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英国文学名家名著(可供专业八级考试参考)

英国文学名家名著(可供专业八级考试参考)
英国文学名家名著(可供专业八级考试参考)

☆英国文学名家名著

《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗,古英语文学的最高成就,同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦,帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲;第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位,平安统治50年。后来,他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏,老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战,杀死火龙,自己也受了致命伤。

杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ,1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层,而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格,读者广泛,对后世影响很大。

威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ,1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品,其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演,并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢,创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻,历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧:《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear);四大喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外,历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲,爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇,杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事,揭露了封建制度的残酷无情,同时,歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。

济慈(Keats, 1795一1821)是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦,作过医生的学徒,后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满,希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称,在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。

雪莱(Shelley ,1792一1822)是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗,也写了很多优美的抒情诗,特别是爱情诗,显示了不羁的想象,瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵,这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了,春天还会远吗?”(If Winters comes,can spring be far behind)成为妇幼皆知的诗文。

华兹华斯(Wordsworth,1770-1850),18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴,1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。

笛福(Daniel Defoe,1661-1731)是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后,他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、(大疫年日记)(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落在荒岛上并独居4年才获救的真实故事,经过艺术加工而成的作品。主人公鲁滨逊是笛福理想中的英国资产阶级的代表人物。他富于冒险精神,依靠个人的劳动和智慧力量克服自然界的种种困难。这对于否定普通人作用的封建社会来说,是有进步意义的。

简·奥斯丁(Jane Austen ,1775一1817),英国现实主义小说家。她是乡村牧师的女儿,一生住在乡间。写过六部小说,多以乡间生活为背景,更以婚姻问题为中心题材。她的作品情节结构精密紧凑,人物描写深刻生动,戏剧场面精彩,对话巧妙。主要作品有《理智和情感》(Sense and Sensibility)、《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)、《曼斯非尔德花园》(Mansfield Park)、《爱玛》(Emma)等。华人导演李安(Ang Lee ,1954—)于1995年导演的外语影片《理智与情感》获当年美国奥斯卡(Oscar)最佳剧本改编及最佳女演员奖。

夏洛蒂、爱米丽和安妮姐妹(Charlotte, Emily and Anne)三人出身贫寒,幼年丧母,不得不在慈善学校度过童年。夏洛蒂38岁才结婚,次年去世。两个妹妹终生未嫁。夏洛蒂的代表作《简爱》(Jane Eyre)是她的自传体小说,小说问世后立即产生了巨大影响。小说坦率而热情地塑造了同自己的天生欲望和社会地位发生冲突的妇女。爱米丽的《呼啸的山庄》(Wuthering Heights)被誉为第一部社会革命小说。安妮的小说具有平静力和现实性,也得到了一些评论者的称赞。

查理·狄更斯(Charles Dickens ,1812 - 1870), 19世纪英国伟大的小说家。幼年家贫,曾作徒工,成名后仍接近贫苦人民。一生创作辛勤,留下了20多部小说,包括《匹克威克外传》(Pickerwick Papers)、《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)、《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)、《艰难时世》(Hard Times)和《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)等。狄更斯的小说情节曲折动人,人物形象鲜明生动,写景叙事真切而又富想象,既有尖刻的讽刺,又有幽默的夸张。

沃特·司各特(Sir Walter Scott,1771一1832)是英国19世纪初浪漫主义时期的著名诗人、小说家和戏剧家。他的主要成就是历史小说。《艾凡赫》(Ivanhoe)是他的代表作,它以12世纪的英国为背景,描写当时的盎格鲁·撒克逊人和在上一世纪征服了英国的诺曼人之间的民族矛盾,以及统治阶级和穷苦农民之间的阶级矛盾。它通过各式各样的人物和错综复杂的情节,展开了一幅描绘中世纪社会生活的广阔画面。

斯蒂文森(Robert Stevenson,1850-1894))是英国著名的冒险故事和散文作家。他的作品种类繁多,构思精巧,其成熟小说富有独创性和力量。他写了一系列以苏格兰为背景的小说,如《黑箭》、《绑架》、《巴伦特雷的少爷》等。他的成名作《金银岛》(Treasure Island)是男孩们爱不释手的好书。

约瑟夫·康拉德(Joseph Conrad,1857一1924),英国航海家和小说家。他出生在俄国的波兰人家庭,康拉德是他的笔名。他自幼向往海上生活,先后在不同的商船上工作,担任过水手、大副和船长等职务。他在海上传奇式的经历给他的写作提供了丰富的素材。他的作品有《黑暗的中心》(The Heart of Darkness)、《吉姆爷》(Lord Jim)等。《黑暗的中心》写船长马洛指挥一艘汽船沿刚果河深人非洲寻觅文明的故事。这部书表现了文明与原始的对立,在许多地方对殖民上主义表示不满。

