。

办香敬吊，行与子偕。”乃具牲帛，僦民舟习海行者以行。

夜二鼓，乘汐出港口，风静波平。天未明抵岸。启篷窗，东视厓门甚迩，景色曚曚未辨。登岸，典祠者逆于道左。少顷至祠下，达观殿宇碑亭，考其营建颠末。中祀文天祥、陆秀夫、张世杰三公，两庑皆祀同时死节诸臣。其额与祭，则皆上请于朝，得旨俞允者也。观礼毕，易便服，穿丛薄间，从西上直至山巅。转顾后山苍翠，亭耸如扆②;环视左右山，逶迤盘踞，如虎伏龙行，水绕其势如弯弓。隔岸诸峰层叠，秀丽如画。较以形胜，此亦足恃，而顾不能救国之亡，岂地势无与于人事;抑天命已去，非此所能胜欤?悄然而退。

予回舟次，伫立岸上，见水鸟飞鸣而下上，渔歌互答于两涯。追思往事，黯然伤怀。徘徊间，典祠者曰：“前有奇石可往观。”予遂乘小舟径诣石处，蹑磴仰视，巨石如屏。屏石有刻，已磨灭不可读。顾问典祠者，云旧有大刻“元柱国将军张弘范灭宋于此”。近巡按广平徐公瑁易刻曰：“宋丞相陆秀夫太傅张世杰死事于此。”今石长字没矣。予窃论弘范宜不足责宋之执政以国与人如弃遗余恬不知恤非得二公振起其间天理民彝③或几乎息。彼弘范犹元臣也，何足深咎。况二三公之名实，昭然史册间，当与日月争光;区区摩崖④，胡能轻重，而必与之较争哉!

因与罗尹论厓山事：谓当宋室播迁之时，三公非顾命大臣，皆无与国休戚存亡之义，即使不死，亦无敢非之者。今其孤忠大节，乃出于寻常之所不料，此所以尤使后人追思景慕，不容但已也。祠有田三顷余，乃知县割废寺遗业所充。又山故无虎豹，居民素不为盗，巡司虽设，频年无捕获功。天既薄暮，予独坐舟中，感今念昔，屡就枕而不成寐。

既竣事，咸曰：“自有厓山之行，天日无此晴霁，风波无此平妥也。”

(选自《方简肃文集》卷五，有删节)

[注]①厓门：即崖山，位于广东新会南大海中。南宋末，宋军与张弘范统帅的元军在此决战，宋军全军覆没，张世杰、陆秀夫等大臣及宋少帝赵昺殉国，宋亡。②扆(yǐ)：屏风。③民彝：人伦。④摩崖：在山崖上书刻文字。

16.对下列句子中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是( )

A.典祠者逆于道左逆：迎接

B.考其营建颠末颠：开始

C.乃知县割废寺遗业所充割：割据

D.风波无此平妥也妥：安定

17.下列各组句子中，加点词的意义和用法相同的一组是( )

A.僦民舟习海行者以行不半载而武昌之大革命以成

B.何足深咎青泥何盘盘

C.当与日月争光落霞与孤鹜齐飞

D.乃出于寻常之所不料乃其一气之余烈

18.下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是( )

A.作者出京巡察，途经新会，因感南宋厓山之事而痛心悲愤，所以请新会知县陪同，置备祭品，渡海前往敬吊忠烈。

B.作者登厓山之巅，见群山蜿蜒，高耸如屏，流水环绕，势如弯弓，因此认为宋军覆灭在于未能据险坚守。

C.近世的广平巡按监察御史徐瑁改刻奇石上的字为“宋丞相陆秀夫太傅张世杰死事于此”，作者认为对摩崖石刻不必与之较争。

D.作者认为，三公未被先帝托以辅国重任，并无和国家共存亡的责任，但却能忠贞自持，这使他们尤为后人怀念景仰。

19.用“/”给文中划波浪线的部分断句。(3分)

予窃论弘范宜不足责宋之执政以国与人如弃遗余恬不知恤非得二公振起其间天理民彝或几乎息

20.把文中画线的文字译成现代汉语。(7分)

