APA正文格式样例

1. Introduction Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which has a long history is abundant in idioms. Many of the words often contain enough philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p. 8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap” can be translated into “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”, “To strike while the iron is hot” is translated as “趁热打铁”, “A long road tests a horse ’s strength and a long task proves a man ’s heart ” can be translated into “路遥知马力, 日久见人心”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific culture, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural elements in idioms.

Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural factors in different languages have been attracting more and more attention of linguistic scholars. In order to make intercultural communication more successful, many scholars have become interested in the study of cultural similarities and differences encoded in different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance in

intercultural communication as well as other disciplines such as linguistics, language acquisition, etc. This paper will expound the cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms. 2. T he c ultural b ackgrounds i n i dioms

Idioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman

加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另

外空行，只段后一行即可。所有标题左对齐 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman 加粗，段前两行，段后一行。所有标题左对齐。正文中所有标题中只有第一个词的首字母，冒号和破折号后第一个词的首字母，及专有名词必须大写，其余小写

APA 格式：每级标题

下的正文首段不缩进

APA 格式：每级标题下的正文第二段开始，以后每段都缩进五个字符。

全部正文内容使用

word1.5倍行距，12号

Times New Roman 从引言那页开始标页码，页

码居中对齐。

come from society, culture and history; they are included in everything and related to society’s life and play an important role in culture. 2.1 The definition of culture Culture is a large and extremely complex concept. Some foreign scholars estimate that no less than 200 definitions for “culture” h ave already been cited in the academic field, some of which are concerned with the material products of the people; others deal with those

spiritual aspects shared by people living in certain communities; still others focus both on

beliefs and practices of a society. He defines, “culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Luo, 2005, p. 27).

Chinese scholar Ke (2000, pp. 142-143) states in his article Cultural Pesuppositions and Misreading “that most anthropologists agree on the following features of culture: 1) Culture is socially acquired instead of biologically transmitted. 2) Culture is shared among the members of a community instead of being unique to an individual. 3) Culture is symbolic. Symbolizing means assigning to entities and events meanings which are external to them and not able to be grasped by themselves alone. Language is the most typical symbolic system within culture; 4) Culture is integrated. Each aspect of culture is tied in with the other aspects”.

2.2 The definition of idiom

Idioms are the crystallization of language. Without idioms, our language would become dull and dry, whereas an appropriate use of them in our speech and writing will add to the strength and vividness of our language. 以后内容已省略.......

The definition of idiom in The Oxford English Dictionary is that idiom is a form of

expression, grammatical construction, phrase, etc, peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of a language, and often having a signification other than its grammatical or logical one (2004, p. 873 ).

These definitions indicate that some English idioms are composed of several words

(from two words to many words) and some are even made of a complete sentence. 二级标题及以下标题使用12 号times

New Roman 加粗，段前一行，然后回车

正常行距书写正文。 正文不出现作者姓，则在括号中，作者姓，年份，p.页数

正文出现作者姓，括

号中写（年份，p.页

码）或（年份，pp.起止页码）

Therefore, English idioms, in a broad sense, may include idiomatic phrases, proverbial sayings, and some slang expressions (Yu & Guo, 1999, p. 170).括号中两个作者中间加&

2.3 The relationship between idiom and culture

Language is closely related to culture and can be said as a part of culture. From a dynamic view, language and culture interact with each other and shape each other. Language is the carrier of culture, which in turn is the content of language.

Idioms have their own cultural intention. Learning idioms without considering the

cultural factors will be futile and even misunderstanding, since we can not get the exact information it conveys.以后内容已省略.......