哈代(Thomas Harday,1840-1928)英国维多利亚时代最后一位和最重要的小说家。一生以英国南部小镇为背景写了很多“威塞克斯系列”(the Wessex novels)的小说,主要有:《德伯家的苔丝》(Tess of the D’Urbervilles,被改编成有影响力的电影)、《无名的裘德》(Jude the Obscure,被改编成有感染力的电影)、《还乡》(The Return of the Native)等。小说中充满了悲观主义(pessimistic)的人生观和宿命论的思想。

维吉尼亚·吴尔夫(Virginia Woolf,1882一1941),英国现代女作家。她对小说的写作形式曾作出独特贡献,也是当时最优秀的评论家之一。她在伦敦的住地布鲁姆斯伯里成为文学中心,座上客都是当时著名作家和文人。维吉尼亚的小说着重写人物的内心世界。主要作品有《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)、《远航》(The Voyage Out)、《奥兰多》(Orlando)和《黛洛维夫人》(Mrs. Dolloway)等。《黛洛维夫人》是吴尔夫早期的佳作,写黛洛维夫人一天24小时之内的生活。情节简单,风格特点是抒情、深邃、细致。用“意识流” (stream of consciousness)这一创作方法深刻细腻地描绘了人物内心深处的思想感情、个性及弱点。

D. H.劳伦斯(D.H. Lawrence,1889-1930)是当代英国文学的一位大师,著名的现代派作军代表之一。他在创作上摒弃了英国传统的艺术表现形式,语言质朴、句子结构简单,大量使用淳朴的生活语言。他在作品中揭示了人性中的本能力量,并辛辣地批评了现代工业社会。他一生写了10部长篇小说,其中最伟大和最有代表性的是《虹》(The Rainbow)和《恋爱中的女人》(women in Love)。其他作品包括《恰特莱夫人的情人》(Lady Chatterley’s Love)、《迷失的少女》(The Lost Girl)和《儿子与情人》(Songs and Lovers)等。

萧伯纳(George Bernard Shaw,1856-1950)英国剧作家、政论家。他接受过柏格森、叔本华和尼采的哲学思想,又攻读过马克思的《资本论》。1884年他参加了“费边社”,主张用渐进、点滴的改良来改变资本主义制度,反对暴力革命。在艺术上,他接受挪威剧作家易卜生的影响,主张写社会问题,反对“为艺术而艺术”的主张。1933年2月17日,乘“不列颠皇后”号轮船到上海访问中国。

萧伯纳的文学始于小说创作,但突出的成就是戏剧。《鳏夫的房产》(Widower’s House,1892),《华伦夫人的职业》(Mrs. Warren’s Profession,1894),《芭芭拉少校》(Major Barbara,1905)、《伤心之家》(Heartbreak House,1913)、《圣女贞德》(Joan of Arc,1923)、《苹果车》(The Apple Cart,1929)等。其中《圣女贞德》获得空前的成功,被公认为他的最佳历史剧,是“诗人创作的最高峰”。

萧伯纳杰出的戏剧创作活动,不仅使他获得了“20世纪的莫里哀”之称,而且“因为他的作品具有理想主义和人道精神,其令人激励和讽刺往往蕴含着独特的诗意之美”,于1925年获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

奥斯卡·王尔德(Oscar Wilde,1854—1900)英国唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者,著名的作家、诗人、戏剧家。在牛津大学学习期间受到了沃尔特·佩特等人审美观念的影响,并接触了新黑格尔派哲学、达尔文进化论和拉斐尔前派的作品,这为他之后成为唯美主义先锋作家确立了方向。

王尔德曾经因为同性恋而成为当时同性恋社群的一个文化偶像。对他的审判是英国司法史上

和文学史上著名的案件之一。主要作品有:小说《道林·格雷的画像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray,1891年),童话集《快乐王子和其他故事》(The Happy Prince and Other Tales,1888年),戏剧《少奶奶的扇子》(Lady Windermere`s Fan,1892),《帕都瓦公爵夫人》(The Duchess of Padua,1893年),《莎乐美》(Salomé,1893),《理想丈夫》(An Ideal Husband,1895)。