(1)岂地势无与于人事;抑天命已去，非此所能胜欤?(4分)

(2)皆无与国休戚存亡之义，即使不死，亦无敢非之者。(3分)

(二)阅读下列古诗词，完成21-22题。(7分)

念奴娇?登石头城①次东坡韵

(元)萨都剌

石头城上，望天低吴楚，眼空无物。指点六朝形胜地，惟有青山如壁。蔽日旌旗，连云樯橹，白骨纷如雪。一江南北，消磨多少豪杰。

寂寞避暑离宫②，东风辇路，芳草年年发。落日无人松径冷，鬼火高低明灭。歌舞尊前，繁华镜里，暗换青青发。伤心千古，秦淮一片明月。

【注】①石头城：即金陵城，昔为六朝都城。②离宫：皇帝在京城以外的宫室。

21.□□□□四字点出本词属于怀古之作，诗人抚今追昔，以苍凉的韵调写出了的感慨，也表现对战争残酷惨烈的心痛。(2分)

22.本词上下片均采用了虚实结合的手法，试结合全词简要分析。(5分)

(三)阅读下面的文字，完成23—24题。(5分)

故礼及身而行修，义及国而政明，能以礼挟而贵名白，天下愿，令行禁止，王者之事毕矣。(《荀子·致士》)

故土之与人也，道之与法也者，国家之本作也，君子也者，道法之总要也，不可少顷旷也。(《荀子·致士》)

故人之命在天，国之命在礼。君人者，隆礼尊贤而王，重法爱民而霸，好利多诈而危，权谋倾覆幽险而亡矣。(《荀子·天论》)

礼义生而制法度。(《荀子·性恶》)

23.以上几句话是荀子□□□□思想的具体阐释。

24.根据以上内容，简析荀子对“礼”与“法”关系的认识。

(四)古诗文默写(6分)

25.补写出下列名篇名句的空缺部分。(只选3小题)

(1)是故燕虽小国而后亡，斯用兵之效也。，。(苏洵《六国论》)

(2)望长安于日下，目吴会于云间。，。(王勃《滕王阁序》)

(3)独上高楼，望尽天涯路。，?(晏殊《蝶恋花》)

(4)，;不积小流，无以成江海。(荀子《劝学》)

(5)名编壮士籍，不得中顾私。，!(曹植《白马篇》)

四、作文(60分)

26.阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。(60分)

歌德认为：“一般来说，作者个人的人格比他作为艺术家的才能对听众要起更大的影响。”你对此有什么所思所感?请写一篇论述类文章。要求：明确观点，自拟题目;不少于800字;不得抄袭、套作。

浙江镇海中学2016届高三下语文模考试题参考答案

1、C A项鞭鞘shāo B艄公shāo D划分huà

2、D A逼仄箭弦文章 B换挡 C更迭

3、D A独占鳌头比喻占首位或第一名，与后面的“赢两局”不合，可改为“先声夺人”B和毒瘤搭配应为“祛除”C此处应该为“融会”，指合为一体。D指人格和品德纯洁高尚，质朴无华

4、B A手语不能说是语种，与前面的并列不准确;C主语偷换 D成分残缺，应为“河南今年将取消体育特长生等5项加分项目”

5、D

语用题

6.正面和反面各2分，正反两面必须是由一个方面提出的，需有哲理，酌情扣分。

示例：

白雪

正面：不论别人从何种目光对待它，它总是露出清纯的笑脸。

反面：总是爱用洁白的面具去掩饰人间的丑恶。

7.大毒枭被捕，曾行贿被拒(一方面一分)

评析：从正能量角度来评价，可以说贩毒者被抓告诉人们贩毒的危害，弘扬正能量;也可以从行贿被拒，弘扬正能量。(3分)

实用类文本

8.C 根据上下文可知

9.A (B相互激发错;C太绝对 D. 是诗人浮想联翩、思想感情的飞跃接近极顶时，自然达到的艺术境界。直抒胸臆也是造诣使然。

10.(1)突破语言的局限，注重言外之意。(2)激发读者想象，实现诗歌意境的再创造。

(3分。写出一点得2分，写出两点得3分，意思基本符合即可)