间接引用格式如下：

One researcher (Grayson , as cited in Murzynski & Degelman , 1996, p. 135)

identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引用时，可间接引用。如Grayson 的原书找

不到，但是Murzynski & Degelman 在他们书中引用过，则可以在括号中标出（原作者，as cited in 后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即Murzynski & Degelman ），年份，p. 页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski & Degelman 。

3. The cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms As an essential part of the language and culture, idioms are characterized by their concise expressions, rich and vivid, involving geography, history, religious belief, living conventions and so on. 3.1 From living surroundings Culture is a complicated system of knowledge, beliefs and customs, etc. However, natural environment including geographical position, climate, and ecological condition is 一级标题（如3.）和二级标

题（如3.1）后可以是一段内

容，但至少三行。三级标题（如 3.1.1）后至少两段内

容。

每级标题之间必须有内容

something that plays a contributory role in the formation of a culture. Idioms maintain close ties with people ’s living surroundings and the culture where they are created.

3.1.1 Geographical environment

Idioms are closely related to people’s labor and life, people in particular culture need words to name and explain objects in their culture (Zhang, 1997, p. 45). Britain is an island country. Its navigation was in the lead in history (Zhang, 1999, p. 67).

On the other hand, Chinese people live in the Asian continent. Most people can ’t

lead their lives without land. 以后内容已省略......... 3.1.2 Climate Climate is another factor in the living surrounding. In Britain, “east wind ” comes from the northern part of the European continent. It symbolizes “chilly ” and “unpleasant ”. So Englishmen hate it. However, Englishmen like “west wind ”. It brings spring to Britain. The west wind blows from the Atlantic Ocean as warm as Chinese east wind and brings voluminous rain to this area.

In a word, different living surroundings may produce different idioms and different

cultures.

APA 格式中3到5个作者的作品，引用格式如下：

第一次引用：

According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).

以后的引用，不用每个姓都写，只第一个就可

To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility ”

(Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).

3.2 From religious belief 后几段已省略。本页只为说明论文的结构，故省略了其中很多段落。

As a cultural phenomenon, religious beliefs produce an impact on people ’s life and mind. Different religious beliefs have different reflections in different idioms.

按APA 规范，同一作者的

不同文献可用出版年份来

区别，如：

Most of westerners are Christians, who believe that the world is created by God. They think that God is omnipotent and sacred. 以后内容已省略.......And many phrases and stories in the Holy Bible have also functional as important sources of English idioms.

e.g: (1) As they sow, so they reap. 种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆. (Galatians 6)

Paul wrote in his letter to Galatians that, “Do not be deceived: God can not be mocked. A man reaps what he sows.”

(2) Judas’s kiss. 犹大之吻( Matthew 26)

Judas, one of the Twelve, agrees to betray Jesus that the chief Priests counted out for him only thirty silver coins.

(3) the salt of the earth 社会中坚(Matthew 5)

This idiom comes from the Bible. 以后内容已省略.......

3.3 From custom

Every nation has its own customs. One nation’s custom is formed through a long history and firmly rooted in people’s mind. Custom differences between English and Chinese are in many aspects. Due to that, a lot of idioms turn out with varied dress.

Among English idioms, we often compare people’s action to the figure of dog such as “you are a lucky dog” (你是一个幸运儿), “every dog has his day” (凡人皆有得意日), “love me, love my dog” (爱屋及乌), “A good dog deserves a good bone.” (有功者受赏) and so on. Contrary to this, the dog is a kind of petty and low animal in Chinese.

3.4 From value orientation

From people’s working and living experience of one country, different values have been abstracted, accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. Because of different experience between countries, values originate from it also turns out to be largely varied and even totally opposite, which idioms are built on, therefore also differ greatly. Take praise for example. Praise is a means to get a harmonious interpersonal ship, and frequently used in communication.

3.4.1 Modesty

Britain as a developed capitalist country is covered with fierce social competition so that people in there emphasize individual behaviors, achievement, and value. Their value orientations appear to be in contrast with Chinese in this aspect.

On the contrary, Chinese people often make self-negation to show modesty.

Therefore, the Chinese have more modest language than English in the social activities.

3.4.2 Individualism

Being guided and influenced by the spirit of competition, western people think highly of individualism. In the eyes of Westerners, individualism means a pursuit of freedom and diversity, there are differences of people’s behavior, speech, thinking, which are a lmost synonymous with individualism. 以后内容已省略.......