詹姆斯·乔伊斯(James Joyce,1882-1941),爱尔兰意识流文学最伟大的作家之一。其文学生涯始于1914年开始创作的短篇小说集《都柏林人》(Dubliners)。《尤利西斯》(Ulysses)是意识流小说的代表作,被誉为20世纪100部最佳英文小说之首。小说以时间为顺序,描述了主人公,苦闷彷徨的都柏林小市民,广告推销员利奥波德·布卢姆(Leopold Bloom)于1904年6月16日一昼夜之内在都柏林的种种日常经历。小说的题目和内容源出希腊神话中的英雄奥德修斯(Odysseus)和荷马史诗《奥德赛》。通过大量细节描写和意识流手法构建了一个交错凌乱的时空,语言上形成了一种独特的风格, 具有现代史诗的概括性。长篇小说《青年艺术家的画像》(A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man)有强烈的自传色彩,主要描写都柏林青年斯蒂芬&S226;迪达勒斯如何试图摆脱妨碍他的发展的各种影响——家庭束缚、宗教传统和狭隘的民族主义情绪,去追求艺术与美的真谛。长篇小说《芬尼根守夜人》(Finnegan’s Wake以都柏林近郊一家酒店老板的潜意识和梦幻为线索,是一部用梦幻的语言写成的梦幻的作品。

福斯特(E. M.Forster,1879-1970),英国小说家、散文家。生于伦敦,毕业于剑桥大学。他摒弃了19世纪人们喜爱的繁缉辞藻和复杂的细节描写,采取更为流畅自如、更加口语化的写作风格。主要作品有《霍华德庄园》(Howard's End)、《印度之行》(A Passage to India)、《最长的旅行》(The Longest Journey)、《看得见风景的房间》(A Room with a View)和《莫里斯》(Maurice)等。《霍华德庄园》是福斯特的成名小说,已拍成电影,搬上银幕并获得奥斯卡奖。故事讲述了富有浪漫主义色彩和自由想象力的玛格丽特和追求商业利益而濒于精神崩溃的亨利结婚,玛格丽特把亨利带回到以前的旧居,希望重建想象力与土地的联系。

约翰·福尔斯(John Fowles,1926-),英国小说家。1950年毕业于牛津大学,曾在希腊、法国和英国教学。他的作品把心理描写和社会生活巧妙地结合起来。他的第一部小说《收藏家》出版后,立即受到读者欢迎。除此之外,他还写了《占星家》、《法国中尉的女人》(The French Lieutenant's Woman)等。《法国中尉的女人》被改编成为电影,描写19世纪中叶的一个富有传奇色彩的三角恋爱故事。

威廉·戈尔丁(William Golding,1911-1993),英国当代最受拥戴的小说家之一,毕业于牛津大学,做过中学校长、大学讲师、演员,航海员和音乐家。一生创作了10多部小说,主要有:《蝇王》(Lord of the Flies)、《遗产继承人》(The Inheritors、《金字塔》(The Pyramid等。《蝇王》是部虚构小说,讲述了一群不受文明与社会道德束缚的孩子在热带荒岛上蜕化为野蛮人的故事。小说因为探究了童心的泯灭与人性的黑暗于1983年获得诺贝尔文学奖。

☆美国文学名家名著

本杰明.富兰克林是殖民地时期唯一的一位作品至今仍广为传诵的作家。“光阴一去不复回”(Lost time is never found again),“自助者,天助之”(God helps those who help themselves)都他作品中的名言。他一生没完成的自传算得上是第一本真正的美国作品,也是第一本用英语写的自传,开创了美国传记文学写作的传统。

华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving,1783-1859)被称为美国文学之父。创造性地书写了美国殖民地时期的历史。他的《纽约外史》(1809)可以说是荷兰人在曼哈顿岛的生活写照。欧文在这部著作中为美国塑造了第一位虚构英雄—灯笼裤老爸。在《瑞普·凡·温克尔》( Rip Van Winkle)和《睡谷的传说》( The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)中,欧文甚至创造了美国早期传奇文学中影响更为深远的人物:瑞普·凡·温克尔。欧文以自己的创作来表明:美国作家既要保持爱国主义者的身份,也不能局限于仅仅取材于美国本土。