文学类文本

11.回忆了小时候村中的女人、男人和孩子在树下快乐生活、嬉戏的生活场景，表现了作者对过去这种和谐、快乐、具有人气生活的怀念。(2分)借昔日的热闹生活与下文老树周围的寂寞、冷清生活形成对比。(1分)

12.①这句话运用拟人和白描的手法，形象地写出了老树和老人同病相怜、互诉衷肠的场景，表现了他们生活的孤

独、凄凉(2分)。②这句话运用比喻和拟人的手法，生动地写出枯树的苍老之状，也表现了老树对往昔生活和人民的留恋。(2分)

13.不矛盾。开头之所以说“活着没意思”，一是因为老树感觉生活环境越来越差，自己饱受病、虫困扰;二是因为它感到生活太孤独，缺少人气和人情。(2分)而结尾之所以“欣慰”，是因为自己的顽强没有白废，生命有了新生，对以后的生活有了憧憬。(2分)

14.运用比喻手法，将自己的家比成挂在他乡风中的不真实的窝，与小鸟的真实的窝形成对比，“不真实”更是写出了自己人在他乡，没有归属感的无奈;用被动句写出了这一切是自己离开家乡所造成的;表达了对家乡的依恋。15.文章一方面歌颂了老树的顽强、自尊、乐于奉献的品质;另一方面借老树抒发了过去那种淳朴、协和生活的留恋，对日渐萎缩的村子的叹息和对故乡的怀念与依恋。对于今天的我们，不能只追逐物质享受，更要保护环境、保护乡村，构建和谐、友爱的生活氛围，只有这样生活才会幸福，人生才充实有意义。(6分)

文言文

16.C(割：划拨)

17.D(A.表承接/表结果，B.怎么/多么，C.介词/连词。D项均为“是”)

18.B(文中并无“宋军覆灭在于未能据险坚守”之意，作者意在说地利不足恃)

19. 予窃论弘范宜不足责/宋之执政/以国与人/如弃遗余/恬不知恤/非得二公振起其间/天理民彝/或几乎息

20.(1)难道是险要的地势也无助于人为;还是天命已经失去，国运不是这个所能胜任的吗?(与：帮助;抑：还是;胜：胜任;反问句式)

(2)都没有和国家休戚与共、共存共亡的责任，即使他们不为国牺牲，也没有敢指责他们的人。(义：义务、责任;非：指责)

诗词鉴赏诸子百家

21.怀古世事变迁、昔盛今衰

22.此词上下阕皆先实后虚，实写了石头城、青山，离宫、辇路芳草、松径、鬼火等空冷阴森之景;虚写了蔽日旌旗，连云樯橹，白骨纷如雪以及歌女的歌舞、临镜等。虚实结合使得意境更深远，情感更深沉。(实写2分、虚写2分;虚实结合的表达效果，1分，没有结合诗句，酌情扣分。)

(三)(5分)

23.隆礼重法(隆礼尊法)

24.(1)在国家治理上，荀子非常看重“礼”。“礼”是治理国家的根本。(2)在强调德治的同时，荀子也强调法治的重要性。(3)礼高于法，“法”是为了维护“礼”而制订的。

参考翻译：

所以礼制贯彻到自身，品行就美好;道义贯彻到国家，政治就清明;能够把礼制贯彻到所有方面的，那么高贵的名声就会显著，天下的人就会仰慕，发布了命令就能实行，颁布了禁约就能制止，这样，称王天下的大业也就完成了。所以土地和人民、正确的原则和法制这些东西，是国家的本源;君子，是正确的原则与法制的总管，不可以片刻空缺。

所以人的生命受之于自然，国家的命脉决定于礼制。统冶别人的人，推崇礼制而又尊重贤人，就可以在天下称王;重视法治而又爱护人民，就可以在诸侯中称霸。如果贪图私利、多用欺诈，就很危险;如果使用权术、颠覆、阴险等手段，那就彻底灭亡了。

默写

(1)至丹以荆卿为计，始速祸焉。(苏洵《六国论》)