The social conditions of western developed countries leads many people to accept

this kind of faith, “Every man for himself and god for us all” (人人为自己，上帝为大家), “God helps those who help themselves” (自助者天助), “Every man is the architect of his own future” (自己的命运自己掌握), “Self is our centre” (自我是我们的中心).

3.5 From different views on colors

The idiomatic phrases can reflect the change of outside world, the development of people’s thoughts and the progress of an era, and it can also reflect the colorful world. The words related to color are an important part of idiomatic phrases; they have specific functions and abundant meanings.以后内容已省略.......

Different nations have different feelings on colors because they have different

living environment and visual angles. This leads to the idiomatic phrases have different

meanings. It is obvious that English and Chinese have different words to describe colors. For example, Chinese people love red all the time, because the sun and the fire can bring

people light and warmth.

3.6 From different dialectical thoughts

Idioms are usually closely related to distinctive dialectical thoughts. Idioms from 文章的各级标题和内容要放在同一页上。如果标题在某页的最下面，要挪到下一页。

标题之间需有文字内容，且不能只是一两行，太少了。

dialectical thoughts are the gems of human cultural heritage. The western and Chinese people have their own dialectical thoughts, which have provided rich and varied materials for their idioms, and consequently give a national color to the idioms in the two languages.

Westerners would like to look at things dialectically. In all aspects of life, people try their best to pursue a harmonious state in their lives, and they always obedient to the nature. This is reflected in the idioms, such as “give way to sb. to avoid a conflict” (退避三舍), “to lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted” (亡羊补牢), “the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence” (这山望着那山高).

In contrast to the westerners, Chinese people like to recognize things as a whole that can’t be separated. 以后内容已省略.......

From the examples, people can see the Chinese idioms have structure stability while the English idioms have free styles.

4. Conclusion

We have discussed so much about the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms. It is an important issue to understand and handle the relationship between culture and language. Meanwhile, language is not only the culture’s important content but also the carrier of culture, so culture and language are a whole.

Idioms constitute the kernel of a language. Various kinds of cultural differences constitute cultural barriers. Therefore how to solve the cultural factors in idioms is a touchstone of successful rendering of idioms. Idioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. 以后内容已省略.......

In this paper, the differences between Chinese and western cultures in idioms have been explained in order to seek better ways for communication. Only by doing this can we try our best to minimize difficulties of cultural communication caused by cultural differences.

Conclusion 部分要和正文部分比例协调，且涵盖要点

Conclusion 不用另起一页，因为它是正文的一部分 References Collins Cobuild English Dictionary . (2000). London: The University of Birmingham &

Harper Collins Publishers.

Ke, Ping. (2000). Cultural presupposition and misunderstanding . Beijing: China

Translation and Publishing Corporation.

Lado, R. (1985). Linguistics across cultures . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Luo, Hong. (2005). Translation between English and Chinese on terms of national culture .

Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Nida, E. A. (2001). Language, culture and translation . Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Education Press. Yu, Fuming, & Guo, Shanlian. (1999). A comparative study of English & Chinese idioms .

Shanghai: Shanghai Transportation University Press.

Zhang, Peiji. (2009). Study Chinese to English idioms . Beijing: Commercial Press.

期刊中文章格式在下页

References （顶格即左对齐）；（Times

New Roman 4号 加粗) (段后一行，1.5

倍行距。文献内容Times New Roman

小4号，先全部选中设为1.5倍行距，然后每个条目再分别设为段后一行

中国作者作品格式

姓, 名. (年份). 书名斜体. 出版地：出版社. 外国作者作品格式

姓, 名首字母. (年份). 书名斜体. 出版地：出版社.

两个中国作者作品格式 姓, 名，& 姓，名. (年份). 书名斜体. 出版地：出版社.