费尼莫·库拍(Cooper,1789-1851)显示出他对开创西部文学的兴趣。库拍的小说《间谍》(1821)描写了独立革命期间发生在纽约的一个激动人心的间谍活动故事,但库拍直到出版《拓荒者》(The Pionerrs,1823)之后,才正式以作家身份从事创作。《拓荒者》是组成《皮袜子故事集》的五部浪漫主义作品的第一部。描写了传说中的森林猎手—纳蒂·班波。班波,后来成为美国小说及电影中所有英雄的森林巡逻员、猎熊者及牛仔的先驱。《最后一个莫希干人》(1826)和《杀鹿的人》(The Deersplayer,1841)跟踪追述了班波的前后经历—从最初的热血汉子一直到老死在西部平原。《皮袜子故事集》调整了自然与文明的价值冲突—披露出文明的匾乏。

18世纪的作家们一直强调大脑是一切智慧的源泉,而拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(Emerson,1803

-1882)却强调心智的作用。这位真正的天才不仅擅长运用理智和聪慧,他还具有深刻的感知力,五种官能对奇妙的生活异常敏感。爱默生相信灵感,他创作的散文不只是理性的运用,而是灵感的倾诉。他的《论自然》、《论美国学者》(The American Scholar)、《论自助》、《超验论》等著作在很多方面动摇了日常思想行为准则的根基。《论美国学者》被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。爱默生常将事实与想像、美国人的共同感觉与精神欢乐相结合,给予听众撼人心弦的信心:即每个美国人都能掌握自己的命运。爱默生强调要“相信你自己。伟大的人总是要遭人误解。”

亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817一1862)使爱默生的上述思想创意形成了更为深远的影响。梭罗宁愿坐牢也不愿付税给政府去支持一场他并不赞同的墨西哥战争。他在《论公民的不服从》(1849)一书中坚持认为,个人的抗争是世界上最革命的力量。这种抗争比政府采取行动能更快、更彻底地带来社会的公正。梭罗一生中最著名的活动是退隐沃尔登湖畔的简陋小屋。梭罗在那儿独自住了2年。《沃尔登》(Walden,1854)是梭罗这段生活的记录,也是他最杰出的作品。几乎没有人像梭罗这样,对贴近大自然生活的乐趣描写得如此令人神往。

纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Hawthorne,1804一1864)的《红字》(The Scarlet Letter,1850)是最伟大的美国小说之一。他在这部杰作中挖掘了两个犯戒恋人-海丝特·白兰和牧师犹姆斯台尔的内心世界,对人物性格的内疚,虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819-1891)发表的《白鲸》(Moby Dick)是美国最伟大的关于海洋的故事,也是最著名和谈论最多的英语作品之一。该小说以梅尔维尔本人十几岁时在开往利物浦的船上做船舱服务员的经历为素材。他随捕鲸船抵达南太平洋,下船后在马吉萨斯群岛上住了一段时间。最后,他来到夏威夷。梅尔维尔在夏威夷加人美国海军,在一艘护卫舰上服役。《白鲸》是一部追猎故事。整个故事情节是船长亚哈寻找一条曾经咬断自己一只腿的白色巨鲸。梅尔维尔讲述的不仅仅是一条漏网鲸鱼的故事,它揭示了善与恶的冲突以及人类探索宇宙奥秘的持久欲望。梅尔维尔通过船长亚哈,使自己与自然对立起来。

马克·吐温(Mark Twain)的真名是萨缪尔·兰亨·克莱门斯(1835-1910),在加利福尼亚州开始了他的文学之旅。马克·吐温的成名作《卡拉维拉斯县著名的跳蛙》就是以加利福尼亚州一个采矿小镇为背景。《傻子国外旅行记》(1869)转而描绘欧洲本土色彩。马克·吐温创作的以欧洲为背景的小说还有《王子与贫儿》(1822)fn《在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人》(1889)。《汤姆·索耶历险记》( The Adventure of Tom Sawyer)(1876)、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》the Adventures of huckleberry Finn (1884)等小说的问世是他的创作达到顶峰,描写了少年浪迹天涯的真性真情和叛离精神。马克·吐温的作品,无论是主题还是衬景,都具有完全彻底的美国风格。他刻画的人物、语言、思想和行为基本上脱离了欧洲模式。他的幽默蕴藏着他对美国社会的尖锐评论。

艾米莉·迪金森(Emily Dickson,1830一1886)一生创作了1800首诗歌,死亡之美和孤独之美是其诗歌作品的重要主题。她39岁离开人间,终生未嫁。迪金森的诗歌华丽阴郁,短小精悍,极少超过12行或15行,但她将一种奇特力量的情感冲动诉诸于这狭小的诗行空间。在新英格兰的诗人中,艾米莉·迪金森是最杰出的诗人之一。