(2)地势极而南溟深，天柱高而北辰远。(王勃《滕王阁序》)

(3)欲寄彩笺兼尺素，山长水阔知何处?(晏殊《蝶恋花》)

(4)故不积跬步，无以至千里。(荀子《劝学》)

(5)捐躯赴国难，视死忽如归!(曹植《白马篇》)

参考译文：

弘治甲子年春天二月的丙午日，我出京巡察海北。路经新会县。新会县的官员们拜见之后，予召见知县罗侨，对他说：“厓山之事让人千古痛心悲愤。我要置备香烛去祭拜凭吊，请你陪我一同前往。”于是就准备了祭品，租用了熟悉航海的民船前往。

晚上二更天，乘着潮汐驶出港口，风平浪静。天不亮时抵达厓门岸边。打开舷窗，向东望去，厓门近在眼前，但天色曚昽，辨不清景色。登岸后，掌管祠堂的人在路边迎接。不一会到了祠堂前，遍览殿堂碑亭，察考它建造的始末。殿正中祭祀的是文天祥、陆秀夫、张世杰三位，两厢祭祀是都是和他们同时为国殉节的大臣。祠堂的匾额与

祭文，都是向朝廷奏请，得到圣旨准奏设立的。在祠堂祭祀之后，我换上便服，穿过茂密的草丛，从西边一直登上山顶。回看后山，一片苍翠，高耸如屏风;环视左右的山峰，蜿蜒曲折，如虎踞龙腾，水流如弯弓般环绕其间。隔水相望的许多山峰，层峦叠嶂，秀丽如画。凭此险要

的地势与元军较量，这也足以依仗，可是却不能挽救国家的灭亡，难道是险要的地势也无助于人为;还是天命已经失去，国运不是这个所能胜任的吗?我默默地离开了。

我回到泊船处，久久地站在岸边，看着水鸟上下翻飞鸣叫，两岸间渔人渔歌对唱。回想当年厓门战事，不禁内心怆然。正徘徊时，主管祠堂的人对我说：“前面有奇石，可以去看看。”我就乘小船一直驶到奇石处，沿着台阶，登岸仰望，巨石就如屏风。大石的平面处有刻字，但已经磨灭了，无法辨识。向掌管祠堂的人询问，他说是过去石上刻有大字：“元柱国将军张弘范灭宋于此。”近世的广平巡按监察御史徐瑁将字改刻为：“宋丞相陆秀夫太傅张世杰死事于此。”现在巨石仍在，字迹已经不可辨识了。我以为对元将张弘范应是不值得指责。南宋掌握国家大权的高官，把国家送给别人，就如同丢弃多余的东西一样，安然处之不知顾恤;如果不是陆秀夫、张世杰二位在其中有所作为，天理人伦，可能都几乎要泯灭了。那个张弘范是元朝的臣子，哪里值得去过分指责呢?何况这几位贤臣的名望和事迹，永垂青史，会与日月争辉;这几个字的摩崖石刻，哪里值得看重，一定要去和它计较呢?

于是就和罗知县谈论厓山的史事：认为在南宋王朝流离迁徙的时候，文天祥、陆秀夫、张世杰三位并不是先帝临终前托以辅国重任的大臣，都没有和国家休戚与共、共存共亡的责任，即使他们不为国牺牲，也没有敢指责他们的人。现在他们忠贞自持的高尚节操，的确是人以平常心无法料想的，这就是他们尤其被后世人怀念景仰，不能遗忘的原因。祠堂拥有三顷多田产，是知县从已废弃寺庙遗留下的田产中划拨的。厓山中向来没有虎豹等猛兽为害，居住在这里的百姓向来不做盗贼，虽然这里设置了主管巡检的官员，但多年以来并没有捕获盗贼的功绩。天已至傍晚了，我独自坐在船舱里，感慨古今，多次躺下但却无法入睡。

祭祀归来之后，大家都说：“自从去厓山之后，天气没有这样睛朗，风浪也没有这样平静的。”

浙江省宁波市镇海中学2019届高三下学期开学考试数学试题(无答案)

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