文献部分不标序号，但是要按照首字母的字母顺序排列。

如果一行不够书写需换行时要有三个字符的空格，第一个条目后，段后一行，再继续下一个条目。如果条目多，

则条目间不需要段后一行。

期刊中的文章 参考书目格式

外国作者

作者姓, 名首字母. (年). 文章名. 期刊名斜体, 卷数斜体(第几期), 页码或起止页码.

中国作者

作者姓, 名. (年). 文章名. 期刊名斜体, 卷数斜体(第几期), 页码或起止页码.

Monk, P. (1980). F rankenstein’s d aughters : T he problems of the feminine image in science fiction. M osaic of L iterature , 13(4), 15-27.

文章名字不斜体，不加下划线，不加引号。文章标题首字母（F ），冒号后的首字母（T ）大写，如果有破折后的单词首字母要大写，专有名词首字母也大写，其他单词小写(如d 小写)。本条文献只涉及到F, T 两个字母。 这是期刊名，期刊名中所有实义词首字母要大写（和封面要求的一样），另外还要

斜体,其后加逗号。和后边的卷数13要空一个格 13是卷数，(4)是第几期。 13要斜体，和(4)中间不空格，紧挨。 (4)不斜体，后其后加逗号，再空一个格 15-27是起止页码，最后是句点

网络资源格式

网络资源若是期刊则与前面讲的期刊格式一致，若是书籍则与前面讲的书籍格式一致。不同的是后面需加上检索日期及检索的网址。

O’Donnell, P. A. (1996). IDEdit: An influence diagram editor.Retrieved June 12, 1999 from the World Wide Web: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0613294287.html,/ling.

Retrieved加检索日期，然后是from the

World Wide Web:冒号后加网址，最后

点句点。

硕博论文格式

作者姓, 名. (年). 文章名. 作者所在的大学名：未出版硕士或博士论文。

Brine, J. W. (1988). Collaborative publishing and word processing in the primary curriculum: Technology and side-effects. University of Toronto: Unpublished MA thesis/doctoral dissertation.

大学名称后冒号，若是硕士论文写

Unpublished MA thesis. 若是博士论文

写Unpublished doctoral dissertation，句

点

备注：

1．全部正文内容使用word 1.5倍行距，写作规范（MLA, APA）中的特殊要求

除外。大段引用（40字以上）要用单倍行距，整体缩进10个字符。段前段后空一行。正文所有页码都要居中。

2．正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman 加粗，上空两行下空一行,即

段前两行，段后一行。标题如果是在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行。

3．二级标题及以下标题使用12号times New Roman加粗，上空一行,即段前一

行，然后回车正常行距书写正文。标题如果是在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行。文章所有标题都顶格即左对齐。

4. 文章的各级标题和内容要放在同一页上。如果标题在某页的最下面，要挪到下一页。标题之间需有文字内容。

5．文献部分不标序号，按各自写作规范的格式进行。如果一行不够书写需换行

时要有三个字符的空格，不同的条目之间空一行书写。

6. 目录尽量放在一页纸上，以视内容的多少可采取单倍或1.5倍行距。目录内容应包括论文全部章节的标题（最低要求编到3级标题）和参考文献、附录（可选择）、致谢，页码居中对齐。Contents (居中，14 号times New Roman 加粗) (下空一行，即段后一行，开始目录内容), 目录的内容全部用12号字，字体用Times New Roman. 另外，要求在每个条目后加页码，Abstract 中英文除外。

7. APA格式：每级标题下的正文首段不缩进，第二段开始缩进五个字符。

MLA格式：每级标题下的首段及以后每一段都需缩进五个字符。

8. APA Style文中文献中如果出现同姓的作者，按这样标注…（名字的第一个首字母. 姓，年代，页码）

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to the origin of written language (Q. Wang, 2002, p.30)

9. MLA Style 中如果出现上述情况，按照MLA Style中的第二页第六条。

书：（书名页码）；文章：（“文章名”页码）。其中书名和文章名采用原书名和文章名中的两个实词。

10. References（顶格即左对齐）；Works Cited（居中）（times New Roman 加粗) (下

空一行，即段后一行，开始文献内容)