惠特曼Walt Whitman不仅是美国最伟大的民主诗人,而且也是美国诗歌革命的先驱,他是探索自由诗体的第一人。代表作《草叶集》(Leafs of Grass)歌颂了平等和民主的思想,赞美了尊严和自立精神以及普通百姓的快乐追求。《自我之歌》(song of myself)是惠特曼的有名诗作。

亨利·詹姆斯(1843--1916)是内战后最杰出的小说家之一。他擅长写“国际”小说和美国人在欧洲的生活故事。《美国人》(1877)、《苔丝·密勒》(1878)和《一个妇女的画像》(1881)都反映了这一主题。马克·吐温集中描绘了欧洲的风土人情,而詹姆斯对于人物的心理活动更感兴趣,即刻画人物的思想与情感。

两次世界大战,20世纪30年代的大萧条、核武器的发展和冷战的爆发,这些国内外问题并没有阻止美国作家们的作品问世。在20世纪的纷乱之中,美国文学步入又一轮创作繁荣期。

西奥多·德莱塞(1871一1954)属于活跃在第二次世界大战前后的芝加哥流派。他毫无隐藏地描写自己的所见所闻。德莱塞的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie,1900)以及他最杰出的作品《美国的悲剧》(An American Tragedy,1925)讲述了残酷而痛苦的故事。德莱塞的作品尽管文笔粗糙,却具有极大的感染力。

辛克莱·刘易斯(1885-1951)是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家,他主要描绘中西部的小镇生活。刘易斯在小说《大街》(The Main Strret,1920)中,淋漓尽致地刻画出一位医生与他那刻板的妻子之间的紧张关系。作品《巴比特》(Babbit,1922)犀利地勾画了乔治F.巴比特的惨淡和宗教领袖的虚伪。

托马斯.艾略特(T.S.Eliot) 于1946年获得诺贝尔文学奖。《荒原》(The Waste Land)是其代表用,展现了战后欧洲人和美国人的精神危机,被认为是“迷惘的一代”( the Lost Generation)的宣言书。庞德(Ezra Pound)是美国意象主义诗歌的倡导者,代表作品《在地铁站》(In A Station of the Metro)以一句话而闻名于世,《诗章》(The Cantos)是其最重要的长诗。

弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(1896一1940)是揭示20世纪20年代美国人浮躁的内心世界的小说家之一。菲茨杰拉德出生于明尼苏达州的圣保罗市,参军前曾就读于普林斯顿大学。他的第一部小说《人间天堂》(This Side of Paradise,1920)栩栩如生地刻画出“爵士乐时代”年轻人的生活—狂欢、放纵。他最优秀的作品当属《了不起的盖茨比》(The Great Gatsby,1925)。青春渐逝的盖茨比歇斯底里地企图重温一场以前的美梦,却眼见它变成恐怖的梦魔。菲茨杰拉德和这个时代的其他许多作家一样,菲茨杰拉德试图通过小说创作来揭示美国社会在20世纪20年代所发生的变化。

威廉·福克纳(1897--1962)写的是发生在一个虚构的、叫做杰弗逊的密西西比小镇上的故事,小镇坐落在虚构的约克纳帕塔法县。福克纳追述了康普生、沙特里斯和斯诺普斯家族以及其他人形形色色的生活和命运。这些故事深刻剖析了南方新、旧社会现实和普通人的命运。在《喧嚣与骚动》(The Sound and the Fury,1929)、《八月之光》(1932)、《押沙龙,押沙龙!》(1936)和《村子》(1940)、《寓言》(1954)等小说中,既有黑暗与悲伤,也有欢歌笑语。福克纳被评论家称为是“美国文学中的莎士比亚”,是一位悲、喜剧双料大师。1949年,他被授予诺贝尔文学奖。

欧内斯特·海明威(Ernest Hemingway,1899-1961)是又一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者(1954)。海明威以简约、精炼、直截了当的文学风格而著称。他最擅长动作描写,对斗牛、猎狮、打鱼的描述在世界文坛上具有无与伦比的地位。海明威的第一部小说《太阳照样升起》(The sun Also Rises,1926)揭示了客居巴黎的美国年轻人的悲哀和孤独。《永别了,武器》(Farewell to Arms ,1929)追忆了第一次世界大战带来的痛苦和造成的破坏。以西班牙内战为题材的小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls ,1940) 描述西班牙内战对爱情的打击和人性的摧毁。《老人与海》(Old Man and the Sea)描写了一个打不垮的“硬汉”老人。小说里的独白“一个人可以被毁灭,但不能被打败”(a man can be destroyed but not defeated)已成为脍炙人口的名言。

美国20世纪20年代哈莱姆复兴(Harlem Renaissance )时期出现了许多有成就的黑人作家。休斯(Hughes)和赖特(Wright)是黑人作家的代表人物,休斯被认为是美国黑人“桂冠诗人(The Weary Blues)”,其代表作为《疲惫的黑人伤感歌》。《土生子》是赖特的代表作,它是第一部关于赖特青年时期苦难经历的自传。80年代后,两位黑人女作家艾丽丝沃克(Alice Walker,1944-)和托妮莫里森(Toni Morrison,1931-)在美国文坛上声望日高。沃克的小说《紫色》(The Color Purple)描写黑人男女之间的矛盾和冲突,成为美国妇女文学的经典。莫里森的《所罗门之歌》(Song of Solomo)和《爱娃》( Beloved)等小说让人回味无穷,思考万般。1993年,莫里森被授予诺贝尔文学奖,成为获得此项殊荣的第一个也是迄今为止唯一的黑人女作家。

约翰·斯坦贝克( John Steinbeck,1902-1968)是20世纪30年代大萧条期间美国文坛上涌现出的一批反映社会和经济主题的杰出小说家之一。《愤怒的葡萄》(The Grapes of Wrath,1939)讲述的是约翰一家向西部进发的故事。在《鼠与人》(Of Mice and Men,1937)这部小说中,斯坦贝克展示了一个感人肺腑的故事:智力迟钝者莱尼无法协调自己与周围世界的关系。斯坦贝克具有良好的幽默感,他的作品展现了大萧条背景下轻松愉快的一面。1962年,斯坦贝克荣获诺贝尔文学奖。

尤金·奥尼尔(Eugene O’Neill,1888 ---1953 )是美国最著名的剧作家,1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。洞悉人物特点、运用情感力量和极具感染力的诗化语言是奥尼尔成功的诀窍。他创作的戏剧视野开阔。<<琼斯皇帝>>〔Emperor Jones,1920〕对恐惧心理进行了研究。《哀悼》(1931)给希腊悲剧设置了新英格兰背景。《进人黑夜的漫长旅程》(1956)是奥尼尔最长、最严肃的剧作之一,其基本情节讲述的是一位青年作家试图理解、并最终逃脱他那狰狞可怕的家庭的故事。这部戏剧是美国剧院上演的、对不幸家庭最感人的描绘之一。由于剧中的部分故事来自奥尼尔本人生活的一段写真,从而使该剧倍加感人。

注:详细的内容可参阅陆道夫主编的《TEM8翻译与人文知识考点精粹---高分攻略》一书,由广东省语言音像电子出版社出版,2007年4月最新版。

英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)

.. ;.. 一.中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period(中世纪). It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》),was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二.文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture(雕塑)and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三.莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1)Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2)举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

英国文学期末复习题目

I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement. 1. The long poem ______ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Paradise Lost C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Fairy Queen 2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ______. A. Romanticism B. Renaissance C. medieval period D. Anglo-Saxon period 3. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of____. A. Piers Plowman B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. Confessio Amantis D. The Canterbury Tales 4. _______ is regarded as the father of English poetry. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Edmund Spenser C. John Milton D. W. Wordsworth 5. It is _____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Martin Luther C. William Shakespeare D. John Gower 6. One of Chaucer’s main contributions to English poetry is ______. A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetry B. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his country C. he wrote in blank verse D. he was the first to write sonnet 7. During the Renaissance, _______ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry. A. Chaucer B. John Donne C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 8. During the Renaissance, _______ wrote the first English blank verse. A. Chaucer B. Edmund Spencer C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement? A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology C. The Glorious revolution D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion 10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event? A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B. England’s domestic rest C. New discovery in geography and astrology. D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion. 11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries. A. 14th...mid-17th B. 14th...mid-18th C. 16th...mid-18th D. 16th...mid-17th 12. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is_______. A. science B. philosophy C. arts D. humanism 13. _______ frequently applied conceits in his poems. A. Edmund Spenser B. John Donne C. William Blake D. Thomas Gray 14. _______ is known as “the poet’s poet”. A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Edmund Spenser D. John Donne 15. Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of____ adventures or other heroic deeds,is a popular literary form in the medieval period. A. Christian B. knightly C. pilgrims D. primitive 16. ________ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism. A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe B. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe

2020年1月浙江自学考试试题及答案解析英国文学选读试卷及答案解析

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